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关系型数据库大王Mysql——DML语句操作示例

news 2025/10/29 8:15:17

DML操作

有关数据的操作：

增加 insert
删除 delete
修改 update
查询 select（重点）
条件查询
排序
函数
分组查询（group by）

在对数据进行操作时要注意表的结构——约束条件

insert语句

格式：
insert into 表名 values(value1,value2...);

value后的内容：与表字段匹配的数据，如果字段为主键，主键自带非空约束，可以与auto_increment结合设置为null,让其自增
主键使用insert时是唯一的，不能重复插入
字符串可以int转化，eg: “111” = 111
自增长策略中，如果手动设置值，则下一个新增数据按最大索引值为准

示例1

mysql> create database dml_test;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> use dml_test;
Database changed
mysql> create table user(-> user_id int(10) primary key auto_increment,-> username varchar(255),-> password varchar(255));
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.05 sec)mysql> desc user;
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field    | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| user_id  | int          | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| username | varchar(255) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| password | varchar(255) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into user values(null,'cj','123');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       1 | cj       | 123      |
+---------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)#设置主键约束的字段不能插入相同的数据
mysql> insert into user values(1,'cj','123');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'user.PRIMARY'#主键字段为null时会自增
mysql> insert into user values(null,'cj',123);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       1 | cj       | 123      |
|       2 | cj       | 123      |
+---------+----------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)#主键字段可以插入别的值
mysql> insert into user values(111,'ljx','111');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       1 | cj       | 123      |
|       2 | cj       | 123      |
|     111 | ljx      | 111      |
+---------+----------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)#会根据上个数据自增
mysql> insert into user values(null,'cj','123');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       1 | cj       | 123      |
|       2 | cj       | 123      |
|     111 | ljx      | 111      |
|     112 | cj       | 123      |
+---------+----------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)#'113' = 113
mysql> insert into user values('113','cj','123');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       1 | cj       | 123      |
|       2 | cj       | 123      |
|     111 | ljx      | 111      |
|     112 | cj       | 123      |
|     113 | cj       | 123      |
+---------+----------+----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)#不能插入多的列，要按照表的结构插入对应的值
mysql> insert into user values(null,'ljx','111',111);
ERROR 1136 (21S01): Column count doesn't match value count at row 1

示例2

插入指定字段及数据
插入多行数据
插入多行数据并指定字段

mysql> insert into user(username) values('zhangsan');	#插入指定单个字段及数据
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       1 | cj       | 123      |
|       2 | cj       | 123      |
|     111 | ljx      | 111      |
|     112 | cj       | 123      |
|     113 | cj       | 123      |
|     114 | zhangsan | NULL     |	#插入的数据
+---------+----------+----------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into user(username,password) values('lisi',666);	#插入指定多个字段及数据
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       1 | cj       | 123      |
|       2 | cj       | 123      |
|     111 | ljx      | 111      |
|     112 | cj       | 123      |
|     113 | cj       | 123      |
|     114 | zhangsan | NULL     |	
|     115 | lisi     | 666      |	#插入的数据
+---------+----------+----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into user values(		#插入多行数据-> null,'ljx','12'),-> (null,'cj','12'),-> (null,'fjw','12');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       1 | cj       | 123      |
|       2 | cj       | 123      |
|     111 | ljx      | 111      |
|     112 | cj       | 123      |
|     113 | cj       | 123      |
|     114 | zhangsan | NULL     |
|     115 | lisi     | 666      |
|     116 | ljx      | 12       |		#插入的数据
|     117 | cj       | 12     	|
|     118 | fjw      | 12       |
+---------+----------+----------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into user(user_id,username) values	#插入多行数据并指定字段-> (1000,"ls1"),-> (null,"ls2"),-> (null,"ls3");
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       1 | cj       | 123      |
|       2 | cj       | 123      |
|     111 | ljx      | 111      |
|     112 | cj       | 123      |
|     113 | cj       | 123      |
|     114 | zhangsan | NULL     |
|     115 | lisi     | 666      |
|     116 | ljx      | 12       |
|     117 | cj       | 12       |
|     118 | fjw      | 12       |
|    1000 | ls1      | NULL     |	#插入的数据
|    1001 | ls2      | NULL     |
|    1002 | ls3      | NULL     |
+---------+----------+----------+
13 rows in set (0.00 sec)

示例3

replace语句：

insert用法是一样的，当插入主键和原表数据相同时，会先删除原表数据，后插入，等价于insert和select的结合，等价于一个原子操作

mysql> replace into user values(1000,'wangwu',123456);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       1 | cj       | 123      |
|       2 | cj       | 123      |
|     111 | ljx      | 111      |
|     112 | cj       | 123      |
|     113 | cj       | 123      |
|     114 | zhangsan | NULL     |
|     115 | lisi     | 666      |
|     116 | ljx      | 12       |
|     117 | cj       | 12       |
|     118 | fjw      | 12       |
|    1000 | wangwu   | 123456   |	#替换的数据
|    1001 | ls2      | NULL     |
|    1002 | ls3      | NULL     |
+---------+----------+----------+
13 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into user values(1000,'wangwu',"1111");;
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1000' for key 'user.PRIMARY'

mysql> insert into user(username) select username from user;
Query OK, 13 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 13  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       1 | cj       | 123      |
|       2 | cj       | 123      |
|     111 | ljx      | 111      |
|     112 | cj       | 123      |
|     113 | cj       | 123      |
|     114 | zhangsan | NULL     |
|     115 | lisi     | 666      |
|     116 | ljx      | 12       |
|     117 | cj       | 12       |
|     118 | fjw      | 12       |
|    1000 | wangwu   | 123456   |
|    1001 | ls2      | NULL     |
|    1002 | ls3      | NULL     |
|    1004 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1005 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1006 | ljx      | NULL     |
|    1007 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1008 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1009 | zhangsan | NULL     |
|    1010 | lisi     | NULL     |
|    1011 | ljx      | NULL     |
|    1012 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1013 | fjw      | NULL     |
|    1014 | wangwu   | NULL     |
|    1015 | ls2      | NULL     |
|    1016 | ls3      | NULL     |
+---------+----------+----------+
26 rows in set (0.00 sec)

模糊查询

#使用like 与 通配符%来实现模糊查询
mysql> select username from user where username like 'z%';	#模糊查询以z开头的数据
+----------+
| username |
+----------+
| zhangsan |
| zhangsan |
+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)#插入通过模糊查询的数据
mysql> insert into user(username) select username from user where username like 'c%';		#模糊查询以字母c开头的数据并出入到指定字段的表
Query OK, 10 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 10  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       1 | cj       | 123      |
|       2 | cj       | 123      |
|     111 | ljx      | 111      |
|     112 | cj       | 123      |
|     113 | cj       | 123      |
|     114 | zhangsan | NULL     |
|     115 | lisi     | 666      |
|     116 | ljx      | 12       |
|     117 | cj       | 12       |
|     118 | fjw      | 12       |
|    1000 | wangwu   | 123456   |
|    1001 | ls2      | NULL     |
|    1002 | ls3      | NULL     |
|    1004 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1005 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1006 | ljx      | NULL     |
|    1007 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1008 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1009 | zhangsan | NULL     |
|    1010 | lisi     | NULL     |
|    1011 | ljx      | NULL     |
|    1012 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1013 | fjw      | NULL     |
|    1014 | wangwu   | NULL     |
|    1015 | ls2      | NULL     |
|    1016 | ls3      | NULL     |
|    1019 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1020 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1021 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1022 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1023 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1024 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1025 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1026 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1027 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1028 | cj       | NULL     |
+---------+----------+----------+

update语句

格式:update 表名 set 字段1 = 值1，......字段n [where 筛选]

mysql> update user set username='fjw',password='666' where user_id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       1 | fjw      | 666      |		#更改后的数据
|       2 | cj       | 123      |
|     111 | ljx      | 111      |
|     112 | cj       | 123      |
|     113 | cj       | 123      |
|     114 | zhangsan | NULL     |
|     115 | lisi     | 666      |
|     116 | ljx      | 12       |
|     117 | cj       | 12       |
|     118 | fjw      | 12       |
|    1000 | wangwu   | 123456   |
|    1001 | ls2      | NULL     |
|    1002 | ls3      | NULL     |
|    1004 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1005 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1006 | ljx      | NULL     |
|    1007 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1008 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1009 | zhangsan | NULL     |
|    1010 | lisi     | NULL     |
|    1011 | ljx      | NULL     |
|    1012 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1013 | fjw      | NULL     |
|    1014 | wangwu   | NULL     |
|    1015 | ls2      | NULL     |
|    1016 | ls3      | NULL     |
|    1019 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1020 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1021 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1022 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1023 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1024 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1025 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1026 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1027 | cj       | NULL     |
|    1028 | cj       | NULL     |
+---------+----------+----------+
36 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> update user set password='777' where password is null;
Query OK, 26 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 26  Changed: 26  Warnings: 0mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       2 | cj       | 777      |
|     111 | ljx      | 111      |
|     112 | cj       | 777      |
|     113 | cj       | 777      |
|     114 | zhangsan | 777      |
|     115 | lisi     | 666      |
|     116 | ljx      | 12       |
|     117 | cj       | 12       |
|     118 | fjw      | 12       |
|    1000 | wangwu   | 123456   |
|    1001 | ls2      | 777      |
|    1002 | ls3      | 777      |
|    1004 | cj       | 777      |
|    1005 | cj       | 777      |
|    1006 | ljx      | 777      |
|    1007 | cj       | 777      |
|    1008 | cj       | 777      |
|    1009 | zhangsan | 777      |
|    1010 | lisi     | 777      |
|    1011 | ljx      | 777      |
|    1012 | cj       | 777      |
|    1013 | fjw      | 777      |
|    1014 | wangwu   | 777      |
|    1015 | ls2      | 777      |
|    1016 | ls3      | 777      |
|    1019 | cj       | 777      |
|    1020 | cj       | 777      |
|    1021 | cj       | 777      |
|    1022 | cj       | 777      |
|    1023 | cj       | 777      |
|    1024 | cj       | 777      |
|    1025 | cj       | 777      |
|    1026 | cj       | 777      |
|    1027 | cj       | 777      |
|    1028 | cj       | 777      |
+---------+----------+----------+
35 rows in set (0.00 sec)

delete语句

格式:delete from 表名 [where条件]
删除数据后，保留自增的最大索引值并放在内存中，如果要重新添加数据，则按照最大索引值去添加

mysql> delete from user where password='777';
Query OK, 29 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|     111 | ljx      | 111      |
|     115 | lisi     | 666      |
|     116 | ljx      | 12       |
|     117 | cj       | 12       |
|     118 | fjw      | 12       |
|    1000 | wangwu   | 123456   |
+---------+----------+----------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)#删除所有表的数据
mysql> delete from user;
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from user;
Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into user values(null,'fjw','111');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|    1034 | fjw      | 111      |
+---------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> truncate table user;				#删除表数据，并初始化主键索引
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)mysql> select * from user;
Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into user values(null,'fjw','111');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)mysql> select * from user;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
|       1 | fjw      | 111      |
+---------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> drop table user;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> drop table user;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

删除表数据有三种方法，区别如下

delete from user，删除表数据，保留表结构，可以回滚
truncate table user，删除表数据，保留表结构。不能回滚。一次性删除所有数据，效率较高，并初始化索引
drop from user，删除表数据和表结构，什么也没了

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DML操作

insert语句

示例1

示例2

示例3

update语句

delete语句

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