托福阅读记录

现在考试只有2篇阅读了
Official 53 Passage 2
文章结构：
第一段：热带雨林土壤影响因素。1、降雨导致土壤矿物质含量低。2、粘土不能很好结合矿物离子。3、铝对植物有中等毒性，降低了植物需要的磷的可用性。
第二段：土壤有机化合物含量低。有机化合物的作用：1、有助于疏松土壤2、保持水分3、结合矿物质营养。
第三段：矿物质的利用。保存在其生物的体内。封闭的营养系统发展：1、矿物质的转移几乎不会渗透到土壤2、应对浸出效应。
第四段：氮营养的获取。其他元素化学结合形成含氮化合物可被利用。固氮菌举例cycads 特殊的地上根。

10. A. Clays with poor mineral-binding capacities plus low levels of organic compounds that result from rapid decomposition produce compacted soils that are highly vulnerable to rain leaching.
    B. Plants are able to tolerate the high levels of aluminum in tropical rain forest soils only because of bacteria and fungi that neutralize aluminum while absorbing and transferring phosphorus. (未提及植物能够忍受热带雨林土壤中铝的高含量)
    C. Because water does not penetrate deep into tropical rain forest soils, most trees growing in such soils have shallow feeder roots that spread over large areas in search of adequate moisture. (不是因为水，是没有有机质)
    D. The delicate fungal hyphae that extend throughout most tropical rain forest soil help maintain soil quality by transferring excess nutrients from plant tissues back into the soil.（菌丝将矿物营养物从一种森林植物转移到另一种，封闭营养系统，没有转移回土壤中，帮助维持土壤质量）
    E. Tropical rain forests have evolved closed nutrient systems, in which plants and their fungal partners transfer mineral nutrients among organisms with little leaching through to the soil.
    F. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil and within the roots and root nodules of many plants provide rain forest plants with the nitrogen needed to help compensate for poor soils.

Official 53 Passage 3

1. According to paragraph 1, what is significant about the paintings in the Lascaux caves?

   In the first place, the proliferation of archaeological
   discoveries-and this includes some of the world`s innumerable rock art
   sites that cannot be dated-has served to emphasize a remarkably
   limited repertoire of subjects.

   A. They provide accurate depictions of the bulls and other animals living in Paleolithic France.
   B. They are the best available source of information about daily life during the Paleolithic era.
   C. They are some of the best surviving examples of what was possibly one of the world’s earliest artistic movements.
   D. They are the only evidence of creative expression among Paleolithic human beings.

2. In paragraph 1, why does the author mention the views of the philosophers of Classical Greece?
   A. To show how explanations about the appearance of cave painting during the Paleolithic have changed over time
   B. To present a theory about humans and art that may be applicable to the Paleolithic era
   C. To argue that Paleolithic paintings were created for the joy of painting, while Classical art was created to accurately represent the natural world
   D. To demonstrate that the Greek philosophers were the first to accurately understand Paleolithic art

3. Paragraph 2 suggests that the Lascaux cave paintings could have been created as art for art’s sake only if which of the following were true?
   A. Caves were often used as viewing places for handiwork of all kinds.
   B. Artists during the Paleolithic era were especially accomplished.
   C. Paleolithic people were able to satisfy their basic needs fairly easily.
   D. People in Paleolithic Europe learned about art from people living in other areas.

4. The word Plausibly in the passage is closest in meaning to
   A. Similarly
   B. Obviously
   C. Ideally
   D. Possibly

5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

   In the first place, the proliferation of archaeological discoveries-and this includes some of the world`s innumerable rock art sites that cannot be dated-has served to emphasize a remarkably limited repertoire（保留剧目） of subjects.

   A. The limited variety in the subjects of rock art paintings has become increasingly evident in the many sites discovered.
   B. The limited repertoire of subjects found in rock art has made it difficult for archaeologists to determine when each painting was created.
   C. In the first place, there is little new archaeological information on the subject of rock art because of the limited number of recent discoveries.
   D. Because many rock art sites cannot be dated, archaeologists have limited information about how rock art varied from period to period.

6. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about human figures as subjects of rock art?
   A. Human figures almost always appear alone and never appear with animals.
   B. Images of humans are both rarer and less accurately drawn than those of animals.
   C. Some of the most beautiful images in Paleolithic rock art are of human figures.
   D. There is more variety in how humans are depicted in cave art than in how animals are.

7. The word “diligently” in the passage is closest in meaning to
   A. with no success
   B. with talent and skill
   C. with mixed results
   D. with persistence and hard work

8. According to paragraph 5, Breuil proposed which of the following theories about the purpose of cave paintings?
   A. They were used to teach young hunters the skills they needed to hunt.
   B. They were images created to help people forget about the dangers and difficulties of their daily lives.
   C. They were used in magic rituals to increase people’s understanding of the natural world.
   D. They were meant to capture the spirits of animals and thus bring success in the hunt.

9. Finally, we may doubt the notion that the Upper Paleolithic period was a paradise in which food came readily, leaving humans ample time to amuse themselves with art. 【】For Europe it was still the Ice Age. 【】An estimate of the basic level of sustenance then necessary for human survival has been judged at 2200 calories per day. 【Obtaining this level of nourishment from such a harsh environment must have consumed most of Paleolithic people’s time and attention.】This consideration, combined with the stark emphasis upon animals in the cave art, has persuaded some archaeologists that the primary motive behind Paleolithic images must lie with the primary activity of Paleolithic people: hunting. 【】

10. A. It is generally agreed that art as imitation arose during the age of Classical Greece.
    B. Paleolithic artists often chose to paint pictures that were intended to frighten people.
    C. People in the Paleolithic era may not have had time for art, and the placement of the paintings does not indicate that they were meant to be looked at.
    D. Paleolithic artists chose to represent only a small segment of the natural world, and their paintings were not always strict imitations of nature.
    E. Hunting was central to Paleolithic life, and animals are central to cave art, leading some to believe that the paintings were created to bring luck to hunters.
    F. Humans were rarely the subjects of cave paintings because it was thought that capturing the image of a hunter would cause the hunter to be virtually trapped.

Official 52 Passage 1
段落大意：
第一段：介绍河流沉积及河流对沉积物分类的方式：1）根据size 2）在下游方向及其原理
第二段：河流沉积的区域：1）冲积扇和三角洲2）河漫滩 3）河道； 河道沉淀障碍（bar）的形成介绍（举例：蜿蜒的溪流，外侧水流比内侧快）
第三段：介绍网状河道和冲积扇的各自形成及常见区域
第四段：介绍三角洲的形成（举例密西西比河）

1. The word “curious” in the passage is closest in meaning to

   This downstream sorting is curious because stream velocity
   generally increases in the downstream direction.
   这种顺流而下的分类是很奇妙的，因为河流的速度通常在下游方向加快。（速度越大的理论上携带的石块越大，但是越是到下游石头被洗刷的越厉害，所以最后下游的沉淀越细腻）

   A. strange
   B. rapid
   C. seasonal
   D. essential

2. According to paragraph 1, the competence of a stream increases as
   A. downstream sorting decreases
   B. flooding wanes
   C. the speed of the current increases
   D. the size of particles increases

3. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of stream sorting EXCEPT:

   Many mountain streams are choked with boulders and cobbles, but far
   downstream, their deltas are composed mainly of fine silt and clay.

   A. Most of the particles in mountain streams pile up behind boulders and cobbles. 乱说
   B. When particles of different sizes settle in a place, the smaller ones sit atop the larger ones.
   C. There are generally more large particles upstream than downstream in a river.
   D. In some situations, downstream particles are created from rocks that eroded as they traveled downstream.

4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about bars in streams?
   A. They start forming in the stream channel and then expand over the banks.它们开始在河道中形成，然后向两岸扩展。
   B. They seldom form in rivers that are used for commercial navigation.
   C. They tend to grow longer each year.
   D. They often last no more than a year.

5. Why does the author ask the reader to “Imagine a winding stream” ?

   Imagine a winding stream. The water on the outside of the curve moves
   faster than the water on the inside. The stream erodes its outside
   bank because the current`s inertia drives it into the outside bank. At
   the same time, the slower water on the inside point of the bend
   deposits sediment, forming a point bar. A mid-channel bar is a sandy
   and gravelly deposit that forms in the middle of a stream channel.

   A. To explain how the presence of bars changes the speed and direction of water flow in a stream
   B. To explain why bars are more common than alluvial fans or other types of sediment deposits
   C. To illustrate the particular difficulties that commercial navigation faces on many rivers
   D. To help explain how point bars are formed

6. Why does the author include the information that “Glaciers grind bedrock into fine sediment, which is carried by streams flowing from the melting ice” ?

   Braided streams are common in both deserts and glacial environments because both produce abundant sediment. A desert yields large amounts of sediment because it has little or no vegetation to prevent erosion. Glaciers grind bedrock into fine sediment, which is carried by streams, flowing from the melting ice. If a steep mountain stream flows onto a flat plain, its gradient and velocity decrease sharply. As a result, it deposits most of its sediment in a fan-shaped mound called an alluvial fan.

   A. To give a reason why heavily sedimented braided streams are common in glacial environments
   B. To explain why some mountain streams deposit most of their sediment in a fan-shaped mound
   C. To identify the most common source of sediment in arid and semiarid mountainous regions
   D. To help explain why glacial sediment decreases the gradient and velocity of steep mountain streams

7. The word “abruptly” in the passage is closest in meaning to
   A. noticeably
   B. gradually
   C. suddenly
   D. slightly

8. According to paragraph 4, what is true about river deltas?

   Both deltas and alluvial fans change rapidly. Sediment fills channels (waterways), which are then abandoned while new channels develop as in a braided stream. As a result, a stream feeding a delta or fan splits into many channels called distributaries. A large delta may spread out in this manner until it covers thousands of square kilometers. Most fans, however, are much smaller, covering a fraction of a square kilometer to a few square kilometers.

   A. They alternate between periods of spreading out and periods of getting smaller. (没提到)
   B. They have both active channels and channels that have been blocked by sediment.
   C. They are typically formed by rivers that are braided before they reach the delta area. (没提到)
   D. They are much larger when formed in a still lake than when formed in the ocean. (没提到)

9. A large delta may spread out in this manner until it covers thousands of square kilometers.【】Most fans, however, are much smaller, covering a fraction of a square kilometer to a few square kilometers. 【】The Mississippi River has flowed through seven different delta channels during the past 5,000 to 6,000 years. 【】But in recent years, engineers have built great systems of levees (retaining walls) in attempts to stabilize the channels. 【☑️】

   If the Mississippi River were not contained by such systems, it would
   probably abandon its present path and cut into the channel of a nearby
   river to the west.

10. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.

    A. Particles tend to be largest upstream and smallest downstream, probably because water flowing downstream erodes fine sediment from the larger particles.
    B. A wide variety of deposits, including bars, alluvial fans, and deltas, are formed as a result of an increase in the speed of the downstream current. （太笼统）
    C. Bars commonly shift from being point bars on a river bank to being mid-channel bars.（捏造）
    D. Deposits of sediment are found where flow velocity decreases, and when there is excessive sediment a stream may become braided, dividing into several channels.
    E. Rivers that flow through arid and semiarid mountainous regions tend to form alluvial fans at bends in the river.
    F. Deltas, which are formed where streams enter lakes or the ocean, are naturally unstable landforms that can extend over a large area.