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Spring 前后端通信加密解密

news 2025/10/10 11:22:16

在这里插入图片描述

一、为什么需要通信加密？数字化时代，信息传输安全是一件非常重要的事。HTTPS 证书的每年费用也是一笔不小的费用。如果 WEB 应用的数据传输的时候自带数据加密的话，也能适当提高 HTTP 下的数据传输安全。如何构建安全的通信加密体系成为每个开发者必须掌握的技能。本文将深入探讨 SpringBoot 前后端通信加密的完整方案。

二、加密方案技术对比

加密类型算法示例适用场景性能影响
对称加密AES、DES大数据量加密低
非对称加密RSA、ECC密钥交换、数字签名高
哈希算法SHA-256、MD5数据完整性验证极低
混合加密RSA+AES综合安全方案中等

pom.xml 依赖配置


<dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-aop</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>commons-codec</groupId><artifactId>commons-codec</artifactId><version>最新</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.bouncycastle</groupId><artifactId>bcprov-jdk15on</artifactId><version>1.70</version></dependency>
</dependencies>

核心加密工具类

@Slf4j
@Component
public class CryptoUtils {private static final String AES_ALGORITHM = "AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding";private static final String RSA_ALGORITHM = "RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding";private static final int AES_KEY_SIZE = 256;private static final int RSA_KEY_SIZE = 2048;/*** AES加密*/public String aesEncrypt(String data, String key, String iv) throws Exception {try {SecretKeySpec secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(key.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), "AES");IvParameterSpec ivParameterSpec = new IvParameterSpec(iv.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(AES_ALGORITHM);cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKey, ivParameterSpec);byte[] encryptedBytes = cipher.doFinal(data.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(encryptedBytes);} catch (Exception e) {log.error("AES加密失败", e);throw new CryptoException("加密失败");}}/*** AES解密*/public String aesDecrypt(String encryptedData, String key, String iv) throws Exception {try {SecretKeySpec secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(key.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), "AES");IvParameterSpec ivParameterSpec = new IvParameterSpec(iv.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(AES_ALGORITHM);cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secretKey, ivParameterSpec);byte[] decodedBytes = Base64.getDecoder().decode(encryptedData);byte[] decryptedBytes = cipher.doFinal(decodedBytes);return new String(decryptedBytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);} catch (Exception e) {log.error("AES解密失败", e);throw new CryptoException("解密失败");}}/*** RSA公钥加密*/public String rsaEncrypt(String data, String publicKey) throws Exception {try {byte[] keyBytes = Base64.getDecoder().decode(publicKey);X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(keySpec);Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(RSA_ALGORITHM);cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, pubKey);byte[] encryptedBytes = cipher.doFinal(data.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(encryptedBytes);} catch (Exception e) {log.error("RSA加密失败", e);throw new CryptoException("RSA加密失败");}}/*** RSA私钥解密*/public String rsaDecrypt(String encryptedData, String privateKey) throws Exception {try {byte[] keyBytes = Base64.getDecoder().decode(privateKey);PKCS8EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");PrivateKey priKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(keySpec);Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(RSA_ALGORITHM);cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, priKey);byte[] decodedBytes = Base64.getDecoder().decode(encryptedData);byte[] decryptedBytes = cipher.doFinal(decodedBytes);return new String(decryptedBytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);} catch (Exception e) {log.error("RSA解密失败", e);throw new CryptoException("RSA解密失败");}}/*** 生成AES密钥和IV*/public Map<String, String> generateAesKey() {try {KeyGenerator keyGen = KeyGenerator.getInstance("AES");keyGen.init(AES_KEY_SIZE);SecretKey secretKey = keyGen.generateKey();SecureRandom secureRandom = new SecureRandom();byte[] iv = new byte[16];secureRandom.nextBytes(iv);Map<String, String> result = new HashMap<>();result.put("key", Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(secretKey.getEncoded()));result.put("iv", Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(iv));return result;} catch (Exception e) {log.error("生成AES密钥失败", e);throw new CryptoException("生成密钥失败");}}/*** 自定义加密异常*/public static class CryptoException extends RuntimeException {public CryptoException(String message) {super(message);}}
}

密钥管理服务实现

@Service
@Slf4j
public class KeyManagerService {@Autowiredprivate CryptoUtils cryptoUtils;private final Map<String, KeyPair> keyPairCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();private final Map<String, String> sessionKeys = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();/*** 生成RSA密钥对*/public KeyPair generateRsaKeyPair() {try {KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA");keyPairGen.initialize(2048);return keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();} catch (Exception e) {log.error("生成RSA密钥对失败", e);throw new RuntimeException("生成密钥对失败");}}/*** 获取客户端RSA公钥*/public String getClientPublicKey(String clientId) {KeyPair keyPair = keyPairCache.computeIfAbsent(clientId, k -> generateRsaKeyPair());return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(keyPair.getPublic().getEncoded());}/*** 获取服务端RSA私钥（用于解密客户端发送的AES密钥）*/public PrivateKey getServerPrivateKey(String clientId) {KeyPair keyPair = keyPairCache.get(clientId);if (keyPair == null) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("未找到客户端密钥对");}return keyPair.getPrivate();}/*** 存储会话AES密钥*/public void storeSessionKey(String sessionId, String aesKey, String aesIv) {String combinedKey = aesKey + ":" + aesIv;sessionKeys.put(sessionId, combinedKey);}/*** 获取会话AES密钥*/public Map<String, String> getSessionKey(String sessionId) {String combinedKey = sessionKeys.get(sessionId);if (combinedKey == null) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("会话密钥不存在或已过期");}String[] parts = combinedKey.split(":");Map<String, String> result = new HashMap<>();result.put("key", parts[0]);result.put("iv", parts[1]);return result;}/*** 清理过期会话密钥*/@Scheduled(fixedRate = 300000) // 每5分钟清理一次public void cleanExpiredKeys() {long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();// 实现密钥过期清理逻辑log.info("执行密钥清理任务");}
}

加密请求体封装

@Data
public class EncryptedRequest {/*** 加密的AES密钥（使用RSA公钥加密）*/private String encryptedKey;/*** 加密的业务数据（使用AES加密）*/private String encryptedData;/*** 会话ID*/private String sessionId;/*** 时间戳（防重放攻击）*/private Long timestamp;/*** 签名（数据完整性验证）*/private String signature;
}@Data
public class EncryptedResponse {/*** 加密的响应数据*/private String encryptedData;/*** 响应状态码*/private String code;/*** 响应消息*/private String message;/*** 时间戳*/private Long timestamp;
}

加解密切面实现

@Aspect
@Component
@Slf4j
public class CryptoAspect {@Autowiredprivate CryptoUtils cryptoUtils;@Autowiredprivate KeyManagerService keyManagerService;/*** 请求解密切面*/@Around("@annotation(DecryptRequest)")public Object decryptRequest(ProceedingJoinPoint joinPoint) throws Throwable {Object[] args = joinPoint.getArgs();for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {if (args[i] instanceof EncryptedRequest) {args[i] = decryptRequestBody((EncryptedRequest) args[i]);}}return joinPoint.proceed(args);}/*** 响应加密切面*/@Around("@annotation(EncryptResponse)")public Object encryptResponse(ProceedingJoinPoint joinPoint) throws Throwable {Object result = joinPoint.proceed();if (result instanceof ResponseEntity) {ResponseEntity<?> responseEntity = (ResponseEntity<?>) result;if (responseEntity.getBody() instanceof EncryptedResponse) {return result; // 已经是加密响应，无需再次处理}// 加密响应体Object body = responseEntity.getBody();HttpServletRequest request = ((ServletRequestAttributes) RequestContextHolder.currentRequestAttributes()).getRequest();String sessionId = request.getHeader("X-Session-Id");EncryptedResponse encryptedResponse = encryptResponseBody(body, sessionId);return new ResponseEntity<>(encryptedResponse, responseEntity.getHeaders(), responseEntity.getStatusCode());}return result;}/*** 解密请求体*/private EncryptedRequest decryptRequestBody(EncryptedRequest encryptedRequest) {try {// 验证时间戳（防重放攻击）validateTimestamp(encryptedRequest.getTimestamp());// 获取会话密钥Map<String, String> sessionKey = keyManagerService.getSessionKey(encryptedRequest.getSessionId());// 解密AES密钥（使用RSA私钥）String encryptedKey = encryptedRequest.getEncryptedKey();String privateKeyStr = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(keyManagerService.getServerPrivateKey(encryptedRequest.getSessionId()).getEncoded());String decryptedAesKey = cryptoUtils.rsaDecrypt(encryptedKey, privateKeyStr);// 解密业务数据String decryptedData = cryptoUtils.aesDecrypt(encryptedRequest.getEncryptedData(),decryptedAesKey,sessionKey.get("iv"));// 验证签名validateSignature(decryptedData, encryptedRequest.getSignature(), decryptedAesKey);// 将解密后的数据设置回请求对象encryptedRequest.setEncryptedData(decryptedData);return encryptedRequest;} catch (Exception e) {log.error("请求解密失败", e);throw new CryptoUtils.CryptoException("请求解密失败");}}/*** 加密响应体*/private EncryptedResponse encryptResponseBody(Object body, String sessionId) {try {String jsonData = objectToJson(body);Map<String, String> sessionKey = keyManagerService.getSessionKey(sessionId);String encryptedData = cryptoUtils.aesEncrypt(jsonData,sessionKey.get("key"),sessionKey.get("iv"));EncryptedResponse response = new EncryptedResponse();response.setEncryptedData(encryptedData);response.setCode("200");response.setMessage("成功");response.setTimestamp(System.currentTimeMillis());return response;} catch (Exception e) {log.error("响应加密失败", e);throw new CryptoUtils.CryptoException("响应加密失败");}}/*** 验证时间戳（防重放攻击）*/private void validateTimestamp(Long timestamp) {long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();long timeDiff = Math.abs(currentTime - timestamp);// 允许5分钟的时间偏差if (timeDiff > 5 * 60 * 1000) {throw new CryptoUtils.CryptoException("请求已过期");}}/*** 验证签名*/private void validateSignature(String data, String signature, String key) {try {// 使用HMAC-SHA256验证签名Mac sha256_HMAC = Mac.getInstance("HmacSHA256");SecretKeySpec secret_key = new SecretKeySpec(key.getBytes(), "HmacSHA256");sha256_HMAC.init(secret_key);String computedSignature = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(sha256_HMAC.doFinal(data.getBytes()));if (!computedSignature.equals(signature)) {throw new CryptoUtils.CryptoException("签名验证失败");}} catch (Exception e) {throw new CryptoUtils.CryptoException("签名验证异常");}}private String objectToJson(Object obj) throws Exception {ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();return mapper.writeValueAsString(obj);}
}/*** 自定义注解：解密请求*/
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface DecryptRequest {
}/*** 自定义注解：加密响应*/
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface EncryptResponse {
}

加密API控制器


@Slf4j
@AllArgsConstructor
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/secure")
public class SecureApiController {private final KeyManagerService keyManagerService;private final CryptoUtils cryptoUtils;/*** 获取RSA公钥（用于前端加密AES密钥）*/@GetMapping("/public-key")public ResponseEntity<Map<String, String>> getPublicKey(@RequestParam String clientId) {String publicKey = keyManagerService.getClientPublicKey(clientId);// 生成AES密钥对Map<String, String> aesKeys = cryptoUtils.generateAesKey();// 存储会话密钥String sessionId = generateSessionId();keyManagerService.storeSessionKey(sessionId, aesKeys.get("key"), aesKeys.get("iv"));Map<String, String> response = new HashMap<>();response.put("publicKey", publicKey);response.put("sessionId", sessionId);response.put("aesIv", aesKeys.get("iv"));return ResponseEntity.ok(response);}/*** 加密数据提交接口*/@PostMapping("/submit")@DecryptRequest@EncryptResponsepublic ResponseEntity<UserData> submitData(@RequestBody EncryptedRequest encryptedRequest,HttpServletRequest request) {try {// 这里encryptedRequest的encryptedData字段已经被AOP解密为原始JSON字符串String decryptedData = encryptedRequest.getEncryptedData();ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();UserData userData = mapper.readValue(decryptedData, UserData.class);// 处理业务逻辑log.info("接收到用户数据: {}", userData);// 返回处理结果（会被AOP自动加密）return ResponseEntity.ok(userData);} catch (Exception e) {log.error("处理加密数据失败", e);throw new CryptoUtils.CryptoException("数据处理失败");}}/*** 批量数据加密接口*/@PostMapping("/batch")@DecryptRequest@EncryptResponsepublic ResponseEntity<BatchResult> processBatch(@RequestBody EncryptedRequest encryptedRequest) {try {String decryptedData = encryptedRequest.getEncryptedData();ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();BatchRequest batchRequest = mapper.readValue(decryptedData, BatchRequest.class);// 处理批量数据BatchResult result = processBatchData(batchRequest);return ResponseEntity.ok(result);} catch (Exception e) {log.error("批量处理失败", e);throw new CryptoUtils.CryptoException("批量处理失败");}}private String generateSessionId() {return UUID.randomUUID().toString().replace("-", "");}// 业务数据类@Datapublic static class UserData {private String username;private String email;private String phone;private Map<String, Object> additionalInfo;}@Datapublic static class BatchRequest {private List<UserData> items;private String operation;}@Datapublic static class BatchResult {private int successCount;private int failureCount;private List<String> errors;}private BatchResult processBatchData(BatchRequest request) {// 实现批量处理逻辑BatchResult result = new BatchResult();result.setSuccessCount(request.getItems().size());result.setFailureCount(0);result.setErrors(new ArrayList<>());return result;}
}

三、前端加密实现

  1. JavaScript加密工具

class CryptoClient {constructor() {this.sessionId = null;this.aesIv = null;this.publicKey = null;}/*** 初始化加密客户端*/async initialize(clientId) {try {const response = await fetch(`/api/secure/public-key?clientId=${clientId}`);const data = await response.json();this.sessionId = data.sessionId;this.aesIv = data.aesIv;this.publicKey = data.publicKey;return true;} catch (error) {console.error('初始化加密客户端失败:', error);return false;}}/*** 生成AES密钥*/generateAesKey() {const randomBytes = new Uint8Array(32);window.crypto.getRandomValues(randomBytes);return btoa(String.fromCharCode(...randomBytes));}/*** RSA加密*/async rsaEncrypt(data, publicKey) {// 使用jsencrypt库进行RSA加密const encrypt = new JSEncrypt();encrypt.setPublicKey(publicKey);return encrypt.encrypt(data);}/*** AES加密*/async aesEncrypt(data, key, iv) {const encoder = new TextEncoder();const keyData = encoder.encode(key);const ivData = encoder.encode(iv);const dataBuffer = encoder.encode(data);const cryptoKey = await window.crypto.subtle.importKey('raw',keyData,{ name: 'AES-CBC' },false,['encrypt']);const encrypted = await window.crypto.subtle.encrypt({name: 'AES-CBC',iv: ivData},cryptoKey,dataBuffer);return btoa(String.fromCharCode(...new Uint8Array(encrypted)));}/*** 生成HMAC签名*/async generateSignature(data, key) {const encoder = new TextEncoder();const keyData = encoder.encode(key);const dataBuffer = encoder.encode(data);const cryptoKey = await window.crypto.subtle.importKey('raw',keyData,{ name: 'HMAC', hash: 'SHA-256' },false,['sign']);const signature = await window.crypto.subtle.sign('HMAC',cryptoKey,dataBuffer);return btoa(String.fromCharCode(...new Uint8Array(signature)));}/*** 发送加密请求*/async sendEncryptedRequest(url, data) {if (!this.sessionId || !this.publicKey) {throw new Error('加密客户端未初始化');}try {// 生成AES密钥const aesKey = this.generateAesKey();// 加密AES密钥（使用RSA公钥）const encryptedKey = await this.rsaEncrypt(aesKey, this.publicKey);// 加密业务数据（使用AES）const jsonData = JSON.stringify(data);const encryptedData = await this.aesEncrypt(jsonData, aesKey, this.aesIv);// 生成签名const signature = await this.generateSignature(jsonData, aesKey);// 构建加密请求const encryptedRequest = {encryptedKey: encryptedKey,encryptedData: encryptedData,sessionId: this.sessionId,timestamp: Date.now(),signature: signature};// 发送请求const response = await fetch(url, {method: 'POST',headers: {'Content-Type': 'application/json','X-Session-Id': this.sessionId},body: JSON.stringify(encryptedRequest)});return await response.json();} catch (error) {console.error('发送加密请求失败:', error);throw error;}}
}// 使用示例
const cryptoClient = new CryptoClient();// 初始化
cryptoClient.initialize('web-client').then(success => {if (success) {console.log('加密客户端初始化成功');}
});// 发送加密数据
async function submitUserData(userData) {try {const response = await cryptoClient.sendEncryptedRequest('/api/secure/submit',userData);console.log('加密响应:', response);// 这里response.encryptedData需要在前端解密return response;} catch (error) {console.error('提交数据失败:', error);}
}

防重放攻击机制

@Component
public class ReplayAttackDefender {private final Set<String> usedNonces = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<>());private final long maxTimeWindow = 5 * 60 * 1000; // 5分钟/*** 验证请求唯一性*/public boolean validateRequest(String nonce, long timestamp) {// 检查时间窗口long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();if (Math.abs(currentTime - timestamp) > maxTimeWindow) {return false;}// 检查nonce唯一性if (usedNonces.contains(nonce)) {return false;}// 添加nonce到已使用集合usedNonces.add(nonce);// 清理过期noncecleanExpiredNonces();return true;}/*** 清理过期nonce*/@Scheduled(fixedRate = 60000) // 每分钟清理一次public void cleanExpiredNonces() {// 实现清理逻辑}
}

性能优化配置

@Configuration
@EnableAsync
public class CryptoConfig {@Beanpublic ThreadPoolTaskExecutor cryptoExecutor() {ThreadPoolTaskExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor();executor.setCorePoolSize(10);executor.setMaxPoolSize(50);executor.setQueueCapacity(100);executor.setThreadNamePrefix("crypto-");executor.setRejectedExecutionHandler(new ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy());return executor;}@Beanpublic CacheManager keyCacheManager() {return new ConcurrentMapCacheManager("rsaKeys", "sessionKeys");}
}

测试方法

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext;
import java.util.*;@SpringBootApplication
@Slf4j
public class CryptoServiceTest {public static void main(String[] args) {ConfigurableApplicationContext context = SpringApplication.run(CryptoServiceTest.class, args);try {testAesEncryption(context);testFullWorkflow(context);log.info("所有测试通过！");} catch (Exception e) {log.error("测试失败", e);} finally {context.close();}}static void testAesEncryption(ConfigurableApplicationContext context) throws Exception {CryptoUtils cryptoUtils = context.getBean(CryptoUtils.class);String originalText = "这是一段需要加密的敏感数据";Map<String, String> keys = cryptoUtils.generateAesKey();String encrypted = cryptoUtils.aesEncrypt(originalText, keys.get("key"), keys.get("iv"));String decrypted = cryptoUtils.aesDecrypt(encrypted, keys.get("key"), keys.get("iv"));if (!originalText.equals(decrypted)) {throw new RuntimeException("AES加密测试失败");}log.info("AES加密测试通过");}static void testFullWorkflow(ConfigurableApplicationContext context) throws Exception {CryptoUtils cryptoUtils = context.getBean(CryptoUtils.class);KeyManagerService keyManagerService = context.getBean(KeyManagerService.class);// 模拟完整加密流程String clientId = "test-client";String originalData = "{\"username\":\"test\",\"password\":\"123456\"}";// 获取公钥String publicKey = keyManagerService.getClientPublicKey(clientId);// 生成AES密钥Map<String, String> aesKeys = cryptoUtils.generateAesKey();String sessionId = UUID.randomUUID().toString();keyManagerService.storeSessionKey(sessionId, aesKeys.get("key"), aesKeys.get("iv"));// 加密AES密钥String encryptedKey = cryptoUtils.rsaEncrypt(aesKeys.get("key"), publicKey);// 加密数据String encryptedData = cryptoUtils.aesEncrypt(originalData, aesKeys.get("key"), aesKeys.get("iv"));// 解密流程String decryptedKey = cryptoUtils.rsaDecrypt(encryptedKey, Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(keyManagerService.getServerPrivateKey(sessionId).getEncoded()));String decryptedData = cryptoUtils.aesDecrypt(encryptedData, decryptedKey, aesKeys.get("iv"));if (!originalData.equals(decryptedData)) {throw new RuntimeException("完整加密流程测试失败");}log.info("完整加密流程测试通过");}
}

一、方案优势
安全性高：采用RSA+AES混合加密，兼顾安全性和性能
易于集成：通过注解和AOP实现，业务代码无侵入
扩展性强：模块化设计，便于扩展新的加密算法
生产就绪：包含防重放攻击、密钥管理等企业级特性
二、性能考虑
使用缓存减少密钥生成开销
异步处理加解密操作
合理的连接池和线程池配置
三、未来扩展
国密算法支持：集成SM2、SM4等国密算法
硬件安全模块：支持HSM等硬件加密设备
量子安全：提前布局抗量子加密算法
零信任架构：集成零信任安全理念

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