Nginx 核心安全配置总结
Nginx 核心安全配置总结
Nginx 的三大核心安全及监控配置展开，包括访问控制、用户认证和 HTTPS 配置，以下是详细总结：
一、Nginx 访问控制
访问控制通过allow和deny指令实现，仅作用于location段，用于限制主机对特定资源的访问权限
1. 核心指令
- allow：设定允许访问的主机，多个 IP 以空格分隔，默认值为
allow all（允许所有主机访问） - deny：设定禁止访问的主机，多个 IP 以空格分隔
2. 配置规则与示例
-
规则优先级：指令按配置顺序生效，先匹配的规则优先执行
-
示例 1：拒绝特定主机访问状态页面
比如：
allow 192.168.100.20 192.168.100.30;
deny all;
[root@syf nginx-1.24.0]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conflocation /status {echo "shenyi";deny 192.168.100.20;}[root@syf nginx-1.24.0]# nginx -s reload
[root@syf2 ~]# ip a
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000link/ether 00:0c:29:86:4f:27 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ffinet 192.168.100.20/24 brd 192.168.100.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33[root@syf2 ~]# curl http://192.168.100.10/status
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.24.0</center>
</body>
</html>
cmd：
C:\Users\34734>curl http://192.168.100.10/status
shenyi
开启stub_status模块：
stub_status模块主要作用于查看nginx的一些状态信息：
[root@syf nginx-1.24.0]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conflocation /status {echo "shenyi";stub_status on; }[root@syf nginx-1.24.0]# nginx -s reload
[root@syf2 ~]# curl http://192.168.100.10/status
Active connections: 1
server accepts handled requests5 5 5
Reading: 0 Writing: 1 Waiting: 0
Active connections：当前nginx正在处理的活动连接数
Server accepts handled requests：nginx总共处理了63个连接，成功创建63次握手，总共处理了62个请求
Reading：nginx读取到客户端的Header信息数
Writing：nginx返回给客户端的Header信息数
Waiting：开启的情况下，这个值等于（），意思就是已经处理完成，正在等候下一次请求指令的驻留连接。所以，在访问效率高、请求很快就被处理完毕的情况下，数比较多是正常的。如果数较多，则说明并发访问量非常大，正在处理过程中
当allow和deny同时存在时：
[root@syf nginx-1.24.0]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conflocation /status {stub_status on;allow 192.168.100.1;deny all;}[root@syf nginx-1.24.0]# nginx -s reload
默认是allow all：
只允许指定的IP访问，禁止其他IP访问：
[root@syf nginx-1.24.0]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conflocation /status {echo "shenyi";allow 192.168.100.20;deny all;}[root@syf nginx-1.24.0]# nginx -s reload
[root@syf2 ~]# curl http://192.168.100.10/status
shenyi
cmd：
C:\Users\34734>curl http://192.168.100.10/status
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.24.0</center>
</body>
</html>
只禁止指定的IP访问，允许其他IP访问：
[root@syf nginx-1.24.0]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conflocation /status {echo "shenyi";deny 192.168.100.20;allow all;}[root@syf nginx-1.24.0]# nginx -s reload
[root@syf2 ~]# curl http://192.168.100.10/status
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.24.0</center>
</body>
</html>
cmd：
C:\Users\34734>curl http://192.168.100.10/status
shenyi
用户认证：
授权用户：
安装httpd-tools软件包：
[root@syf ~]# yum -y install httpd-tools
创建用户密钥文件：（密码：redhat）
[root@syf ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/
[root@syf conf]# htpasswd -c -m .user_auth_file shenyi
New password:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user shenyi
[root@syf conf]# cat .user_auth_file
shenyi:$apr1$ceKy5cw3$FZHYQz7DcQVXlYIhULW7Q.
配置nginx（注意auth_basic_user_file必须用绝对路径）
[root@syf conf]# vim nginx.conflocation /status {stub_status on; auth_basic "Welcome to luoqi";auth_basic_user_file "/usr/local/nginx/conf/.user_auth_file";}测试配置文件并重载配置文件：
[root@syf conf]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@syf conf]# nginx -s reload
验证测试：
https配置：
nginx：192.168.100.10
CA：192.168.100.20
在CA服务器中生成一对密钥：
[root@ca ~]# mkdir -p /etc/pki/CA/private
[root@ca ~]# cd /etc/pk
pkcs11/ pki/
[root@ca ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA/
[root@ca CA]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
........................................................................................+++
.......................................................+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@ca CA]# openssl rsa -in private/cakey.pem -pubout
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEArf5bzKJqEJfkP+gWEyak
Xje/lF6NeKHyjBgX9XuOc53JQBW/fLldCutLZ5q1p0bvLFu1PHqhPyLZwkYbNkQn
/1hX9jlNdVwnQkQgEvQjAlzSxqdLlW2d4DEeH/uSwjkg7mdkXAPOc3sSIQ9xVMQQ
m2erjMmUIEPuF2HGRoylvKU/14u+UnmSut5ujpZrjHPnINsYyHyHc6E46o0o7ojj
v9VdfvHGbKvA1nNKfzMkX9zQNlvDHnt0tAYfe/7udVKOKdN2Xkk5jimriqaIEbo2
8Y2NVEjS2RJNIjHQQmTuVaVzXahvGsAQ3g9J+O/10tC75U8Fa5J5tHfKgQ5n0iZe
vQIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----[root@ca CA]# openssl req -new -x509 -key private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 1024
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:HB
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:WH
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:LQ
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:linux
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:shenyi
Email Address []:sy@example.com
在nginx中生成证书签署请求，发送给CA：
[root@syf ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/
[root@syf conf]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out httpd.key 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
.........................................................+++
....+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@syf conf]# openssl req -new -key httpd.key -days 1024 -out httpd.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:HB
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:WH
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:LQ
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:linux
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:shenyi
Email Address []:sy@example.com Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
[root@syf conf]# ls
fastcgi.conf koi-utf scgi_params
fastcgi.conf.default koi-win scgi_params.default
fastcgi_params mime.types uwsgi_params
fastcgi_params.default mime.types.default uwsgi_params.default
httpd.csr nginx.conf win-utf
httpd.key nginx.conf.default
[root@syf conf]# scp httpd.csr root@192.168.100.20:/root/
The authenticity of host '192.168.100.20 (192.168.100.20)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:UN0UZbtBfFQeLR3836aFd9k4cm9na95JOPqBnPk05VU.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:20:05:39:25:84:f6:1b:bb:8b:b3:ed:b9:bf:96:99:ba.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.100.20' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.100.20's password:
httpd.csr 100% 1021 871.7KB/s 00:00
在CA主机中查看：
[root@ca ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg httpd.csr mysql.sh Videos
Desktop initial-setup-ks.cfg Pictures
Documents Music Public
Downloads mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz Templates
CA签署证书并发送给nginx：
[root@ca ~]# mkdir /etc/pki/CA/newcerts/
[root@ca ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA/
[root@ca CA]# ls
cacert.pem certs crl newcerts private[root@ca ~]# touch /etc/pki/CA/index.txt
[root@ca ~]# echo "01" > /etc/pki/CA/serial
[root@ca ~]# openssl ca -in httpd.csr -out httpd.crt -days 1024
Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:Serial Number: 1 (0x1)ValidityNot Before: Sep 27 13:58:09 2025 GMTNot After : Jul 17 13:58:09 2028 GMTSubject:countryName = CNstateOrProvinceName = HBorganizationName = LQorganizationalUnitName = linuxcommonName = shenyiemailAddress = sy@example.comX509v3 extensions:X509v3 Basic Constraints: CA:FALSENetscape Comment: OpenSSL Generated CertificateX509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 8C:F1:F7:92:BC:C3:FE:49:82:E9:71:76:66:FC:51:AC:8F:B6:7F:45X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: keyid:D3:7C:3C:3A:EA:5D:AF:27:B3:57:BB:F7:C9:AC:42:1A:AE:21:B2:1DCertificate is to be certified until Jul 17 13:58:09 2028 GMT (1024 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
[root@ca ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg httpd.csr Pictures
Desktop initial-setup-ks.cfg Public
Documents Music Templates
Downloads mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz Videos
httpd.crt mysql.sh
将CA签署的证书httpd.crt和服务器的证书cacert.pem发送给nginx：
[root@ca ~]# scp httpd.crt root@192.168.100.10:/usr/local/nginx/conf/
The authenticity of host '192.168.100.10 (192.168.100.10)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:UN0UZbtBfFQeLR3836aFd9k4cm9na95JOPqBnPk05VU.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:20:05:39:25:84:f6:1b:bb:8b:b3:ed:b9:bf:96:99:ba.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.100.10' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.100.10's password:
httpd.crt 100% 4517 3.3MB/s 00:00
[root@ca ~]# scp /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem root@192.168.100.10:/usr/local/nginx/conf/root@192.168.100.10's password:
Permission denied, please try again.
root@192.168.100.10's password:
cacert.pem 100% 1354 1.3MB/s 00:00
nginx配置https：
先备份：
[root@syf ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/
[root@syf conf]# ls
cacert.pem httpd.crt mime.types scgi_params.default
fastcgi.conf httpd.csr mime.types.default uwsgi_params
fastcgi.conf.default httpd.key nginx.conf uwsgi_params.default
fastcgi_params koi-utf nginx.conf.default win-utf
fastcgi_params.default koi-win scgi_params
[root@syf conf]# cp nginx.conf nginx.conf.bak
[root@syf conf]# vim nginx.confserver {listen 443 ssl;server_name localhost;ssl_certificate httpd.crt; //////ssl_certificate_key httpd.key; //////ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;ssl_session_timeout 5m;ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;location / {root html;index index.html index.htm;}}}
~
测试配置文件：
[root@syf conf]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
编辑测试网页，重载服务，验证：
[root@syf conf]# cd /usr/local/nginx/html/
[root@syf html]# echo "shenyi" > inex.html
[root@syf html]# nginx -s reload
cmd：
C:\Users\34734>curl -k https://192.168.100.10
shenyi