MySQL数据库备份攻略：从Docker到本地部署

前言

1. Docker、本地部署的MySQL数据定时备份，定时清理
2. 支持命令行指定数据库备份（逗号分隔），未指定时自动备份所有非系统库
3. 按时间分目录存储压缩备份，
4. 设置Linux定时任务执行备份

创建MySQL账号并授权

CREATE USER 'backup'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';GRANT SELECT, SHOW VIEW, EVENT, LOCK TABLES, RELOAD, PROCESS ON *.* TO 'backup'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

Docker 容器部署备份

MySQL容器名：mysql

docker_mysql_backup.sh

#!/bin/bash# ---------------------------- 配置区 ----------------------------
BACKUP_ROOT="/data/mysql_backup"      # 备份根目录
MYSQL_CONTAINER="mysql"               # Docker容器名称
MYSQL_USER="backup"                   # MySQL备份账号
MYSQL_PASS="123456"     		  		# 密码建议从密钥管理服务获取
RETENTION_DAYS=7                      # 备份保留天数
LOG_FILE="/var/log/mysql_backup.log"  # 日志文件路径
EXCLUDE_DBS="information_schema,performance_schema,mysql,sys" # 排除的系统库
# ----------------------------------------------------------------# ---------------------------- 初始化 ----------------------------
TIMESTAMP=$(date +"%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
BACKUP_DIR="${BACKUP_ROOT}/${TIMESTAMP}"
mkdir -p "$BACKUP_DIR"
touch "$LOG_FILE"# 日志记录函数
log() {echo "[$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')] $1" >> "$LOG_FILE"
}log "===== 备份开始 [${TIMESTAMP}] ====="# ---------------------------- 参数处理 ----------------------------
if [ -n "$1" ]; then# 处理用户输入的数据库列表（兼容逗号/空格分隔）USER_DBS=$(echo "$1" | tr ',' ' ')log "已指定数据库: ${USER_DBS}"# 验证数据库是否存在ALL_DBS=$(docker exec "$MYSQL_CONTAINER" \sh -c "export MYSQL_PWD='${MYSQL_PASS}'; \mysql -u ${MYSQL_USER} -N -e 'SHOW DATABASES;'")DATABASES=""for DB in $USER_DBS; doif echo "$ALL_DBS" | grep -qw "$DB"; thenDATABASES="$DATABASES $DB"elselog "警告：数据库 ${DB} 不存在，已跳过"fidoneif [ -z "$DATABASES" ]; thenlog "错误：没有有效的可备份数据库"exit 1fi
else# 获取所有非系统库log "未指定数据库，备份所有非系统库"DATABASES=$(docker exec "$MYSQL_CONTAINER" \sh -c "export MYSQL_PWD='${MYSQL_PASS}'; \mysql -u ${MYSQL_USER} -N -e 'SHOW DATABASES;'" | \grep -Ev "^(${EXCLUDE_DBS//,/|})$")
fi# ---------------------------- 备份执行 ----------------------------
TOTAL_SIZE=0
for DB in $DATABASES; doBACKUP_FILE="${BACKUP_DIR}/${DB}.sql.gz"START_TIME=$(date +%s)log "备份启动: ${DB}"# 核心备份命令docker exec "$MYSQL_CONTAINER" \sh -c "export MYSQL_PWD='${MYSQL_PASS}'; \mysqldump -u ${MYSQL_USER} \--routines --triggers --events \--single-transaction \--hex-blob \${DB}" | gzip > "$BACKUP_FILE"# 结果检查if [ $? -eq 0 ]; thenFILE_SIZE=$(du -h "$BACKUP_FILE" | awk '{print $1}')TIME_TAKEN=$(( $(date +%s) - START_TIME ))TOTAL_SIZE=$(( TOTAL_SIZE + $(stat -c %s "$BACKUP_FILE") ))log "备份成功: ${DB} (大小: ${FILE_SIZE}, 耗时: ${TIME_TAKEN}秒)"# 验证压缩文件if ! gzip -t "$BACKUP_FILE" 2>/dev/null; thenlog "警告：压缩文件校验失败 ${BACKUP_FILE}"fielselog "错误：${DB} 备份失败"rm -f "$BACKUP_FILE"fi
done# ---------------------------- 清理旧备份 ----------------------------
if [ -n "$(ls -A "$BACKUP_DIR")" ]; thenlog "正在清理超过 ${RETENTION_DAYS} 天的旧备份..."find "$BACKUP_ROOT" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d -mtime +"$RETENTION_DAYS" \-exec sh -c 'log "删除旧备份: {}"; rm -rf "{}"' \;
elselog "警告：未生成有效备份，跳过清理"rm -rf "$BACKUP_DIR"
fi# ---------------------------- 完成报告 ----------------------------
if [ -d "$BACKUP_DIR" ]; thenHUMAN_SIZE=$(numfmt --to=iec $TOTAL_SIZE)log "备份完成: ${BACKUP_DIR} (总大小: ${HUMAN_SIZE})"
elselog "错误：未生成任何有效备份"
filog "===== 备份结束 [${TIMESTAMP}] ====="
echo "" >> "$LOG_FILE"
exit 0

备份指定数据库：sh docker_mysql_backup.sh neo_dbv1,shop

备份全部：sh docker_mysql_backup.sh

本地 部署备份

设置mysql的用户凭证配置文件

sudo tee /etc/mysql/backup.cnf > /dev/null <<EOF
[client]
user = backup
password = 123456
EOF
sudo chmod 600 /etc/mysql/backup.cnf

docker_mysql_backup.sh

#!/bin/bash# ---------------------------- 配置区 ----------------------------
BACKUP_ROOT="/data/mysql_backup"      # 备份根目录
RETENTION_DAYS=30                     # 备份保留天数
LOG_FILE="/var/log/mysql_backup.log"  # 日志文件路径
CONFIG_FILE="/etc/mysql/backup.cnf"   # 必须存在的配置文件
EXCLUDE_DBS="information_schema,performance_schema,mysql,sys" # 排除的系统库
# ----------------------------------------------------------------# ---------------------------- 初始化 ----------------------------
TIMESTAMP=$(date +"%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
BACKUP_DIR="${BACKUP_ROOT}/${TIMESTAMP}"
mkdir -p "$BACKUP_DIR"
touch "$LOG_FILE"# 日志记录函数
log() {echo "[$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')] $1" >> "$LOG_FILE"
}log "===== 备份开始 [${TIMESTAMP}] ====="# ---------------------------- 配置文件检查 ----------------------------
if [ ! -f "$CONFIG_FILE" ]; thenlog "错误：MySQL配置文件 $CONFIG_FILE 不存在"log "请创建包含以下内容的配置文件："log "[client]"log "user = backup"log "password = your_password"exit 1
fiif [ $(stat -c %a "$CONFIG_FILE") -ne 600 ]; thenlog "警告：配置文件权限不安全，正在设置为600"chmod 600 "$CONFIG_FILE"
fi# ---------------------------- 参数处理 ----------------------------
if [ -n "$1" ]; then# 处理用户输入的数据库列表USER_DBS=$(echo "$1" | tr ',' ' ')log "已指定数据库: ${USER_DBS}"# 验证数据库是否存在ALL_DBS=$(mysql --defaults-file="$CONFIG_FILE" -N -e "SHOW DATABASES;")DATABASES=""for DB in $USER_DBS; doif echo "$ALL_DBS" | grep -qw "$DB"; thenDATABASES="$DATABASES $DB"elselog "警告：数据库 ${DB} 不存在，已跳过"fidoneif [ -z "$DATABASES" ]; thenlog "错误：没有有效的可备份数据库"exit 1fi
else# 获取所有非系统库log "未指定数据库，备份所有非系统库"DATABASES=$(mysql --defaults-file="$CONFIG_FILE" -N -e "SHOW DATABASES;" | \grep -Ev "^(${EXCLUDE_DBS//,/|})$")
fi# ---------------------------- 备份执行 ----------------------------
TOTAL_SIZE=0
for DB in $DATABASES; doBACKUP_FILE="${BACKUP_DIR}/${DB}.sql.gz"START_TIME=$(date +%s)log "备份启动: ${DB}"# 核心备份命令（使用配置文件认证）mysqldump --defaults-file="$CONFIG_FILE" \--routines --triggers --events \--single-transaction \--hex-blob \"$DB" | gzip > "$BACKUP_FILE"# 结果检查if [ $? -eq 0 ]; thenFILE_SIZE=$(du -h "$BACKUP_FILE" | awk '{print $1}')TIME_TAKEN=$(( $(date +%s) - START_TIME ))TOTAL_SIZE=$(( TOTAL_SIZE + $(stat -c %s "$BACKUP_FILE") ))log "备份成功: ${DB} (大小: ${FILE_SIZE}, 耗时: ${TIME_TAKEN}秒)"# 验证压缩文件if ! gzip -t "$BACKUP_FILE" 2>/dev/null; thenlog "警告：压缩文件校验失败 ${BACKUP_FILE}"fielselog "错误：${DB} 备份失败"rm -f "$BACKUP_FILE"fi
done# ---------------------------- 清理旧备份 ----------------------------
if [ -n "$(ls -A "$BACKUP_DIR")" ]; thenlog "正在清理超过 ${RETENTION_DAYS} 天的旧备份..."find "$BACKUP_ROOT" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d -mtime +"$RETENTION_DAYS" \-exec sh -c 'log "删除旧备份: {}"; rm -rf "{}"' \;
elselog "警告：未生成有效备份，跳过清理"rm -rf "$BACKUP_DIR"
fi# ---------------------------- 完成报告 ----------------------------
if [ -d "$BACKUP_DIR" ]; thenHUMAN_SIZE=$(numfmt --to=iec $TOTAL_SIZE)log "备份完成: ${BACKUP_DIR} (总大小: ${HUMAN_SIZE})"
elselog "错误：未生成任何有效备份"
filog "===== 备份结束 [${TIMESTAMP}] ====="
echo "" >> "$LOG_FILE"
exit 0

定时执行备份脚本

修改 crontab 时间表达式

crontab -e  

添加以下行（晚上7点43分执行）

43 19 * * * /usr/local/docker/mysql/backup/docker_backup.sh >> /var/log/mysql_backup_cron.log 2>&1

查看当前用户的定时任务

[root@lavm 20250905_135142]# crontab -l
43 19 * * * /usr/local/docker/mysql/backup/docker_backup.sh >> /var/log/mysql_backup_cron.log 2>&1

备份日志： cat /var/log/mysql_backup.log

备份数据按照时间展示