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鸿蒙Next ArkWeb网页文件上传与下载完全指南

news 2025/9/15 6:20:23

深入探索鸿蒙ArkWeb的强大文件传输能力，从基础原理到实战应用

ArkWeb作为鸿蒙HarmonyOS Next的核心Web组件，不仅提供了强大的网页渲染能力，更在文件传输方面提供了完整而高效的解决方案。本文将深入探讨如何使用ArkWeb管理网页文件上传与下载，帮助开发者构建功能完善的Web应用。

一、ArkWeb文件传输基础

在鸿蒙应用开发中，文件上传下载是常见但关键的功能需求。ArkWeb通过多种方式支持文件传输：

原生API支持：提供@ohos.request模块处理文件传输
Web集成：通过onShowFileSelector()接口处理网页中的文件选择请求
跨平台兼容：ArkUI-X框架支持兼容安卓和苹果设备的文件上传功能

环境配置要求

在进行文件传输前，需要配置相应的权限和网络设置：

json

// module.json5（Stage模型）
{"module": {"requestPermissions": [{"name": "ohos.permission.INTERNET"}]}
}

对于FA模型，还需要在config.json中配置支持HTTP协议：

json

{"deviceConfig": {"default": {"network": {"cleartextTraffic": true}}}
}

二、文件上传实现详解

文件上传是将本地设备文件传输到服务器的过程，ArkWeb提供了多种上传方式。

1. 使用request模块上传文件

鸿蒙系统的@ohos.request模块提供了完整的上传功能：

javascript

import request from '@ohos.request';
import fs from '@ohos.file.fs';
import common from '@ohos.app.ability.common';// 获取上下文
let context = getContext(this) as common.UIAbilityContext;// 上传配置
let uploadConfig = {url: 'https://your-server.com/upload',header: { 'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data'},method: 'POST',files: [{ filename: "test.jpg", name: "file", uri: "internal://cache/test.jpg", type: "image/jpeg" }],data: [{ name: "fileId", value: "FP000008" }]
};// 执行上传
try {request.uploadFile(context, uploadConfig).then((uploadTask) => {console.log('Upload started successfully');// 监听上传进度uploadTask.on("progress", (uploadedSize, totalSize) => {console.log(`Progress: ${uploadedSize}/${totalSize}`);});// 监听上传完成uploadTask.on("complete", () => {console.log('Upload completed');});// 监听上传失败uploadTask.on("fail", (err) => {console.error(`Upload failed: ${JSON.stringify(err)}`);});}).catch((err) => {console.error(`Failed to request upload: ${err.code}, ${err.message}`);});
} catch (err) {console.error(`Invoke uploadFile failed: ${err.code}, ${err.message}`);
}

2. 处理网页中的文件上传请求

当Web组件中的网页触发文件选择时，可以使用onShowFileSelector()接口自定义处理逻辑：

javascript

// 创建Web控制器
webController: webview.WebviewController = new webview.WebviewController();// 在Web组件中处理文件选择
Web({ src: 'https://example.com', controller: this.webController }).onShowFileSelector((event) => {// 处理文件选择请求console.log('File selector shown');// 可以使用系统文件选择器选择文件// 然后将选择的文件返回给Web页面// 返回true表示应用处理了文件选择// 返回false表示使用Web默认行为return true;})

3. 使用ArkUI-X实现跨平台文件上传

ArkUI-X支持跨平台开发，可以使用axios等库实现文件上传：

javascript

import axios from 'axios';
import { FilePicker } from '@ohos.filepicker';async function uploadFile() {try {// 选择文件const filePicker = new FilePicker();const file = await filePicker.pickFile();if (file) {// 创建FormData对象const formData = new FormData();formData.append('file', file);// 使用axios发送POST请求const response = await axios.post('https://your-server-url/upload', formData, {headers: {'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data'}});console.log('Upload successful:', response.data);}} catch (error) {console.error('Upload failed:', error);}
}

三、文件下载实现详解

文件下载是将服务器文件保存到本地的过程，ArkWeb提供了多种下载方式。

1. 使用request模块下载文件

javascript

import { request } from '@ohos.request';
import { BusinessError } from '@kit.BasicServicesKit';let downloadTask;
try {request.downloadFile(getContext(), {url: 'https://example.com/files/document.pdf',filePath: 'document.pdf'}, (err: BusinessError, data: request.DownloadTask) => {if (err) {console.error(`Failed to request download: ${err.code}, ${err.message}`);return;}downloadTask = data;// 监听下载进度downloadTask.on("progress", (downloadedSize, totalSize) => {console.log(`Download progress: ${downloadedSize}/${totalSize}`);});// 监听下载完成downloadTask.on("complete", () => {console.log('Download completed');});// 监听下载失败downloadTask.on("fail", (error) => {console.error(`Download failed: ${JSON.stringify(error)}`);});});
} catch (err) {console.error(`Failed to request download: ${JSON.stringify(err)}`);
}

2. 缓存下载优化

对于需要频繁访问的资源，可以使用缓存下载提高效率：

javascript

import { cacheDownload, BusinessError } from '@kit.BasicServicesKit';// 提供缓存下载任务的配置选项
let options: cacheDownload.CacheDownloadOptions = {};try {// 进行缓存下载，资源若下载成功会被缓存到应用内存或应用沙箱目录的特定文件中cacheDownload.download("https://www.example.com/resource.jpg", options);
} catch (err) {console.error(`Failed to download resource: ${JSON.stringify(err)}`);
}// 设置内存缓存大小
try {cacheDownload.setMemoryCacheSize(10 * 1024 * 1024); // 10MB
} catch (err) {console.error(`Failed to set memory cache size: ${JSON.stringify(err)}`);
}

3. 处理大文件下载

对于大文件下载，需要特殊处理以避免内存问题和超时问题：

javascript

// 分块下载大文件
async function downloadLargeFile(url, fileName, chunkSize = 1024 * 1024) {try {const response = await fetch(url);const reader = response.body.getReader();const contentLength = +response.headers.get('Content-Length');let receivedLength = 0;let chunks = [];while (true) {const { done, value } = await reader.read();if (done) {break;}chunks.push(value);receivedLength += value.length;console.log(`Received ${receivedLength} of ${contentLength}`);// 更新下载进度UIupdateProgress(receivedLength, contentLength);}// 合并块并保存文件const blob = new Blob(chunks);saveFile(blob, fileName);} catch (error) {console.error('Download failed:', error);}
}

四、实战案例：完整文件传输应用

下面是一个完整的文件传输示例，包含上传和下载功能：

javascript

import request from '@ohos.request';
import common from '@ohos.app.ability.common';
import fs from '@ohos.file.fs';
import { BusinessError } from '@kit.BasicServicesKit';@Entry
@Component
struct FileTransferExample {// 获取上下文private context: common.UIAbilityContext = getContext(this) as common.UIAbilityContext;// 上传状态@State uploadProgress: number = 0;@State isUploading: boolean = false;// 下载状态@State downloadProgress: number = 0;@State isDownloading: boolean = false;// 上传文件uploadFile(fileUri: string, serverUrl: string) {this.isUploading = true;this.uploadProgress = 0;let uploadConfig = {url: serverUrl,header: { 'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data' },method: 'POST',files: [{ filename: "file", name: "file", uri: fileUri, type: this.getFileType(fileUri) }]};try {request.uploadFile(this.context, uploadConfig).then((uploadTask) => {uploadTask.on("progress", (uploadedSize, totalSize) => {this.uploadProgress = Math.round((uploadedSize / totalSize) * 100);});uploadTask.on("complete", () => {this.isUploading = false;console.log('Upload completed successfully');});uploadTask.on("fail", (err) => {this.isUploading = false;console.error(`Upload failed: ${JSON.stringify(err)}`);});}).catch((err) => {this.isUploading = false;console.error(`Failed to request upload: ${err.code}, ${err.message}`);});} catch (err) {this.isUploading = false;console.error(`Invoke uploadFile failed: ${err.code}, ${err.message}`);}}// 下载文件downloadFile(fileUrl: string, localFileName: string) {this.isDownloading = true;this.downloadProgress = 0;try {request.downloadFile(this.context, {url: fileUrl,filePath: localFileName}, (err: BusinessError, data: request.DownloadTask) => {if (err) {this.isDownloading = false;console.error(`Failed to request download: ${err.code}, ${err.message}`);return;}let downloadTask = data;downloadTask.on("progress", (downloadedSize, totalSize) => {this.downloadProgress = Math.round((downloadedSize / totalSize) * 100);});downloadTask.on("complete", () => {this.isDownloading = false;console.log('Download completed successfully');});downloadTask.on("fail", (error) => {this.isDownloading = false;console.error(`Download failed: ${JSON.stringify(error)}`);});});} catch (err) {this.isDownloading = false;console.error(`Failed to request download: ${JSON.stringify(err)}`);}}// 获取文件类型private getFileType(fileUri: string): string {const extension = fileUri.split('.').pop()?.toLowerCase() || '';const typeMap: {[key: string]: string} = {'jpg': 'image/jpeg','jpeg': 'image/jpeg','png': 'image/png','gif': 'image/gif','pdf': 'application/pdf','doc': 'application/msword','docx': 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document','xls': 'application/vnd.ms-excel','xlsx': 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet','zip': 'application/zip','txt': 'text/plain'};return typeMap[extension] || 'application/octet-stream';}build() {Column({ space: 20 }) {// 上传界面Text('文件上传').fontSize(24).fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)Button('选择文件并上传').onClick(() => {// 这里应该调用文件选择器// 假设已选择文件并获得URIthis.uploadFile('internal://cache/test.txt', 'https://your-server.com/upload');}).disabled(this.isUploading)if (this.isUploading) {Text(`上传进度: ${this.uploadProgress}%`).fontSize(16)Progress({ value: this.uploadProgress, total: 100 }).width('80%').height(20)}Divider().height(1).backgroundColor(Color.Gray)// 下载界面Text('文件下载').fontSize(24).fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)Button('下载文件').onClick(() => {this.downloadFile('https://example.com/files/document.pdf', 'document.pdf');}).disabled(this.isDownloading)if (this.isDownloading) {Text(`下载进度: ${this.downloadProgress}%`).fontSize(16)Progress({ value: this.downloadProgress, total: 100 }).width('80%').height(20)}}.width('100%').height('100%').padding(20).justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center)}
}