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.NET驾驭Excel之力：Excel应用程序的创建与管理

news 2025/11/13 5:33:49

本文将深入探讨MudTools.OfficeInterop.Excel如何创建和管理Excel应用程序实例。Excel应用程序是整个Excel自动化的核心，正确管理应用程序实例对于确保程序的稳定性、性能和资源释放至关重要。

目标

掌握ExcelFactory类的各种创建方法
理解应用程序生命周期管理
学习异常处理和资源释放策略
掌握多实例管理的最佳实践

关键概念

Excel应用程序实例：代表Excel程序的运行实例
工作簿：Excel文件的基本容器
工作表：工作簿中的具体数据表
COM对象：Excel与.NET通信的底层技术

2.1 ExcelFactory类详解

ExcelFactory类是MudTools.OfficeInterop.Excel库的核心类，提供了多种创建Excel应用程序实例的方法。每种方法都有其特定的应用场景和优缺点。

2.1.1 BlankWorkbook方法

BlankWorkbook()方法是最常用的创建方式，它会启动一个Excel应用程序并创建一个空白工作簿。

/// <summary>
/// 创建空白工作簿示例
/// 演示如何使用ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook()方法创建Excel应用程序实例
/// </summary>
static void BlankWorkbookExample()
{Console.WriteLine("=== 创建空白工作簿示例 ===");try{// 使用BlankWorkbook方法创建Excel应用程序实例using var excelApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();// 获取活动工作簿var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;// 获取活动工作表var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;// 设置工作表名称worksheet.Name = "空白工作簿示例";// 添加标题worksheet.Range("A1").Value = "Excel应用程序管理 - 空白工作簿示例";worksheet.Range("A1").Font.Bold = true;worksheet.Range("A1").Font.Size = 16;worksheet.Range("A1").Interior.Color = System.Drawing.Color.LightBlue;// 保存工作簿string fileName = $"BlankWorkbookExample_{DateTime.Now:yyyyMMddHHmmss}.xlsx";workbook.SaveAs(fileName);Console.WriteLine($"✓ 成功创建空白工作簿: {fileName}");}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine($"✗ 创建空白工作簿时出错: {ex.Message}");}
}

方法特点：

✅ 自动创建新工作簿
✅ 适用于大多数简单场景
✅ 代码简洁易用
❌ 无法指定特定Excel版本

2.1.2 CreateInstance方法

CreateInstance(string progId)方法允许通过指定ProgID来创建特定版本的Excel实例。

/// <summary>
/// 通过ProgID创建特定版本实例示例
/// 演示如何使用ExcelFactory.CreateInstance()方法创建特定版本的Excel应用程序实例
/// </summary>
static void CreateInstanceExample()
{Console.WriteLine("=== 通过ProgID创建特定版本实例示例 ===");try{// 使用CreateInstance方法创建特定版本的Excel应用程序实例// Excel.Application是Excel的ProgIDusing var excelApp = ExcelFactory.CreateInstance("Excel.Application");// 设置Excel应用程序可见性excelApp.Visible = true;// 创建新工作簿var workbook = excelApp.BlankWorkbook();// 获取活动工作表var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;// 设置工作表名称worksheet.Name = "特定版本示例";// 添加示例数据worksheet.Range("A5").Value = "Excel版本: " + excelApp.Version;string fileName = $"CreateInstanceExample_{DateTime.Now:yyyyMMddHHmmss}.xlsx";workbook.SaveAs(fileName);Console.WriteLine($"✓ 成功创建特定版本实例工作簿: {fileName}");}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine($"✗ 通过ProgID创建特定版本实例时出错: {ex.Message}");}
}

支持的ProgID示例：

"Excel.Application" - 最新版本的Excel
"Excel.Application.16" - Excel 2016
"Excel.Application.15" - Excel 2013
"Excel.Application.14" - Excel 2010

2.1.3 CreateFrom方法

CreateFrom(string templatePath)方法基于现有模板创建新的工作簿。

/// <summary>
/// 基于模板创建工作簿示例
/// 演示如何使用ExcelFactory.CreateFrom()方法基于模板创建工作簿
/// </summary>
static void CreateFromTemplateExample()
{Console.WriteLine("=== 基于模板创建工作簿示例 ===");try{// 首先创建一个模板文件CreateTemplateFile();// 使用CreateFrom方法基于模板创建工作簿using var excelApp = ExcelFactory.CreateFrom("Template.xlsx");// 获取活动工作簿var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;// 获取活动工作表var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;// 填充模板中的数据worksheet.Range("B2").Value = "张三";worksheet.Range("B3").Value = "Excel自动化工程师";worksheet.Range("B4").Value = DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd");worksheet.Range("B5").Value = "北京市朝阳区";string fileName = $"CreateFromTemplateExample_{DateTime.Now:yyyyMMddHHmmss}.xlsx";workbook.SaveAs(fileName);Console.WriteLine($"✓ 成功基于模板创建工作簿: {fileName}");}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine($"✗ 基于模板创建工作簿时出错: {ex.Message}");}
}

模板创建示例：

static void CreateTemplateFile()
{try{// 创建Excel应用程序实例using var excelApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();// 获取活动工作簿和工作表var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;// 设置模板内容worksheet.Range("A1").Value = "员工信息表";worksheet.Range("A1").Font.Bold = true;worksheet.Range("A1").Font.Size = 16;worksheet.Range("A1").Interior.Color = System.Drawing.Color.LightYellow;worksheet.Range("A2").Value = "姓名:";worksheet.Range("A3").Value = "职位:";worksheet.Range("A4").Value = "入职日期:";worksheet.Range("A5").Value = "地址:";// 添加边框worksheet.Range("A1:B6").Borders.LineStyle = XlLineStyle.xlContinuous;// 保存为模板文件workbook.SaveAs("Template.xlsx");}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine($"创建模板文件时出错: {ex.Message}");}
}

2.1.4 Open方法

Open(string filePath)方法用于打开现有的Excel文件。

/// <summary>
/// 打开现有工作簿示例
/// 演示如何使用ExcelFactory.Open()方法打开现有工作簿
/// </summary>
static void OpenExistingWorkbookExample()
{Console.WriteLine("=== 打开现有工作簿示例 ===");try{// 首先创建一个要打开的文件CreateExistingFile();// 使用Open方法打开现有工作簿using var excelApp = ExcelFactory.Open("ExistingFile.xlsx");// 获取活动工作簿var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;// 获取活动工作表var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;// 读取现有数据var existingValue = worksheet.Range("A1").Value;Console.WriteLine($"原始数据: {existingValue}");// 修改数据worksheet.Range("A3").Value = "这是通过ExcelFactory.Open()方法打开并修改的数据";worksheet.Range("A4").Value = "修改时间: " + DateTime.Now.ToString();string fileName = $"OpenExistingWorkbookExample_{DateTime.Now:yyyyMMddHHmmss}.xlsx";workbook.SaveAs(fileName);Console.WriteLine($"✓ 成功打开并修改现有工作簿: {fileName}");}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine($"✗ 打开现有工作簿时出错: {ex.Message}");}
}

2.2 应用程序生命周期管理

正确的生命周期管理是Excel自动化开发的关键，不当的管理会导致资源泄漏和程序不稳定。

2.2.1 使用using语句进行资源管理

// 推荐的使用方式
using var excelApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();
var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;// 执行Excel操作
workbook.ActiveSheetWrap.Range("A1").Value = "Hello World";// 自动释放资源 - using语句结束时

2.2.2 手动资源释放模式

// 手动资源管理示例
ExcelApplicationWrapper excelApp = null;
try
{excelApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();// 执行Excel操作var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;workbook.ActiveSheetWrap.Range("A1").Value = "Hello World";// 保存文件workbook.SaveAs("manual_management.xlsx");
}
catch (Exception ex)
{Console.WriteLine($"操作失败: {ex.Message}");
}
finally
{// 手动释放资源excelApp?.Dispose();
}

2.2.3 异常处理策略

/// <summary>
/// 完整的异常处理示例
/// </summary>
static void SafeExcelOperation()
{ExcelApplicationWrapper excelApp = null;try{// 创建Excel实例excelApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();// 设置应用程序属性excelApp.Visible = false; // 后台运行excelApp.DisplayAlerts = false; // 禁用警告// 获取工作簿var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;// 执行复杂操作for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++){worksheet.Range($"A{i}").Value = $"数据行 {i}";// 添加进度检查点if (i % 10 == 0){Console.WriteLine($"已处理 {i} 行数据");}}// 保存结果workbook.SaveAs("safe_operation_result.xlsx");Console.WriteLine("✓ 操作成功完成");}catch (COMException comEx){Console.WriteLine($"COM异常: {comEx.Message}");Console.WriteLine($"错误代码: {comEx.ErrorCode}");}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine($"一般异常: {ex.Message}");}finally{// 确保资源释放try{excelApp?.Quit();excelApp?.Dispose();}catch (Exception disposeEx){Console.WriteLine($"资源释放异常: {disposeEx.Message}");}}
}

2.3 应用程序属性配置

Excel应用程序提供了丰富的属性来控制其行为，合理配置这些属性可以显著提升程序性能和用户体验。

2.3.1 可见性控制

/// <summary>
/// 可见性控制示例
/// </summary>
static void VisibilityControlExample()
{// 前台模式 - 用户可见using var visibleApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();visibleApp.Visible = true; // 显示Excel窗口visibleApp.ActiveWorkbook.ActiveSheetWrap.Range("A1").Value = "前台模式";// 后台模式 - 无界面运行using var invisibleApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();invisibleApp.Visible = false; // 隐藏Excel窗口invisibleApp.ActiveWorkbook.ActiveSheetWrap.Range("A1").Value = "后台模式";Console.WriteLine("两种模式都已完成");
}

2.3.2 警告和提示控制

/// <summary>
/// 警告控制示例
/// </summary>
static void AlertControlExample()
{using var excelApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();// 禁用警告（适合批量操作）excelApp.DisplayAlerts = false;// 启用警告（适合交互式操作）// excelApp.DisplayAlerts = true;var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;// 尝试覆盖现有文件（在禁用警告时不会弹出确认对话框）worksheet.Range("A1").Value = "测试数据";workbook.SaveAs("test_file.xlsx");Console.WriteLine("文件已保存（禁用警告模式）");
}

2.3.3 屏幕更新控制

/// <summary>
/// 屏幕更新控制示例（性能优化）
/// </summary>
static void ScreenUpdateControlExample()
{using var excelApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;// 禁用屏幕更新（大幅提升性能）excelApp.ScreenUpdating = false;try{// 执行大量数据填充操作for (int row = 1; row <= 1000; row++){for (int col = 1; col <= 10; col++){worksheet.Cells[row, col].Value = $"数据 {row}-{col}";}}Console.WriteLine("数据填充完成");}finally{// 恢复屏幕更新excelApp.ScreenUpdating = true;}workbook.SaveAs("large_data_file.xlsx");Console.WriteLine("文件已保存");
}

2.4 多实例管理

在企业级应用中，经常需要同时管理多个Excel实例，正确的多实例管理策略至关重要。

2.4.1 独立实例管理

/// <summary>
/// 多实例独立管理示例
/// </summary>
static void MultiInstanceManagement()
{// 实例1：处理销售数据using var salesApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();var salesWorkbook = salesApp.ActiveWorkbook;var salesSheet = salesWorkbook.ActiveSheetWrap;salesSheet.Name = "销售数据";salesSheet.Range("A1").Value = "销售报表";// 实例2：处理库存数据using var inventoryApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();var inventoryWorkbook = inventoryApp.ActiveWorkbook;var inventorySheet = inventoryWorkbook.ActiveSheetWrap;inventorySheet.Name = "库存数据";inventorySheet.Range("A1").Value = "库存报表";// 同时操作两个实例salesSheet.Range("A2").Value = "销售数据正在处理...";inventorySheet.Range("A2").Value = "库存数据正在处理...";// 分别保存salesWorkbook.SaveAs("sales_report.xlsx");inventoryWorkbook.SaveAs("inventory_report.xlsx");Console.WriteLine("多实例操作完成");
}

2.4.2 实例池模式

/// <summary>
/// Excel实例池管理器
/// </summary>
public class ExcelInstancePool : IDisposable
{private readonly Queue<ExcelApplicationWrapper> _pool = new();private readonly int _maxPoolSize;private readonly object _lockObject = new();public ExcelInstancePool(int maxPoolSize = 5){_maxPoolSize = maxPoolSize;}/// <summary>/// 从池中获取Excel实例/// </summary>public ExcelApplicationWrapper GetInstance(){lock (_lockObject){if (_pool.Count > 0){return _pool.Dequeue();}if (_pool.Count < _maxPoolSize){return CreateNewInstance();}throw new InvalidOperationException("实例池已满");}}/// <summary>/// 将实例返回到池中/// </summary>public void ReturnInstance(ExcelApplicationWrapper instance){lock (_lockObject){if (_pool.Count < _maxPoolSize){_pool.Enqueue(instance);}else{instance.Dispose();}}}private ExcelApplicationWrapper CreateNewInstance(){var instance = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();instance.Visible = false;instance.DisplayAlerts = false;instance.ScreenUpdating = false;return instance;}public void Dispose(){lock (_lockObject){while (_pool.Count > 0){_pool.Dequeue().Dispose();}}}
}/// <summary>
/// 使用实例池的示例
/// </summary>
static void InstancePoolExample()
{using var pool = new ExcelInstancePool(3);// 并行处理多个任务var tasks = new List<Task>();for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++){int taskId = i;var task = Task.Run(() =>{var instance = pool.GetInstance();try{var workbook = instance.ActiveWorkbook;var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;worksheet.Range("A1").Value = $"任务 {taskId} 数据";worksheet.Range("A2").Value = $"处理时间: {DateTime.Now}";workbook.SaveAs($"task_{taskId}_result.xlsx");Console.WriteLine($"任务 {taskId} 完成");}finally{pool.ReturnInstance(instance);}});tasks.Add(task);}Task.WaitAll(tasks.ToArray());Console.WriteLine("所有并行任务完成");
}

2.5 高级应用场景

2.5.1 后台服务应用

/// <summary>
/// 后台服务示例 - 定时处理Excel文件
/// </summary>
public class ExcelBackgroundService
{private readonly Timer _timer;private readonly string _watchDirectory;public ExcelBackgroundService(string watchDirectory, TimeSpan interval){_watchDirectory = watchDirectory;_timer = new Timer(ProcessFiles, null, TimeSpan.Zero, interval);}private void ProcessFiles(object state){try{var excelFiles = Directory.GetFiles(_watchDirectory, "*.xlsx");foreach (var filePath in excelFiles){ProcessSingleFile(filePath);}}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine($"后台处理出错: {ex.Message}");}}private void ProcessSingleFile(string filePath){using var excelApp = ExcelFactory.Open(filePath);var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;// 处理逻辑var data = worksheet.Range("A1").Value;Console.WriteLine($"处理文件: {Path.GetFileName(filePath)}, 数据: {data}");// 保存处理结果var resultPath = Path.Combine(Path.GetDirectoryName(filePath) ?? string.Empty,$"processed_{Path.GetFileName(filePath)}");workbook.SaveAs(resultPath);}public void Stop(){_timer?.Dispose();}
}// 使用示例
static void BackgroundServiceExample()
{var service = new ExcelBackgroundService(@"C:\ExcelFiles", TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5));Console.WriteLine("后台服务已启动，按任意键停止...");Console.ReadKey();service.Stop();Console.WriteLine("后台服务已停止");
}

2.5.2 模板应用系统

/// <summary>
/// 模板应用系统
/// </summary>
public class TemplateApplicationSystem
{private readonly Dictionary<string, string> _templates;public TemplateApplicationSystem(){_templates = new Dictionary<string, string>{{ "invoice", "Templates/invoice_template.xlsx" },{ "report", "Templates/report_template.xlsx" },{ "budget", "Templates/budget_template.xlsx" }};}/// <summary>/// 基于模板生成文档/// </summary>public string GenerateDocument(string templateType, Dictionary<string, object> data){if (!_templates.ContainsKey(templateType))throw new ArgumentException($"模板类型 '{templateType}' 不存在");var templatePath = _templates[templateType];using var excelApp = ExcelFactory.CreateFrom(templatePath);var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;// 填充模板数据foreach (var kvp in data){worksheet.Range(kvp.Key).Value = kvp.Value;}// 生成输出文件名var outputFileName = $"{templateType}_{DateTime.Now:yyyyMMddHHmmss}.xlsx";workbook.SaveAs(outputFileName);return outputFileName;}
}// 使用示例
static void TemplateSystemExample()
{var system = new TemplateApplicationSystem();// 生成发票var invoiceData = new Dictionary<string, object>{{ "B2", "INV-2023-001" },     // 发票编号{ "B3", "张三" },              // 客户姓名{ "B4", DateTime.Now.Date },   // 发票日期{ "B5", 1500.50m },            // 金额{ "B6", "增值税专用发票" }      // 发票类型};var invoiceFile = system.GenerateDocument("invoice", invoiceData);Console.WriteLine($"发票已生成: {invoiceFile}");// 生成报告var reportData = new Dictionary<string, object>{{ "A1", "月度销售报告" },{ "A2", DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyy年MM月") },{ "B4", 250000m },             // 销售额{ "B5", 15 },                   // 订单数量{ "B6", 98.5m }                 // 完成率};var reportFile = system.GenerateDocument("report", reportData);Console.WriteLine($"报告已生成: {reportFile}");
}

2.5.3 文件版本控制系统

/// <summary>
/// 文件版本控制系统
/// </summary>
public class FileVersionControlSystem
{private readonly string _baseDirectory;public FileVersionControlSystem(string baseDirectory){_baseDirectory = baseDirectory;EnsureDirectoryExists(_baseDirectory);}/// <summary>/// 创建新版本/// </summary>public string CreateNewVersion(string originalFile, string versionComment){if (!File.Exists(originalFile))throw new FileNotFoundException($"文件不存在: {originalFile}");var fileName = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(originalFile);var extension = Path.GetExtension(originalFile);var timestamp = DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyyMMdd_HHmmss");var versionFileName = $"{fileName}_v{timestamp}{extension}";var versionFilePath = Path.Combine(_baseDirectory, versionFileName);// 复制文件并添加版本信息File.Copy(originalFile, versionFilePath, true);// 在版本文件中添加注释using var excelApp = ExcelFactory.Open(versionFilePath);var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;// 在最后一个单元格添加版本信息var lastCell = worksheet.Cells.SpecialCells(XlCellType.xlCellTypeLastCell);var versionRow = lastCell.Row + 2;worksheet.Cells[versionRow, 1].Value = $"版本创建时间: {DateTime.Now}";worksheet.Cells[versionRow + 1, 1].Value = $"版本注释: {versionComment}";workbook.Save();return versionFilePath;}/// <summary>/// 获取文件的所有版本/// </summary>public List<string> GetFileVersions(string fileName){var searchPattern = $"{Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(fileName)}_v*{Path.GetExtension(fileName)}";return Directory.GetFiles(_baseDirectory, searchPattern).OrderByDescending(f => f).ToList();}/// <summary>/// 恢复到指定版本/// </summary>public void RestoreToVersion(string targetFile, string versionFile){if (!File.Exists(versionFile))throw new FileNotFoundException($"版本文件不存在: {versionFile}");File.Copy(versionFile, targetFile, true);Console.WriteLine($"已恢复到版本: {Path.GetFileName(versionFile)}");}private void EnsureDirectoryExists(string directory){if (!Directory.Exists(directory)){Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);}}
}// 使用示例
static void VersionControlExample()
{var versionSystem = new FileVersionControlSystem(@"C:\ExcelVersions");// 创建原始文件using var excelApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;worksheet.Range("A1").Value = "重要业务数据";worksheet.Range("A2").Value = "版本1.0";var originalFile = "business_data.xlsx";workbook.SaveAs(originalFile);// 创建多个版本var version1 = versionSystem.CreateNewVersion(originalFile, "初始版本");Console.WriteLine($"创建版本1: {Path.GetFileName(version1)}");// 修改文件worksheet.Range("A3").Value = "新增数据行";workbook.Save();var version2 = versionSystem.CreateNewVersion(originalFile, "添加新数据");Console.WriteLine($"创建版本2: {Path.GetFileName(version2)}");// 查看所有版本var versions = versionSystem.GetFileVersions(originalFile);Console.WriteLine("所有版本:");foreach (var version in versions){Console.WriteLine($"  {Path.GetFileName(version)}");}// 恢复到第一个版本versionSystem.RestoreToVersion(originalFile, version1);Console.WriteLine("已恢复到初始版本");
}

2.6 性能优化和最佳实践

2.6.1 性能优化技巧

/// <summary>
/// 高性能Excel操作示例
/// </summary>
static void HighPerformanceExample()
{using var excelApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();// 1. 禁用不需要的功能excelApp.ScreenUpdating = false;excelApp.DisplayAlerts = false;excelApp.EnableEvents = false;excelApp.Calculation = XlCalculation.xlCalculationManual;var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;try{// 2. 批量操作数据（避免单个单元格操作）var dataArray = new object[1000, 10];for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++){for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++){dataArray[i, j] = $"数据{i + 1}-{j + 1}";}}// 一次性写入大量数据worksheet.Range("A1:J1000").Value = dataArray;// 3. 使用数组公式进行计算worksheet.Range("K1:K1000").FormulaArray = "=LEN(A1:J1)";Console.WriteLine("高性能操作完成");}finally{// 4. 恢复设置excelApp.Calculation = XlCalculation.xlCalculationAutomatic;excelApp.ScreenUpdating = true;}workbook.SaveAs("high_performance.xlsx");
}

2.6.2 内存管理最佳实践

/// <summary>
/// 内存管理最佳实践示例
/// </summary>
static void MemoryManagementBestPractices()
{// 1. 及时释放COM对象引用ExcelApplicationWrapper excelApp = null;WorkbookWrapper workbook = null;try{excelApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;// 执行操作workbook.ActiveSheetWrap.Range("A1").Value = "测试数据";// 2. 显式释放不再使用的对象var tempRange = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap.Range("A1:B10");tempRange.Value = "临时数据";// tempRange不再需要时，可以显式释放System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.ReleaseComObject(tempRange.ComObject);workbook.SaveAs("memory_managed.xlsx");}finally{// 3. 按照创建顺序的逆序释放资源workbook?.Close(false);excelApp?.Quit();// 4. 强制垃圾回收（谨慎使用）GC.Collect();GC.WaitForPendingFinalizers();workbook?.Dispose();excelApp?.Dispose();}
}

2.6.3 错误处理和恢复

/// <summary>
/// 健壮的错误处理示例
/// </summary>
static void RobustErrorHandling()
{int retryCount = 0;const int maxRetries = 3;while (retryCount < maxRetries){ExcelApplicationWrapper excelApp = null;try{excelApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();// 模拟可能失败的操作if (DateTime.Now.Second % 3 == 0) // 模拟随机失败{throw new COMException("模拟COM操作失败");}// 正常操作excelApp.ActiveWorkbook.ActiveSheetWrap.Range("A1").Value = "成功操作";excelApp.ActiveWorkbook.SaveAs("robust_operation.xlsx");Console.WriteLine("操作成功完成");break; // 成功，退出循环}catch (COMException comEx) when (retryCount < maxRetries - 1){retryCount++;Console.WriteLine($"COM异常，第{retryCount}次重试: {comEx.Message}");// 等待一段时间后重试Thread.Sleep(1000 * retryCount);}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine($"操作失败: {ex.Message}");break;}finally{excelApp?.Dispose();}}if (retryCount == maxRetries){Console.WriteLine("操作失败，已达到最大重试次数");}
}

2.7 实际应用案例

2.7.1 多实例管理系统

/// <summary>
/// 企业级多实例管理系统
/// </summary>
public class EnterpriseExcelInstanceManager
{private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, ExcelInstanceInfo> _instances;private readonly Timer _cleanupTimer;public EnterpriseExcelInstanceManager(){_instances = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, ExcelInstanceInfo>();_cleanupTimer = new Timer(CleanupInactiveInstances, null, TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1), TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5));}/// <summary>/// 获取或创建实例/// </summary>public ExcelApplicationWrapper GetInstance(string instanceKey, bool createIfNotExists = true){if (_instances.TryGetValue(instanceKey, out var instanceInfo) && instanceInfo.IsActive){instanceInfo.LastAccessTime = DateTime.Now;return instanceInfo.Instance;}if (createIfNotExists){var newInstance = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();newInstance.Visible = false;var newInfo = new ExcelInstanceInfo{Instance = newInstance,LastAccessTime = DateTime.Now,IsActive = true};_instances[instanceKey] = newInfo;return newInstance;}throw new InvalidOperationException($"实例 '{instanceKey}' 不存在");}/// <summary>/// 释放实例/// </summary>public void ReleaseInstance(string instanceKey){if (_instances.TryRemove(instanceKey, out var instanceInfo)){instanceInfo.Instance.Dispose();}}/// <summary>/// 清理不活跃的实例/// </summary>private void CleanupInactiveInstances(object state){var cutoffTime = DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(-10); // 10分钟不活跃var inactiveKeys = _instances.Where(kvp => kvp.Value.LastAccessTime < cutoffTime).Select(kvp => kvp.Key).ToList();foreach (var key in inactiveKeys){if (_instances.TryRemove(key, out var instanceInfo)){instanceInfo.Instance.Dispose();Console.WriteLine($"清理不活跃实例: {key}");}}}public void Dispose(){_cleanupTimer?.Dispose();foreach (var instanceInfo in _instances.Values){instanceInfo.Instance.Dispose();}_instances.Clear();}
}public class ExcelInstanceInfo
{public ExcelApplicationWrapper Instance { get; set; }public DateTime LastAccessTime { get; set; }public bool IsActive { get; set; }
}// 使用示例
static void EnterpriseManagerExample()
{using var manager = new EnterpriseExcelInstanceManager();// 多个业务模块使用不同的实例var salesInstance = manager.GetInstance("SalesModule");var inventoryInstance = manager.GetInstance("InventoryModule");var financeInstance = manager.GetInstance("FinanceModule");// 各模块独立操作salesInstance.ActiveWorkbook.ActiveSheetWrap.Range("A1").Value = "销售数据";inventoryInstance.ActiveWorkbook.ActiveSheetWrap.Range("A1").Value = "库存数据";financeInstance.ActiveWorkbook.ActiveSheetWrap.Range("A1").Value = "财务数据";// 保存各自的文件salesInstance.ActiveWorkbook.SaveAs("sales_data.xlsx");inventoryInstance.ActiveWorkbook.SaveAs("inventory_data.xlsx");financeInstance.ActiveWorkbook.SaveAs("finance_data.xlsx");Console.WriteLine("企业级多实例管理完成");
}

2.7.2 后台服务应用

/// <summary>
/// 高级后台服务 - 支持任务队列和优先级
/// </summary>
public class AdvancedExcelBackgroundService
{private readonly PriorityQueue<ExcelTask, int> _taskQueue;private readonly SemaphoreSlim _semaphore;private readonly CancellationTokenSource _cancellationTokenSource;private readonly List<Task> _workerTasks;public AdvancedExcelBackgroundService(int maxConcurrentTasks = 3){_taskQueue = new PriorityQueue<ExcelTask, int>();_semaphore = new SemaphoreSlim(maxConcurrentTasks);_cancellationTokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource();_workerTasks = new List<Task>();// 启动工作线程for (int i = 0; i < maxConcurrentTasks; i++){var workerTask = Task.Run(ProcessTasksAsync);_workerTasks.Add(workerTask);}}/// <summary>/// 添加处理任务/// </summary>public void AddTask(ExcelTask task, int priority = 0){lock (_taskQueue){_taskQueue.Enqueue(task, priority);}}private async Task ProcessTasksAsync(){while (!_cancellationTokenSource.Token.IsCancellationRequested){await _semaphore.WaitAsync(_cancellationTokenSource.Token);ExcelTask task = null;lock (_taskQueue){if (_taskQueue.TryDequeue(out task, out _)){// 任务出队成功}}if (task != null){try{await ExecuteTaskAsync(task);}catch (Exception ex){Console.WriteLine($"任务执行失败: {ex.Message}");}finally{_semaphore.Release();}}else{_semaphore.Release();await Task.Delay(1000); // 队列为空时等待}}}private async Task ExecuteTaskAsync(ExcelTask task){using var excelApp = ExcelFactory.BlankWorkbook();excelApp.Visible = false;var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;// 执行任务特定的操作await task.ExecuteAsync(worksheet);// 保存结果workbook.SaveAs(task.OutputFileName);Console.WriteLine($"任务完成: {task.TaskName}");}public async Task StopAsync(){_cancellationTokenSource.Cancel();await Task.WhenAll(_workerTasks);}
}public abstract class ExcelTask
{public string TaskName { get; set; }public string OutputFileName { get; set; }public abstract Task ExecuteAsync(WorksheetWrapper worksheet);
}// 具体任务实现
public class DataProcessingTask : ExcelTask
{public List<string> Data { get; set; }public override async Task ExecuteAsync(WorksheetWrapper worksheet){// 模拟数据处理for (int i = 0; i < Data.Count; i++){worksheet.Cells[i + 1, 1].Value = Data[i];// 模拟耗时操作await Task.Delay(100);}}
}// 使用示例
static async Task AdvancedBackgroundServiceExample()
{var service = new AdvancedExcelBackgroundService(2); // 最大并发2个任务// 添加高优先级任务var highPriorityTask = new DataProcessingTask{TaskName = "紧急数据处理",OutputFileName = "urgent_data.xlsx",Data = new List<string> { "紧急数据1", "紧急数据2", "紧急数据3" }};service.AddTask(highPriorityTask, 1); // 高优先级// 添加普通优先级任务for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++){var normalTask = new DataProcessingTask{TaskName = $"普通任务{i}",OutputFileName = $"normal_task_{i}.xlsx",Data = Enumerable.Range(1, 10).Select(n => $"数据{i}-{n}").ToList()};service.AddTask(normalTask, 0); // 普通优先级}// 等待一段时间让任务执行await Task.Delay(10000);// 停止服务await service.StopAsync();Console.WriteLine("高级后台服务已停止");
}

2.7.3 模板应用系统增强版

/// <summary>
/// 增强版模板应用系统 - 支持动态模板和数据验证
/// </summary>
public class EnhancedTemplateApplicationSystem
{private readonly ITemplateRepository _templateRepository;private readonly IDataValidator _dataValidator;public EnhancedTemplateApplicationSystem(ITemplateRepository templateRepository, IDataValidator dataValidator){_templateRepository = templateRepository;_dataValidator = dataValidator;}/// <summary>/// 生成文档（带数据验证）/// </summary>public async Task<DocumentGenerationResult> GenerateDocumentAsync(string templateType, Dictionary<string, object> data,DocumentGenerationOptions options = null){options ??= new DocumentGenerationOptions();// 1. 数据验证var validationResult = await _dataValidator.ValidateAsync(templateType, data);if (!validationResult.IsValid){return new DocumentGenerationResult{Success = false,ErrorMessage = $"数据验证失败: {validationResult.ErrorMessage}",ValidationErrors = validationResult.Errors};}// 2. 获取模板var template = await _templateRepository.GetTemplateAsync(templateType);if (template == null){return new DocumentGenerationResult{Success = false,ErrorMessage = $"模板 '{templateType}' 不存在"};}// 3. 生成文档try{using var excelApp = ExcelFactory.CreateFrom(template.FilePath);var workbook = excelApp.ActiveWorkbook;var worksheet = workbook.ActiveSheetWrap;// 填充数据await FillTemplateDataAsync(worksheet, data, options);// 应用格式if (options.ApplyFormatting){ApplyDocumentFormatting(worksheet, options.FormattingOptions);}// 生成输出文件名var outputFileName = GenerateOutputFileName(templateType, options);workbook.SaveAs(outputFileName);return new DocumentGenerationResult{Success = true,OutputFileName = outputFileName,GeneratedAt = DateTime.Now};}catch (Exception ex){return new DocumentGenerationResult{Success = false,ErrorMessage = $"文档生成失败: {ex.Message}"};}}private async Task FillTemplateDataAsync(WorksheetWrapper worksheet, Dictionary<string, object> data,DocumentGenerationOptions options){foreach (var kvp in data){var range = worksheet.Range(kvp.Key);// 支持异步数据转换var value = await ConvertDataAsync(kvp.Value, options);range.Value = value;// 记录修改历史if (options.TrackChanges){worksheet.Cells[range.Row + 1, range.Column].Value = $"由系统生成于 {DateTime.Now:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}";}}}private void ApplyDocumentFormatting(WorksheetWrapper worksheet, FormattingOptions formatting){// 应用字体格式if (formatting.FontSettings != null){worksheet.Cells.Font.Name = formatting.FontSettings.FontName;worksheet.Cells.Font.Size = formatting.FontSettings.FontSize;}// 应用颜色主题if (formatting.ColorTheme != null){// 实现颜色主题应用逻辑}}private string GenerateOutputFileName(string templateType, DocumentGenerationOptions options){var timestamp = options.UseCustomTimestamp ? options.CustomTimestamp : DateTime.Now;return $"{templateType}_{timestamp:yyyyMMddHHmmss}.xlsx";}private async Task<object> ConvertDataAsync(object value, DocumentGenerationOptions options){// 实现数据转换逻辑await Task.CompletedTask;return value;}
}// 支持接口和类
public interface ITemplateRepository
{Task<TemplateInfo> GetTemplateAsync(string templateType);Task SaveTemplateAsync(TemplateInfo template);
}public interface IDataValidator
{Task<ValidationResult> ValidateAsync(string templateType, Dictionary<string, object> data);
}public class DocumentGenerationResult
{public bool Success { get; set; }public string OutputFileName { get; set; }public DateTime GeneratedAt { get; set; }public string ErrorMessage { get; set; }public List<string> ValidationErrors { get; set; }
}public class DocumentGenerationOptions
{public bool ApplyFormatting { get; set; } = true;public bool TrackChanges { get; set; } = false;public bool UseCustomTimestamp { get; set; } = false;public DateTime CustomTimestamp { get; set; }public FormattingOptions FormattingOptions { get; set; }
}public class FormattingOptions
{public FontSettings FontSettings { get; set; }public ColorTheme ColorTheme { get; set; }
}public class FontSettings
{public string FontName { get; set; } = "微软雅黑";public double FontSize { get; set; } = 11;
}public class TemplateInfo
{public string TemplateType { get; set; }public string FilePath { get; set; }public DateTime CreatedAt { get; set; }public string Description { get; set; }
}public class ValidationResult
{public bool IsValid { get; set; }public string ErrorMessage { get; set; }public List<string> Errors { get; set; }
}// 使用示例
static async Task EnhancedTemplateSystemExample()
{// 创建依赖项（简化版）var templateRepository = new SimpleTemplateRepository();var dataValidator = new SimpleDataValidator();var system = new EnhancedTemplateApplicationSystem(templateRepository, dataValidator);// 生成文档var options = new DocumentGenerationOptions{ApplyFormatting = true,TrackChanges = true,FormattingOptions = new FormattingOptions{FontSettings = new FontSettings { FontName = "宋体", FontSize = 12 }}};var data = new Dictionary<string, object>{{ "B2", "INV-2023-001" },{ "B3", "张三" },{ "B4", 1500.50m }};var result = await system.GenerateDocumentAsync("invoice", data, options);if (result.Success){Console.WriteLine($"文档生成成功: {result.OutputFileName}");}else{Console.WriteLine($"文档生成失败: {result.ErrorMessage}");}
}// 简化实现
public class SimpleTemplateRepository : ITemplateRepository
{public Task<TemplateInfo> GetTemplateAsync(string templateType){var template = new TemplateInfo{TemplateType = templateType,FilePath = $"Templates/{templateType}_template.xlsx",CreatedAt = DateTime.Now,Description = $"{templateType} 模板"};return Task.FromResult(template);}public Task SaveTemplateAsync(TemplateInfo template){return Task.CompletedTask;}
}public class SimpleDataValidator : IDataValidator
{public Task<ValidationResult> ValidateAsync(string templateType, Dictionary<string, object> data){var result = new ValidationResult { IsValid = true, Errors = new List<string>() };// 简单验证逻辑if (!data.ContainsKey("B2") || string.IsNullOrEmpty(data["B2"]?.ToString())){result.IsValid = false;result.Errors.Add("B2字段不能为空");}return Task.FromResult(result);}
}