Linux-linux和windows创建新进程的区别以及posix_spawn
Linux上创建一个新的进程可以使用fork函数,这个函数执行的效果是复制当前进程创建一个新的进程,这个进程执行的代码与父进程相同。通过fork返回的pid我们可以在fork后的代码中区分父进程和子进程需要执行的逻辑。示例代码如下:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>int main() {pid_t pid = fork();if (pid < 0) {fprintf(stderr, "Fork failed");return 1;} else if (pid == 0) {// 子进程代码printf("Child process (PID: %d)\n", getpid());} else {// 父进程代码printf("Parent process (PID: %d), Child PID: %d\n", getpid(), pid);}return 0;
}
而在window上,使用CreateProcess接口可以直接指定一个可执行程序路径创建新的进程,新进程的执行代码不在父进程中。
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <tchar.h>void _tmain( int argc, TCHAR *argv[] )
{STARTUPINFO si;PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;ZeroMemory( &si, sizeof(si) );si.cb = sizeof(si);ZeroMemory( &pi, sizeof(pi) );if( argc != 2 ){printf("Usage: %s [cmdline]\n", argv[0]);return;}// Start the child process. if( !CreateProcess( NULL, // No module name (use command line)argv[1], // Command line 这里指定程序路径NULL, // Process handle not inheritableNULL, // Thread handle not inheritableFALSE, // Set handle inheritance to FALSE0, // No creation flagsNULL, // Use parent's environment blockNULL, // Use parent's starting directory &si, // Pointer to STARTUPINFO structure&pi ) // Pointer to PROCESS_INFORMATION structure) {printf( "CreateProcess failed (%d).\n", GetLastError() );return;}// Wait until child process exits.WaitForSingleObject( pi.hProcess, INFINITE );// Close process and thread handles. CloseHandle( pi.hProcess );CloseHandle( pi.hThread );
}
可以看到两者的不同之处:fork复制当前进程开启新进程,执行的代码都在父进程中,createProcess指定可执行程序从而开启新进程,执行代码的代码在指定的可执行程序中。那么在linux上如何实现类似createProcess的效果呢,一种是fork+exec:
pid_t parent = getpid();
pid_t pid = fork();if (pid == -1)
{// error, failed to fork()
}
else if (pid > 0)
{int status;waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
}
else
{// we are the childexecve(...);_exit(EXIT_FAILURE); // exec never returns
}
exec函数族会替换当前的进程映像(process image),我的理解是相当于子进程变成了exec指定的新的可执行程序在执行。还可以使用posix_spawn函数,用法类似windows的createProcess:
pid_t pid;char *argv[] = {"ls", (char *) 0};int status;puts("Testing posix_spawn");fflush(NULL);status = posix_spawn(&pid, "/bin/ls", NULL, NULL, argv, environ);if (status == 0) {printf("Child id: %i\n", pid);fflush(NULL);if (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) != -1) {printf("Child exited with status %i\n", status);} else {perror("waitpid");}} else {printf("posix_spawn: %s\n", strerror(status));}
Linux设计上将“创建一个新进程”和“加载新的可执行程序到新的进程”两个步骤分离了,而windows的CreateProcess则是把两个步骤合并了。
- https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/procthread/creating-processes
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5883462/linux-createprocess
- https://superuser.com/questions/1737519/why-a-fork-is-often-followed-by-an-exec