3系统需求调研项目整合管理
系统需求调研(Investigating System Requirements)
一、项目背景与核心框架(Project Background & Core Framework)
1. 关联SDLC核心流程(Relevant SDLC Core Process)
系统开发生命周期(SDLC)的核心流程——“发现并理解问题或需求的细节”(Core Process : Discover and understand the details of the problem or need),该流程是系统分析(Systems Analysis)的核心,同时扩展了相关概念、工具与技术。前序流程为“识别问题并获得批准”“规划与监控项目”,后续流程为“设计系统组件”“构建、测试与集成组件”“完成系统测试与部署”。
需求分析--规划--设计--开发--测试--部署与维护
二、系统分析活动(Systems Analysis Activities)
1. 核心目标(Core Objective)
• 详细了解信息系统需完成的任务,确保系统需求与业务需求、用户需求匹配。
• Understand in great detail what the information system needs to accomplish, and ensure that system requirements align(对齐) with business and user requirements.
2.core process 3 in the SDLC
有东西才能分析->收集
分析系统->做什么,什么重要
对用户来说->UI,反馈
活动名称(Activity Name) | 中文说明 | English Explanation |
收集详细信息 (Gather Detailed Information) | 采用多种方式获取数据,包括访谈、问卷调查、查阅文件、调研供应商、收集评论与建议 | Obtain data through multiple methods, including interviews, questionnaires, document review, vendor research, and collection of comments and suggestions |
定义需求 (Define Requirements) | 对功能需求与非功能需求进行建模,明确系统需实现的核心内容与约束条件 | Model functional requirements and non-functional requirements, and clarify the core content and constraints that the system needs to achieve |
需求优先级排序 (Prioritize Requirements) | 按重要性分为三类:必要需求(Essential,系统运行必备)、重要需求(Important,提升系统价值)、可选需求(Nice to have,非必需但优化体验) | Classify by importance into three categories: Essential (necessary for system operation), Important (enhancing system value), Nice to have (non-essential but optimizing experience) |
开发用户界面对话框(Develop User-Interface Dialogs) | 设计用户与系统之间的交互流程,确保界面操作逻辑清晰、符合用户使用习惯 UI的重要性:是用户和程序之间的桥梁 | Design the interaction flow between users and the system, ensuring that the interface operation logic is clear and conforms to user habits |
与用户评估需求(Evaluate Requirements with Users) | 邀请用户参与需求评审,收集反馈意见,根据合理建议调整需求,确保需求符合用户预期 | Invite users to participate in requirement review, collect feedback, and adjust requirements based on reasonable suggestions to ensure they meet user expectations |
三、系统需求定义与分类(Definition & Classification of System Requirements)
1. 核心定义(Core Definition)
•系统需求(System Requirements)是系统需满足的全部要求,由功能需求(Functional Requirements)与非功能需求(Non-functional Requirements)两部分组成,直接决定系统的功能范围与运行质量。
• System Requirements refer to all requirements that a system needs to meet, consisting of Functional Requirements and Non-functional Requirements, which directly determine the system's functional scope and operation quality.
2. FURPS需求分类模型(FURPS Requirement Classification Model)
FURPS是需求分类的常用缩略语,涵盖功能与非功能需求的核心维度,具体如下:
需求类别(Requirement Category) | FURPS维度 (FURPS Dimension) | 核心定义 (Core Definition) | 示例(Example) |
功能需求(Functional) | Functions (F) | 系统必须执行的活动,关联业务用途、用户操作及业务规则 业务规则与流程(如订单提交、付款确认); | 工资系统中“计算员工月薪”“生成工资单” |
非功能需求(Non-functional) | Usability (U,可用性) | 与用户相关的操作特性,影响用户使用体验 用户界面设计(简洁易懂)、操作便捷性(新手可快速上手) | |
非功能需求(Non-functional) | Reliability (R,可靠性) | 系统的稳定运行能力,体现“是否可信” 故障发生率 | (如每月故障不超过1次)、故障恢复方法(故障后1小时内恢复数据) |
非功能需求(Non-functional) | Performance (P,性能) | 与工作量相关的运行特性,体现“运行效率” 响应时间 | (如页面加载≤3秒)、吞吐量(如每秒处理50笔订单) |
非功能需求(Non-functional) | Security (S,安全性) | 控制应用访问权限与保护数据的能力 访问控制 | (不同角色仅查看对应数据)、数据加密(用户密码加密存储) |
四、利益相关者(Stakeholders)
1. 核心定义(Core Definition)
•对系统成功实施感兴趣、且其利益会受系统影响的个人或群体,是需求调研与系统开发中需重点对接的对象。
• Individuals or groups who are interested in the successful implementation of the system and whose interests will be affected by the system; they are key objects to connect with in requirement research and system development.
2. 两类核心分类(Two Core Classifications)
(1)按组织归属分类(Classification by Organizational Affiliation)
• 内部利益相关者(Internal Stakeholders):组织内部人员,如会计系统中的记账员(Bookkeepers)、会计师(Accountants)、内部审计师(Internal Auditors)、运营经理(Operational Managers)。
◦ Persons within the organization, such as bookkeepers, accountants, internal auditors, and operational managers in an accounting system.
• 外部利益相关者(External Stakeholders):组织外部人员/机构,如会计系统中的合作伙伴(Partner Organizations)、客户(Customers)、外部审计师(External Auditors)、监管机构(Regulators)。
◦Persons/organizations outside the organization, such as partner organizations, customers, external auditors, and regulators in an accounting system.
(2)按系统交互程度分类(Classification by System Interaction Degree)
• 运营层利益相关者(Operational Stakeholders):定期与系统直接交互的人员,需熟悉系统操作,如会计系统中的记账员、零售店系统中的店员。
◦ Persons who interact directly with the system regularly and need to be familiar with system operations, such as bookkeepers in an accounting system and clerks in a retail store system.
• 高管层利益相关者(Executive Stakeholders):不直接与系统交互,但需使用系统数据或关注系统经济价值的人员,如高管(Senior Managers)、董事会成员(Board of Directors)、投资者(Investors)。
◦ Persons who do not interact directly with the system but need to use system data or pay attention to the system's economic value, such as senior managers, board members, and investors.
项目整合管理(Project Integration Management)
编程仅为项目范围的一部分,项目成功需兼顾时间、成本等10大知识领域,而非仅解决技术问题。
一、项目整合管理定义(Definition of Project Integration Management)
• 项目整合管理是一项统筹性职能,影响项目其他所有知识领域,同时也受这些领域的影响,核心是协调各领域工作以实现项目成功,匹配组织需求与利益相关者期望。
• Project integration management is an overarching function that affects and is affected by all other knowledge areas. Its core is to coordinate the work of various areas to achieve project success and align with organizational needs and stakeholder expectations.
• 关联10大知识领域(10 Related Knowledge Areas):范围管理(Scope)、时间管理(Time)、成本管理(Cost)、质量管理(Quality)、人力资源管理(Human Resource)、沟通管理(Communications)、风险管理(Risk)、采购管理(Procurement)、利益相关者管理(Stakeholder)、整合管理(Integration,统筹核心)。
二、战略规划与项目选择(Strategic Planning & Project Selection)
1. 战略规划核心步骤(Core Steps of Strategic Planning)
- 识别潜在项目(Identify potential projects);
- 用合理方法筛选项目(Select projects with realistic methods);
- 发布项目章程,正式启动项目(Formalize initiation by issuing a project charter)。
- 常用工具:思维导图(Mind Mapping)辅助SWOT分析,评估项目优势(Strengths)、劣势(Weaknesses)、机会(Opportunities)、威胁(Threats)。
2. 项目分类标准(Project Categorization Criteria)
- 项目动力(Project Impetus): 问题导向(Problems,高优先级)、机会导向(Opportunities)、指令导向(Directives,如政府要求)
- 时间窗口(Time Window): 项目周期(Duration to complete)、截止日期(Deadline)
- 总体优先级(Overall Priority):高(High)、中(Medium)、低(Low)
3. 项目选择方法(Project Selection Methods)
(1)财务分析方法(Financial Analysis Methods)
方法名称 Method Name | 核心定义 Core Definition | 关键原则 Key Principle |
净现值分析 NPV Analysis | 中文:将未来现金流入/流出折现至当前,计算项目净货币收益/损失(“今日1元>明日1元”,考虑通胀); 1/(1+discount rate)^year English:Discount all future cash inflows and outflows to the present to calculate the project’s net monetary gain/loss ("¥1 today > ¥1 tomorrow", considering inflation). | 优先选NPV为正的项目,NPV越高越好(Positive NPV is preferred; higher NPV is better) |
投资回报率(ROI) | 中文:(总贴现收益-总贴现成本)÷ 贴现成本; English:(Total Discounted Benefits - Total Discounted Costs) / Discounted Costs. | ROI越高,项目财务收益越好(Higher ROI means better financial benefits) |
投资回收期分析(Payback Analysis) | 中文:以净现金流入收回项目总投资所需时间,累计贴现收益=成本时即回本; English:Time to recoup total project investment via net cash inflows; payback is achieved when cumulative discounted benefits equal costs. | 回收期越短,项目资金回收风险越低(Shorter payback period means lower capital recovery risk) |
(2)加权评分模型(Weighted Scoring Model)
• 基于多标准的系统筛选方法,步骤为:①确定筛选标准;②为标准分配权重(总和100%);③为每个项目的各标准打分;④分数×权重=加权总分,优先选总分高的项目。
• A systematic selection method based on multiple criteria. Steps:
①Identify selection criteria;
②Assign weights to criteria (sum to 100%);
③Score each criterion for each project;
④Score × Weight = Weighted Total Score; projects with higher total scores are preferred.
三、项目章程(Project Charter)
1. 核心定义(Core Definition)
• 正式确认项目存在、明确项目目标与管理方向的文件,授权项目经理使用组织资源,需关键利益相关者签署确认。
• A document that formally recognizes the existence of a project, clarifies its objectives and management direction, authorizes the PM to use organizational resources, and requires signatures of key stakeholders for confirmation.
2. 制定意义(Significance of Development)
• 获得高层管理与关键利益相关者支持(Secure support from top management and key stakeholders);
• 降低需求/期望不明确导致的项目失败风险(Reduce project failure risk caused by unclear needs/expectations);
• 保障项目规划与沟通的规范性(Ensure standardization of project planning and communication)。
3. 核心内容(Core Content)
• 基础信息:项目名称、授权日期、项目经理及联系方式、计划起止时间、预算摘要;
• 核心目标:项目目标简述、成功标准(如符合规格、按时交付、通过测试);
• 管理规划:项目管理方法总结、角色责任矩阵;
• 其他:利益相关者签署区、意见反馈区。
