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基于Django的智慧园区管理系统开发全解析

news 2025/11/5 8:13:34

本文完整介绍了如何使用Django框架开发一个功能完善的智慧园区管理系统，涵盖技术选型、系统架构、功能模块和实现细节。

智慧园区系统概述

https://example.com/smart-park-concept.jpg
智慧园区管理系统架构示意图

智慧园区是通过物联网、大数据、人工智能等先进技术，实现园区运营管理的数字化、智能化。我们的系统旨在为园区管理者、企业和员工提供全方位的智能服务。

技术栈选择

后端技术

Django 4.2 - 主力Web框架
Django REST Framework - API开发
PostgreSQL - 数据库
Redis - 缓存和会话存储
Celery - 异步任务处理

前端技术

Vue.js 3 - 前端框架
Element Plus - UI组件库
ECharts - 数据可视化

部署运维

Docker - 容器化部署
Nginx - Web服务器
Gunicorn - WSGI服务器

系统架构设计

python

# 项目结构
smart_park/
├── apps/
│   ├── users/           # 用户管理
│   ├── devices/         # 设备管理
│   ├── energy/          # 能源管理
│   ├── parking/         # 停车管理
│   ├── security/        # 安防管理
│   └── dashboard/       # 数据看板
├── config/              # 项目配置
├── static/              # 静态文件
└── templates/           # 模板文件

核心功能模块实现

1. 设备管理模块

python

# apps/devices/models.py
class Device(models.Model):DEVICE_TYPES = (('sensor', '传感器'),('camera', '摄像头'),('access_control', '门禁'),('energy', '能源设备'),)name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='设备名称')device_type = models.CharField(max_length=50, choices=DEVICE_TYPES)location = models.ForeignKey('Location', on_delete=models.CASCADE)status = models.CharField(max_length=20, default='online')ip_address = models.GenericIPAddressField()last_maintenance = models.DateField()class Meta:db_table = 'park_devices'# apps/devices/views.py
class DeviceListView(LoginRequiredMixin, ListView):model = Devicetemplate_name = 'devices/device_list.html'context_object_name = 'devices'def get_queryset(self):return Device.objects.select_related('location').all()

https://example.com/device-management.jpg
设备管理界面展示

2. 能源监控模块

python

# apps/energy/models.py
class EnergyConsumption(models.Model):device = models.ForeignKey(Device, on_delete=models.CASCADE)timestamp = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)power_consumption = models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)voltage = models.DecimalField(max_digits=6, decimal_places=2)current = models.DecimalField(max_digits=6, decimal_places=2)class Meta:db_table = 'energy_consumption'indexes = [models.Index(fields=['timestamp', 'device']),]# apps/energy/utils.py
def calculate_daily_energy():"""计算每日能耗统计"""today = timezone.now().date()data = EnergyConsumption.objects.filter(timestamp__date=today).aggregate(total_consumption=Sum('power_consumption'),avg_voltage=Avg('voltage'))return data

https://example.com/energy-dashboard.jpg
实时能源监控数据看板

3. 停车管理模块

python

# apps/parking/models.py
class ParkingLot(models.Model):name = models.CharField(max_length=100)total_spaces = models.IntegerField()available_spaces = models.IntegerField()location = models.CharField(max_length=200)def update_availability(self):occupied = ParkingRecord.objects.filter(parking_lot=self,exit_time__isnull=True).count()self.available_spaces = self.total_spaces - occupiedself.save()class ParkingRecord(models.Model):license_plate = models.CharField(max_length=20)parking_lot = models.ForeignKey(ParkingLot, on_delete=models.CASCADE)entry_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)exit_time = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)def calculate_fee(self):if self.exit_time:duration = self.exit_time - self.entry_timehours = duration.total_seconds() / 3600return max(5, hours * 2)  # 基础计费规则return 0

4. API接口设计

python

# apps/api/views.py
from rest_framework import viewsets, permissions
from rest_framework.response import Responseclass DeviceViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):queryset = Device.objects.all()serializer_class = DeviceSerializerpermission_classes = [permissions.IsAuthenticated]@action(detail=True, methods=['post'])def toggle_status(self, request, pk=None):device = self.get_object()device.status = 'offline' if device.status == 'online' else 'online'device.save()return Response({'status': device.status})class EnergyDataViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):serializer_class = EnergyConsumptionSerializerdef get_queryset(self):queryset = EnergyConsumption.objects.all()device_id = self.request.query_params.get('device_id')if device_id:queryset = queryset.filter(device_id=device_id)return queryset

数据可视化实现

html

<!-- templates/dashboard/energy.html -->
<div class="dashboard-container"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-6"><div class="card"><div class="card-header"><h5>实时能耗监控</h5></div><div class="card-body"><div id="energy-chart" style="height: 300px;"></div></div></div></div><div class="col-md-6"><div class="card"><div class="card-header"><h5>设备状态分布</h5></div><div class="card-body"><div id="device-status-chart" style="height: 300px;"></div></div></div></div></div>
</div><script>
// 使用ECharts初始化图表
var energyChart = echarts.init(document.getElementById('energy-chart'));
energyChart.setOption({title: { text: '园区能耗趋势' },tooltip: { trigger: 'axis' },xAxis: { type: 'category', data: [] },yAxis: { type: 'value' },series: [{ data: [], type: 'line' }]
});
</script>

系统安全设计

权限控制

python

# apps/users/permissions.py
class IsParkAdmin(permissions.BasePermission):def has_permission(self, request, view):return request.user.is_authenticated and request.user.role == 'admin'class IsDeviceManager(permissions.BasePermission):def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):return request.user.has_perm('devices.manage_device')

数据保护

python

# config/middleware.py
class SecurityMiddleware:def __init__(self, get_response):self.get_response = get_responsedef __call__(self, request):response = self.get_response(request)response['X-Content-Type-Options'] = 'nosniff'response['X-Frame-Options'] = 'DENY'response['X-XSS-Protection'] = '1; mode=block'return response

部署配置

yaml

# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'services:web:build: .command: gunicorn config.wsgi:application --bind 0.0.0.0:8000volumes:- static_volume:/app/staticexpose:- 8000environment:- DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:password@db:5432/smart_parkdepends_on:- db- redisdb:image: postgres:13volumes:- postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/dataenvironment:- POSTGRES_DB=smart_park- POSTGRES_USER=user- POSTGRES_PASSWORD=passwordredis:image: redis:6-alpinenginx:image: nginx:1.21-alpineports:- "80:80"volumes:- ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf- static_volume:/app/staticdepends_on:- webvolumes:postgres_data:static_volume:

性能优化策略

数据库优化

python

# 使用select_related和prefetch_related优化查询
def get_parking_data():return ParkingLot.objects.select_related('location').prefetch_related(Prefetch('parkingrecord_set', queryset=ParkingRecord.objects.filter(exit_time__isnull=True))).all()# 添加数据库索引
class Meta:indexes = [models.Index(fields=['timestamp', 'device']),models.Index(fields=['status']),]

缓存策略

python

# 使用Redis缓存
from django.core.cache import cachedef get_energy_stats():cache_key = 'energy_stats_daily'stats = cache.get(cache_key)if not stats:stats = calculate_energy_stats()cache.set(cache_key, stats, timeout=300)  # 缓存5分钟return stats