Introduction to GIS ——Chapter 1(Introduction)
本文是地信专外第一章的笔记,包括一些专业术语的解释和问题。
原文链接:
GIS Chapter 1 – Introduction
Key Concept And Terms
- Geographic Information System (GIS): A computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geospatial data.
地理信息系统(GIS):一个计算机系统,不仅能显示位置,还能做数据分析。像高德地图、百度地图,它们能查找地点、计算路线、显示实时路况,这些都依赖 GIS 技术。
- Topology: Ensures spatial relationships between features are expressed explicitly.
拓扑(Topology):关注的是要素之间的关系,比如“谁和谁相连、谁和谁相邻”,而不是具体的坐标。拓扑关系包括邻接、关联、包含、相交等
- Georelational Data Model: Stores geometries and attributes separately.
地理关系数据模型:地图数据位置和描述信息分开存的模型。
比如一张城市地图上,建筑物的位置(坐标)和它的属性(楼名、用途)分别存在不同的表里,通过 ID 关联。
- Attribute Data: Characteristics associated with spatial features.
属性数据:用来描述空间对象的信息。
比如一个湖泊的属性包括名字、编号、面积、水质等级;一条公路的属性包括名字、长度、车流量等。
- Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN): Approximates terrain with non-overlapping triangles.
不规则三角网(TIN):地面上很多不规则的采样点,连成不重叠的三角形,用这些三角形来构建地表模型。
比如做 3D 地形图时,把山区分割成无数小三角,每个三角有高度值,从而模拟真实山形。 TIN
- Dynamic Segmentation: Allows linearly measured data along lines.
动态分段:沿着一条线(比如公路)按里程来管理数据。
比如高速公路的事故数据记录为“在距起点 120 公里处”,而不是用具体坐标,这样方便管理沿线信息。
- Geocoding: Converts postal addresses into point features.
地理编码:把地址变成地图上的点。
比如外卖软件输入“武汉市洪山区XX路19号”,后台可以通过地理编码找到经纬度,在地图上打上位置点。
- Spatial Interpolation: Estimates values at unknown points using known points.
空间插值:已知一些点的值,用来推算未知点的值。常见的空间插值有 Kriging,反距离等。可以见此篇:空间插值方法介绍
比如已知 10 个气象站的温度,可以用插值方法推算整个区域的温度分布图。
- Buffering: Creates buffer zones around selected features.
缓冲区分析:在目标周围划出一定范围的区域。
比如在河流周围 500 米划一圈,用于查哪些工厂位于水源保护范围内。
- Overlay: Combines geometries and attributes from multiple layers.
叠加分析:把不同的地图信息“叠在一起”分析。
比如把“土地利用图”和“洪水淹没区”叠加,找出被洪水影响的农田范围。
- Terrain Analysis: Maps and analyzes terrain properties like slope, aspect, viewshed.
地形分析:研究地表的高低和形态特征。
比如计算坡度帮助规划道路路线;做可视域分析,判断某个塔能看到多远;做流域分析预测水流方向。
Questions
1.What is GIS?
GIS is the short for Geographic Information System. It is a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing, querying and displaying geospatial data.
2.Define geospatial data.
Geospatial data describes both locations and characteristics of spatial features on the Earth Surface.
3.Explain the difference between vector data and raster data.
Raster data represents features with grid and grid cells. Vector data represent features with points, lines, polygons.
4.Tell me the common coordinate systems?
To locate spatial features on the Earth’s surface, we can use either a geographic or a projected coordinate system.
【A projected coordinate system is built on a map projection.】
5.Explain the difference between the georelational data model and the object-based data model. 【几何与属性的存储方式不同】
The georelational data model stores geometries and attributes of spatial features separately while the object-based data model store them in a single system. The geometries and attributes are encapsulated in the object.
6.Tools of Data Analysis
Two basic tools for vector data are buffering and overlay
Four basic tools for raster data are local, neighborhood, zonal, global operations
7.List some Terrain analysis
Viewshed Analysis
Watershed analysis