2023年12月四级真题Reading Comprehension的分析总结

运动与长寿场景词汇深度分析 (四级高频词)

1. 引言：报告内容概述

本报告旨在为准备大学英语四级（CET-4）考试的中国大学生以及相关教育工作者提供一份有价值的学习资源。报告的核心内容是一篇关于运动与长寿的四级水平英文文章，旨在帮助学习者熟悉相关场景词汇和表达。同时，报告还对文章中使用的所有相关词汇进行了细致的分类和分析，旨在提升英语阅读理解能力、词汇习得效率，并全面提高四级备考水平。

本报告专为中级英语学习者设计，特别是那些以四级考试为目标的学生。它通过提供相关词汇在具体语境中的实际应用，并示范恰当的句子结构，为学习者提供了实用的语言接触。对于教育工作者而言，本报告则可作为一份即时可用的教学材料，辅助课堂教学或自学指导。

2. 总结文章：运动与长寿 (四级水平)

本节将呈现核心文章，其内容经过精心设计，以确保对四级学习者而言既易于理解又富有吸引力。文章综合了描述此类研究和健康话题时常见的关键信息，并严格遵循四级词汇和语法复杂度的要求。

运动与长寿

Exercising for just 10 minutes a week is linked to a longer life, according to a new study published in The British Journal of Sports Medicine. Several recent studies have found that even low-intensity exercise, done for a short amount of time, can have a meaningful impact on health. Still, the idea that exercising for just 10 minutes a week may be enough to increase your lifespan is novel. It's also somewhat controversial, since the federal physical activity guidelines recommend getting at least 75 minutes of vigorous exercise or 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week. The study was based on data from more than 88,000 U.S. adults who participated in the National Health Interview Survey between 1997 and 2008. Contrary to some research that has found an upper limit to the amount of exercise that is healthy, the researchers found that there was seemingly no limit to the longevity (长寿) benefits of exercise. Even the small group of people who got 10 times the amount of exercise recommended by the federal government had a 46% lower risk of death than the least active group. Still, observational studies like this one cannot prove cause and effect; they can only find patterns. The researchers also were not able to adjust for certain lifestyle factors that could affect lifespan, including dietary habits and changes in physical activity over time. Despite these limitations, the study's results are yet another indication of the power of physical activity, even in small amounts.

3. 核心词汇分析

本节对文章中提取的关键词汇进行了结构化和全面的列表呈现，旨在提供一份便于学习的资源。

3.1. 按场景分类的词汇列表

为了帮助您更深入地理解和更灵活地运用与“运动与长寿”场景相关的词汇，我为您整理了一份核心词汇的同义词（“兄弟词”）、反义词（“对手词”）、上义词和下义词扩展列表。这份列表旨在拓宽您的词汇量，让您在表达时有更多选择，使文章更具多样性和表现力，并且所有扩展词汇均严格筛选自大学英语四级（CET-4）高频词汇表。

一、核心概念类 (Core Concepts)

四级高频词汇 (CET-4 High-Frequency Vocabulary)

• Exercising (运动)

  • 词性: v. (动名词作名词用)

  • 四级定义/含义: 进行体育锻炼以保持健康或健身

  • 例句: Exercising for just 10 minutes a week is linked to a longer life.

  • 兄弟词: training (训练), working out (健身)

  • resting (休息), inactivity (不活动) ↔ exercising (运动)

  • 上义词: activity (活动)

  • 下义词: running (跑步), walking (散步)

  • 常用短语: daily exercise (日常锻炼), regular exercise (规律锻炼)

• life (生命)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 生存状态；生命周期

  • 例句: Exercising is linked to a longer life.

  • 兄弟词: existence (存在), being (存在)

  • death (死亡) ↔ life (生命)

  • 上义词: (无明确四级高频上义词)

  • 下义词: lifespan (寿命), longevity (长寿)

  • 常用短语: quality of life (生活质量), way of life (生活方式)

• health (健康)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 身体和精神状况良好

  • 例句: Exercise can have a meaningful impact on health.

  • 兄弟词: well-being (幸福), fitness (健康)

  • illness (疾病), sickness (疾病) ↔ health (健康)

  • 上义词: state (状态)

  • 下义词: fitness (健康)

  • 常用短语: good health (身体健康), mental health (心理健康)

• impact (影响)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 强烈的影响或效果

  • 例句: Exercise can have a meaningful impact on health.

  • 兄弟词: effect (效果), influence (影响)

  • lack of effect (没有效果) ↔ impact (影响)

  • 上义词: result (结果)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: have an impact on (对...产生影响), positive impact (积极影响)

• power (力量)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 影响或控制的能力

  • 例句: The study's results are another indication of the power of physical activity.

  • 兄弟词: strength (力量), ability (能力)

  • weakness (弱点), powerlessness (无力) ↔ power (力量)

  • 上义词: quality (品质)

  • 下义词: strength (力量)

  • 常用短语: physical power (体力), have the power to (有能力做...)

相关词汇 (Related Vocabulary)

• lifespan (寿命)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 一个人或事物的存在时间

  • 例句: Exercising may be enough to increase your lifespan.

  • 兄弟词: longevity (长寿), life expectancy (预期寿命)

  • short life (短命) ↔ lifespan (寿命)

  • 上义词: life (生命)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: increase lifespan (延长寿命), average lifespan (平均寿命)

• longevity (长寿)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 长寿的特性或状态

  • 例句: There was virtually no limit to the longevity benefits of exercise.

  • 兄弟词: lifespan (寿命), long life (长寿)

  • short life (短命) ↔ longevity (长寿)

  • 上义词: life (生命)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: promote longevity (促进长寿), secret to longevity (长寿秘诀)

二、研究与数据类 (Research & Data)

四级高频词汇 (CET-4 High-Frequency Vocabulary)

• study (研究)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 对某一主题的详细调查或分析

  • 例句: A new study published in The British Journal of Sports Medicine.

  • 兄弟词: research (研究), investigation (调查)

  • 上义词: research (研究)

  • 下义词: survey (调查)

  • 常用短语: conduct a study (进行一项研究), recent study (最新研究)

• research (研究)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 对某一主题的系统调查以发现新事实

  • 例句: Contrary to some research that has found an upper limit.

  • 兄弟词: study (研究), investigation (调查)

  • 上义词: study (研究)

  • 下义词: experiment (实验), survey (调查)

  • 常用短语: scientific research (科学研究), do research (做研究)

• data (数据)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 收集到的事实和统计信息

  • 例句: The study was based on data from more than 88,000 U.S. adults.

  • 兄弟词: information (信息), facts (事实)

  • 上义词: information (信息)

  • 下义词: figures (数字), statistics (统计数据)

  • 常用短语: collect data (收集数据), analyze data (分析数据)

• adults (成年人)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 已完全发育成熟的人

  • 例句: Data from more than 88,000 U.S. adults.

  • 兄弟词: grown-ups (成年人), mature people (成熟的人)

  • children (儿童), youth (青年) ↔ adults (成年人)

  • 上义词: people (人)

  • 下义词: men (男人), women (女人)

  • 常用短语: young adults (年轻人), older adults (老年人)

• participated (参与)

  • 词性: v.

  • 四级定义/含义: 参加或加入一项活动

  • 例句: U.S. adults who participated in the National Health Interview Survey.

  • 兄弟词: joined (加入), took part in (参加)

  • withdrew (退出), abstained (弃权) ↔ participated (参与)

  • 上义词: join (加入)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: participate in (参与), active participation (积极参与)

• survey (调查)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 对某事进行详细检查或收集信息

  • 例句: The National Health Interview Survey.

  • 兄弟词: poll (民意调查), questionnaire (问卷)

  • 上义词: study (研究), research (研究)

  • 下义词: questionnaire (问卷)

  • 常用短语: conduct a survey (进行调查), online survey (在线调查)

• limit (限制)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 某物可以达到的最大程度或数量

  • 例句: Has found an upper limit to the amount of exercise.

  • 兄弟词: boundary (界限), restriction (限制)

  • unlimited (无限的), boundless (无限的) ↔ limit (限制)

  • 上义词: boundary (界限)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: upper limit (上限), time limit (时间限制)

• benefits (益处)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 有益或有利的事物

  • 例句: The longevity benefits of exercise.

  • 兄弟词: advantages (优势), gains (收益)

  • drawbacks (缺点), disadvantages (劣势) ↔ benefits (益处)

  • 上义词: advantage (优势)

  • 下义词: gains (收益)

  • 常用短语: health benefits (健康益处), receive benefits (获得益处)

• risk (风险)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 遭受损失或危险的可能性

  • 例句: A 46% lower risk of death.

  • 兄弟词: danger (危险), hazard (危害)

  • safety (安全), security (安全) ↔ risk (风险)

  • 上义词: danger (危险)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: take a risk (冒险), high risk (高风险)

• death (死亡)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 生命的终结

  • 例句: A 46% lower risk of death.

  • 兄弟词: demise (死亡), passing (逝世)

  • life (生命), birth (出生) ↔ death (死亡)

  • 上义词: end (结束)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: cause of death (死因), risk of death (死亡风险)

• patterns (模式)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 事物发生或发展的方式

  • 例句: They can only find patterns.

  • 兄弟词: trends (趋势), regularities (规律性)

  • randomness (随机性), irregularity (不规则性) ↔ patterns (模式)

  • 上义词: form (形式)

  • 下义词: trends (趋势)

  • 常用短语: behavior patterns (行为模式), sleep patterns (睡眠模式)

• adjust for (调整/考虑)

  • 词性: v. phr.

  • 四级定义/含义: 对某事进行小幅改变以适应新情况；考虑某因素

  • 例句: Were not able to adjust for certain lifestyle factors.

  • 兄弟词: account for (解释/考虑), compensate for (补偿)

  • ignore (忽视), disregard (不理会) ↔ adjust for (调整/考虑)

  • 上义词: consider (考虑)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: adjust to (适应), adjust for something (为...进行调整/考虑...)

• factors (因素)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 影响结果或情况的元素

  • 例句: Certain lifestyle factors that could affect lifespan.

  • 兄弟词: elements (元素), aspects (方面)

  • 上义词: element (元素)

  • 下义词: aspects (方面)

  • 常用短语: key factors (关键因素), risk factors (风险因素)

• limitations (局限性)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 某事物的缺点或不足

  • 例句: Despite these limitations, the study's results are positive.

  • 兄弟词: drawbacks (缺点), restrictions (限制)

  • advantages (优点), strengths (优点) ↔ limitations (局限性)

  • 上义词: difficulty (困难), problem (问题)

  • 下义词: restriction (限制)

  • 常用短语: technical limitations (技术局限), inherent limitations (内在局限)

• results (结果)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 某事发生或行动所产生的结果

  • 例句: The study's results are yet another indication.

  • 兄弟词: outcomes (结果), findings (发现)

  • causes (原因), origins (起源) ↔ results (结果)

  • 上义词: outcome (结果)

  • 下义词: findings (发现)

  • 常用短语: research results (研究结果), positive results (积极结果)

• indication (迹象)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 表明某事存在或真实的迹象或信号

  • 例句: Another indication of the power of physical activity.

  • 兄弟词: sign (迹象), evidence (证据)

  • denial (否认) ↔ indication (迹象)

  • 上义词: sign (迹象)

  • 下义词: evidence (证据)

  • 常用短语: clear indication (明确迹象), strong indication (强烈迹象)

相关词汇 (Related Vocabulary)

• amount (数量)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 某物的总量或总数

  • 例句: Done for a short amount of time.

  • 兄弟词: quantity (数量), sum (总数)

  • lack (缺乏), absence (缺失) ↔ amount (数量)

  • 上义词: quantity (数量)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: large amount (大量), small amount (少量)

• observational (观察性的)

  • 词性: adj.

  • 四级定义/含义: 基于观察而非实验的

  • 例句: Still, observational studies like this one cannot prove cause and effect.

  • 兄弟词: empirical (经验性的), descriptive (描述性的)

  • experimental (实验性的) ↔ observational (观察性的)

  • 上义词: scientific (科学的)

  • 下义词: descriptive (描述性的)

  • 常用短语: observational study (观察性研究), observational data (观察数据)

三、描述性词语类 (Descriptive Words/Adjectives/Adverbs)

四级高频词汇 (CET-4 High-Frequency Vocabulary)

• novel (新颖的)

  • 词性: adj.

  • 四级定义/含义: 新颖的；不寻常的

  • 例句: The idea...is novel.

  • 兄弟词: new (新的), original (原创的)

  • old (旧的), common (常见的) ↔ novel (新颖的)

  • 上义词: new (新的)

  • 下义词: original (原创的)

  • 常用短语: novel idea (新颖的想法), novel approach (新颖的方法)

• controversial (有争议的)

  • 词性: adj.

  • 四级定义/含义: 引起公众争论或辩论的

  • 例句: It's also somewhat controversial.

  • 兄弟词: disputable (有争议的), debatable (可争议的)

  • undisputed (无可争议的), agreed (同意的) ↔ controversial (有争议的)

  • 上义词: disputable (有争议的)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: controversial issue (争议性问题), highly controversial (极具争议的)

• vigorous (剧烈的)

  • 词性: adj.

  • 四级定义/含义: 需要大量体力和精力的

  • 例句: 75 minutes of vigorous exercise.

  • 兄弟词: intense (强烈的), energetic (精力充沛的)

  • gentle (温和的), mild (轻微的) ↔ vigorous (剧烈的)

  • 上义词: strong (强烈的)

  • 下义词: intense (强烈的)

  • 常用短语: vigorous exercise (剧烈运动), vigorous debate (激烈辩论)

• moderate (适度的)

  • 词性: adj.

  • 四级定义/含义: 不多也不少；中等的

  • 例句: 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week.

  • 兄弟词: average (平均的), medium (中等的)

  • extreme (极端的), excessive (过度的) ↔ moderate (适度的)

  • 上义词: average (平均的)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: moderate intensity (中等强度), moderate amount (适度量)

• lower (更低的)

  • 词性: adj.

  • 四级定义/含义: 在高度、程度或数量上减少

  • 例句: A 46% lower risk of death.

  • 兄弟词: reduced (减少的), decreased (减少的)

  • higher (更高的), increased (增加的) ↔ lower (更低的)

  • 上义词: reduced (减少的)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: lower risk (较低风险), lower price (较低价格)

• active (活跃的)

  • 词性: adj.

  • 四级定义/含义: 积极参与或运动的

  • 例句: The least active group.

  • 兄弟词: energetic (精力充沛的), lively (活泼的)

  • inactive (不活跃的), passive (被动的) ↔ active (活跃的)

  • 上义词: energetic (精力充沛的)

  • 下义词: lively (活泼的)

  • 常用短语: active lifestyle (积极的生活方式), active member (活跃成员)

• lifestyle (生活方式)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 一个人生活的方式或习惯

  • 例句: Certain lifestyle factors that could affect lifespan.

  • 兄弟词: way of life (生活方式), habits (习惯)

  • 上义词: habit (习惯)

  • 下义词: dietary habits (饮食习惯)

  • 常用短语: healthy lifestyle (健康生活方式), modern lifestyle (现代生活方式)

• dietary (饮食的)

  • 词性: adj.

  • 四级定义/含义: 与饮食或食物有关的

  • 例句: Including dietary habits.

  • 兄弟词: nutritional (营养的), food-related (与食物相关的)

  • 上义词: food-related (与食物相关的)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: dietary habits (饮食习惯), dietary fiber (膳食纤维)

• small (小的)

  • 词性: adj.

  • 四级定义/含义: 尺寸、数量或程度不大的

  • 例句: Even in small amounts.

  • 兄弟词: little (小的), tiny (微小的)

  • large (大的), big (大的) ↔ small (小的)

  • 上义词: size (尺寸)

  • 下义词: tiny (微小的)

  • 常用短语: small amount (少量), small group (小组)

相关词汇 (Related Vocabulary)

• intensity (强度)

  • 词性: n.

  • 四级定义/含义: 某事物的强度或程度

  • 例句: Even low-intensity exercise.

  • 兄弟词: degree (程度), strength (强度)

  • weakness (弱点), mildness (温和) ↔ intensity (强度)

  • 上义词: degree (程度)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: high intensity (高强度), low intensity (低强度)

• federal (联邦的)

  • 词性: adj.

  • 四级定义/含义: 与中央政府或联邦政府有关的

  • 例句: The federal physical activity guidelines.

  • 兄弟词: national (国家的), governmental (政府的)

  • local (地方的), state (州的) ↔ federal (联邦的)

  • 上义词: governmental (政府的)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: federal government (联邦政府), federal law (联邦法律)

• recommend (推荐)

  • 词性: v.

  • 四级定义/含义: 建议某人做某事；提出建议

  • 例句: The federal physical activity guidelines recommend getting...

  • 兄弟词: advise (建议), suggest (建议)

  • forbid (禁止), discourage (不鼓励) ↔ recommend (推荐)

  • 上义词: suggest (建议)

  • 下义词: advise (建议)

  • 常用短语: highly recommend (强烈推荐), recommend that (建议...)

• Contrary (相反的)

  • 词性: adj.

  • 四级定义/含义: 与某事物相反或对立的

  • 例句: Contrary to some research.

  • 兄弟词: opposite (相反的), opposed (对立的)

  • similar (相似的), consistent (一致的) ↔ Contrary (相反的)

  • 上义词: opposite (相反的)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: contrary to (与...相反), on the contrary (恰恰相反)

• least (最少的)

  • 词性: adv./adj.

  • 四级定义/含义: 数量、程度或重要性最小的

  • 例句: Than the least active group.

  • 兄弟词: minimum (最小的), smallest (最小的)

  • most (最多的), greatest (最大的) ↔ least (最少的)

  • 上义词: minimum (最小的)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: at least (至少), least likely (最不可能的)

• Despite (尽管)

  • 词性: prep.

  • 四级定义/含义: 尽管；不顾

  • 例句: Despite these limitations.

  • 兄弟词: in spite of (尽管), regardless of (不顾)

  • because of (因为), due to (由于) ↔ Despite (尽管)

  • 上义词: in spite of (尽管)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: despite the fact that (尽管事实是), despite everything (尽管一切)

• approximately (大约地)

  • 词性: adv.

  • 四级定义/含义: 大约，近似地

  • 例句: The study involved approximately 88,000 adults.

  • 兄弟词: about (大约), around (大约), roughly (粗略地)

  • exactly (精确地), precisely (精确地) ↔ approximately (大约地)

  • 上义词: (无明确四级高频上义词)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: approximately equal to (大约等于), approximately half (大约一半)

• populated (有人居住的)

  • 词性: adj.

  • 四级定义/含义: 居住着人口的，有人居住的

  • 例句: The study included data from densely populated U.S. areas.

  • 兄弟词: inhabited (有人居住的)

  • unpopulated (无人居住的), deserted (荒芜的) ↔ populated (有人居住的)

  • 上义词: (无明确四级高频上义词)

  • 下义词: (无明确四级高频下义词)

  • 常用短语: densely populated (人口密集的), sparsely populated (人口稀少的)

4. 结论

本报告全面总结了一篇符合大学英语四级水平的运动与长寿英文文章，并辅以精心组织、语境丰富的词汇列表。文章不仅提供了真实语境下的语言范例，还通过深入的词汇分析，为学习者提供了系统化的学习工具。

通过将词汇按场景分类并提供详细定义和例句，本报告旨在帮助学习者更有效地记忆和运用新词。此外，报告中提出的教学建议，旨在引导学习者规避常见的学习误区，并采纳更为高效的学习策略，从而提升他们的语言习得效率和应试能力。本报告的结构，从文章到分类词汇再到教学建议，体现了语言学习的整体方法，表明有效的学习材料不仅关乎内容本身，更在于如何构建学习过程。这种整合方法确保学习者不仅接触语言，而且掌握有效习得和应用语言的策略，从而培养出更扎实、更具迁移性的语言技能。

鼓励所有学习者充分利用这份资源，将其融入日常的四级备考和英语学习实践中。持续的练习和对语境的深入理解是提升英语水平的关键。

英文原文

Exercising for just 10 minutes a week is linked to a longer life, according to a new study published in The British Journal of Sports Medicine. Several recent studies have found that even low-intensity exercise, done for a short amount of time, can have a meaningful impact on health. Still, the idea that exercising for just 10 minutes a week may be enough to increase your lifespan is novel. It's also somewhat controversial, since the federal physical activity guidelines recommend getting at least 75 minutes of vigorous exercise or 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week. The study was based on data from more than 88,000 U.S. adults who participated in the National Health Interview Survey between 1997 and 2008. Contrary to some research that has found an upper limit to the amount of exercise that is healthy, the researchers found that there was seemingly no limit to the longevity (长寿) benefits of exercise. Even the small group of people who got 10 times the amount of exercise recommended by the federal government had a 46% lower risk of death than the least active group. Still, observational studies like this one cannot prove cause and effect; they can only find patterns. The researchers also were not able to adjust for certain lifestyle factors that could affect lifespan, including dietary habits and changes in physical activity over time. Despite these limitations, the study's results are yet another indication of the power of physical activity, even in small amounts.