Oracle 数据库多实例配置

Oracle 多实例配置操作笔记

1. Oracle 11gR2 (11204) 多实例配置

1.1 环境准备

1.1.1 系统要求检查

# 检查系统资源
free -g
df -h# 检查Oracle软件安装
echo $ORACLE_HOME
echo $ORACLE_BASE

1.1.2 创建必要的目录结构

# 创建新实例的目录
mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/admin/ORCL2/{adump,bdump,cdump,dpdump,pfile,udump}
mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2
mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCL2

1.2 创建密码文件

# 为新实例创建密码文件
cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
orapwd file=orapwORCL2 password=your_password entries=5

1.3 创建参数文件

1.3.1 复制并修改参数文件

# 从现有实例复制参数文件
cp $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initORCL1.ora $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initORCL2.ora

1.3.2 修改参数文件内容

# initORCL2.ora 内容示例
db_name='ORCL2'
instance_name='ORCL2'
db_domain=''
control_files=('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCL2/control02.ctl')
db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area'
db_recovery_file_dest_size=2G
memory_target=1G
processes=150
audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/ORCL2/adump'
audit_trail='db'
db_block_size=8192
db_domain=''
dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=ORCL2XDB)'
open_cursors=300
remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
compatible='11.2.0.4.0'

1.4 创建实例

1.4.1 设置环境变量

# 设置新实例的环境变量
export ORACLE_SID=ORCL2

1.4.2 启动实例到nomount状态

-- 连接到空闲实例
sqlplus / as sysdba
STARTUP NOMOUNT PFILE='/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initORCL2.ora';

1.4.3 执行CREATE DATABASE命令

CREATE DATABASE ORCL2
USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY your_password
USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY your_password
LOGFILE GROUP 1 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/redo01.log') SIZE 100M,GROUP 2 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/redo02.log') SIZE 100M,GROUP 3 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/redo03.log') SIZE 100M
MAXLOGFILES 16
MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
MAXLOGHISTORY 100
MAXDATAFILES 1024
CHARACTER SET AL32UTF8
NATIONAL CHARACTER SET AL16UTF16
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/system01.dbf'SIZE 700M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 10240K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
SYSAUX DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/sysaux01.dbf'SIZE 550M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 10240K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
DEFAULT TABLESPACE usersDATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/users01.dbf'SIZE 50M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tempTEMPFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/temp01.dbf'SIZE 200M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5120K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
UNDO TABLESPACE undotbs1DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/undotbs01.dbf'SIZE 200M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5120K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED;

1.5 创建数据字典和必要对象

1.5.1 运行数据字典脚本

-- 创建数据字典视图
@?/rdbms/admin/catalog.sql-- 创建PL/SQL包
@?/rdbms/admin/catproc.sql-- 创建SQL*Plus帮助
@?/sqlplus/admin/help/hlpbld.sql helpus.sql-- 创建PUP（Product User Profile）表
@?/sqlplus/admin/pupbld.sql

1.5.2 创建SPFILE

-- 从PFILE创建SPFILE
CREATE SPFILE FROM PFILE='/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initORCL2.ora';-- 重启实例使用SPFILE
SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
STARTUP

1.6 配置监听器

1.6.1 修改listener.ora

# 在 $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/listener.ora 中添加
SID_LIST_LISTENER =(SID_LIST =(SID_DESC =(GLOBAL_DBNAME = ORCL1)(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1)(SID_NAME = ORCL1))(SID_DESC =(GLOBAL_DBNAME = ORCL2)(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1)(SID_NAME = ORCL2)))

1.6.2 重启监听器

lsnrctl stop
lsnrctl start

1.7 创建网络服务名

1.7.1 修改tnsnames.ora

# 在 $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora 中添加
ORCL2 =(DESCRIPTION =(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = your_hostname)(PORT = 1521))(CONNECT_DATA =(SERVER = DEDICATED)(SERVICE_NAME = ORCL2)))

1.8 验证多实例配置

1.8.1 检查实例状态

-- 连接到每个实例验证
sqlplus sys/your_password@ORCL1 as sysdba
SELECT instance_name, status, database_status FROM v$instance;sqlplus sys/your_password@ORCL2 as sysdba  
SELECT instance_name, status, database_status FROM v$instance;

1.8.2 检查监听器状态

lsnrctl status

2. Oracle 19c 多实例配置区别

2.1 架构变化

2.1.1 多租户架构

-- 19c默认使用CDB架构，创建CDB而非非CDB
CREATE DATABASE ORCL2
USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY your_password
USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY your_password
ENABLE PLUGGABLE DATABASE
SEED
SYSTEM TABLESPACE SYSTEM DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/seed_system01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON
SYSAUX DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/seed_sysaux01.dbf' SIZE 550M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON
UNDO TABLESPACE undotbs1 DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/seed_undotbs01.dbf' SIZE 125M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temp TEMPFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/seed_temp01.dbf' SIZE 20M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON
CHARACTER SET AL32UTF8
NATIONAL CHARACTER SET AL16UTF16
LOGFILE GROUP 1 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/redo01.log') SIZE 200M,GROUP 2 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/redo02.log') SIZE 200M,GROUP 3 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/redo03.log') SIZE 200M
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/system01.dbf'SIZE 700M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 10240K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
SYSAUX DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/sysaux01.dbf'SIZE 550M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 10240K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
DEFAULT TABLESPACE usersDATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/users01.dbf'SIZE 50M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tempTEMPFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/temp01.dbf'SIZE 200M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5120K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
UNDO TABLESPACE undotbs1DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/undotbs01.dbf'SIZE 200M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5120K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED;

2.2 参数文件差异

2.2.1 19c特定参数

# initORCL2.ora 19c版本示例
db_name='ORCL2'
db_unique_name='ORCL2'
enable_pluggable_database=true
pdb_name='ORCL2_PDB1'

2.3 创建PDB

2.3.1 在CDB中创建PDB

-- 连接到CDB
ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER = CDB$ROOT;-- 创建PDB
CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE ORCL2_PDB1
ADMIN USER pdbadmin IDENTIFIED BY password
FILE_NAME_CONVERT=('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/pdbseed/','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL2/ORCL2_PDB1/');-- 打开PDB
ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ORCL2_PDB1 OPEN;

2.4 服务注册差异

2.4.1 19c服务注册

-- 19c中服务自动注册到监听器
-- 检查服务注册
SELECT name, pdb FROM v$services;

2.5 内存管理改进

2.5.1 19c内存参数

-- 19c推荐使用MEMORY_TARGET或AUTO_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
memory_target=2G
sga_target=0
pga_aggregate_target=0

2.6 配置差异总结

特性	Oracle 11gR2	Oracle 19c
数据库架构	非CDB	CDB+PDB（默认）
实例创建	CREATE DATABASE	CREATE DATABASE + CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE
内存管理	SGA_TARGET + PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET	MEMORY_TARGET（推荐）
服务注册	手动配置监听器	自动服务注册
参数文件	基本相同，新增CDB相关参数	新增CDB/PDB相关参数
目录结构	传统目录结构	支持PDB文件隔离

3. 常见问题排查

3.1 连接问题

# 检查监听器状态
lsnrctl status# 检查TNS配置
tnsping ORCL2# 检查防火墙
iptables -L

3.2 实例启动问题

-- 检查alert日志
SELECT value FROM v$diag_info WHERE name = 'Diag Trace';-- 检查实例状态
SELECT instance_name, status FROM v$instance;

3.3 权限问题

-- 检查目录权限
SELECT * FROM dba_directories;-- 检查用户权限
SELECT * FROM dba_sys_privs WHERE grantee = 'SYSTEM';

4. 维护操作

4.1 备份策略

# RMAN备份示例
rman target /
BACKUP DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG;

4.2 监控脚本

-- 监控多实例状态
SELECT inst_id, instance_name, host_name, status, database_status 
FROM gv$instance;