Spring 异常处理机制：@ExceptionHandler、@ControllerAdvice

Spring 异常处理机制：@ExceptionHandler、@ControllerAdvice

🎯 一、Spring 异常处理体系概览

💡 异常处理核心架构

Spring MVC 异常处理流程：

📊 异常处理组件体系

核心组件关系图：

🔧 二、@ExceptionHandler 局部异常处理

🎯 @ExceptionHandler 工作机制

注解定义与使用：

@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface ExceptionHandler {/*** 指定处理的异常类型数组*/Class<? extends Throwable>[] value() default {};
}/*** 控制器内异常处理示例*/
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
@Slf4j
public class UserController {@Autowiredprivate UserService userService;/*** 查询用户信息*/@GetMapping("/{id}")public ResponseEntity<UserDTO> getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {log.info("查询用户: {}", id);UserDTO user = userService.getUserById(id);return ResponseEntity.ok(user);}/*** 处理用户不存在异常 - 局部异常处理*/@ExceptionHandler(UserNotFoundException.class)public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleUserNotFound(UserNotFoundException ex) {log.warn("用户不存在异常: {}", ex.getMessage());ErrorResponse error = ErrorResponse.builder().code("USER_NOT_FOUND").message(ex.getMessage()).timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).path(getCurrentRequestPath()).build();return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND).body(error);}/*** 处理参数校验异常*/@ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleValidationException(MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {log.warn("参数校验异常: {}", ex.getMessage());// 提取字段错误信息List<FieldError> fieldErrors = ex.getBindingResult().getFieldErrors();Map<String, String> errors = new HashMap<>();for (FieldError fieldError : fieldErrors) {errors.put(fieldError.getField(), fieldError.getDefaultMessage());}ErrorResponse error = ErrorResponse.builder().code("VALIDATION_ERROR").message("参数校验失败").details(errors).timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).path(getCurrentRequestPath()).build();return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST).body(error);}/*** 处理业务逻辑异常*/@ExceptionHandler(BusinessException.class)public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleBusinessException(BusinessException ex) {log.error("业务逻辑异常: {}", ex.getMessage(), ex);ErrorResponse error = ErrorResponse.builder().code(ex.getErrorCode()).message(ex.getMessage()).timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).path(getCurrentRequestPath()).build();return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.CONFLICT).body(error);}private String getCurrentRequestPath() {RequestAttributes requestAttributes = RequestContextHolder.getRequestAttributes();if (requestAttributes instanceof ServletRequestAttributes) {HttpServletRequest request = ((ServletRequestAttributes) requestAttributes).getRequest();return request.getRequestURI();}return "unknown";}
}

🔧 ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver 源码解析

异常处理方法解析核心逻辑：

public class ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver extends AbstractHandlerMethodExceptionResolver {/*** 解析异常处理方法*/@Overrideprotected ModelAndView doResolveHandlerMethodException(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response, HandlerMethod handlerMethod, Exception exception) {// 1. 查找匹配的异常处理方法ServletInvocableHandlerMethod exceptionHandlerMethod = getExceptionHandlerMethod(handlerMethod, exception);if (exceptionHandlerMethod == null) {return null; // 没有找到匹配的异常处理方法}// 2. 配置参数解析器和返回值处理器if (this.argumentResolvers != null) {exceptionHandlerMethod.setHandlerMethodArgumentResolvers(this.argumentResolvers);}if (this.returnValueHandlers != null) {exceptionHandlerMethod.setHandlerMethodReturnValueHandlers(this.returnValueHandlers);}// 3. 创建Web请求和模型容器ServletWebRequest webRequest = new ServletWebRequest(request, response);ModelAndViewContainer mavContainer = new ModelAndViewContainer();try {// 4. 记录日志if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {logger.debug("Invoking @ExceptionHandler method: " + exceptionHandlerMethod);}// 5. 调用异常处理方法exceptionHandlerMethod.invokeAndHandle(webRequest, mavContainer, exception);} catch (Exception ex) {if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {logger.debug("ExceptionHandler method invocation failed: " + ex.getMessage());}return null;}// 6. 处理返回值，生成ModelAndViewreturn getModelAndView(mavContainer, webRequest);}/*** 获取匹配的异常处理方法*/private ServletInvocableHandlerMethod getExceptionHandlerMethod(HandlerMethod handlerMethod, Exception exception) {Class<?> handlerType = handlerMethod.getBeanType();// 1. 首先在控制器内查找异常处理方法Map<ControllerAdviceBean, ExceptionHandlerMethodResolver> adviceCache = this.exceptionHandlerAdviceCache;// 2. 查找控制器内的@ExceptionHandler方法ExceptionHandlerMethodResolver resolver = this.exceptionHandlerCache.get(handlerType);if (resolver == null) {resolver = new ExceptionHandlerMethodResolver(handlerType);this.exceptionHandlerCache.put(handlerType, resolver);}Method method = resolver.resolveMethod(exception);if (method != null) {return new ServletInvocableHandlerMethod(handlerMethod.getBean(), method);}// 3. 在@ControllerAdvice中查找异常处理方法for (Map.Entry<ControllerAdviceBean, ExceptionHandlerMethodResolver> entry : adviceCache.entrySet()) {ControllerAdviceBean advice = entry.getKey();if (advice.isApplicableToBeanType(handlerType)) {resolver = entry.getValue();method = resolver.resolveMethod(exception);if (method != null) {return new ServletInvocableHandlerMethod(advice.resolveBean(), method);}}}return null;}
}

📊 异常匹配算法

异常类型匹配优先级：

@Component
@Slf4j
public class ExceptionMatchingAnalyzer {/*** 分析异常匹配优先级*/public void analyzeExceptionMatching(Class<? extends Throwable> exceptionClass) {log.info("=== 异常匹配分析: {} ===", exceptionClass.getSimpleName());// 模拟异常匹配逻辑List<Class<? extends Throwable>> candidateExceptions = new ArrayList<>();collectExceptionHierarchy(exceptionClass, candidateExceptions);log.info("候选匹配异常类型 (按优先级排序):");for (int i = 0; i < candidateExceptions.size(); i++) {log.info("{}. {}", i + 1, candidateExceptions.get(i).getName());}// 计算匹配深度analyzeMatchingDepth(exceptionClass);}/*** 收集异常继承层次*/private void collectExceptionHierarchy(Class<? extends Throwable> exceptionClass, List<Class<? extends Throwable>> result) {if (exceptionClass == null || exceptionClass == Throwable.class) {return;}// 递归收集父类collectExceptionHierarchy((Class<? extends Throwable>) exceptionClass.getSuperclass(), result);// 添加当前类result.add(exceptionClass);// 添加实现的接口for (Class<?> interfaceClass : exceptionClass.getInterfaces()) {if (Throwable.class.isAssignableFrom(interfaceClass)) {result.add((Class<? extends Throwable>) interfaceClass);}}}/*** 分析匹配深度*/private void analyzeMatchingDepth(Class<? extends Throwable> exceptionClass) {Map<Class<? extends Throwable>, Integer> depthMap = new HashMap<>();Class<?> current = exceptionClass;int depth = 0;while (current != null && current != Throwable.class) {depthMap.put((Class<? extends Throwable>) current, depth);depth++;current = current.getSuperclass();}log.info("异常继承深度分析:");depthMap.entrySet().stream().sorted(Map.Entry.comparingByValue()).forEach(entry -> log.info("深度 {}: {}", entry.getValue(), entry.getKey().getSimpleName()));}
}

🌍 三、@ControllerAdvice 全局异常处理

🎯 @ControllerAdvice 工作机制

全局异常处理器定义：

/*** 全局异常处理器*/
@ControllerAdvice
@RestController
@Slf4j
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {private static final String ERROR_LOG_TEMPLATE = "全局异常捕获 || 路径: {} || 异常: {} || 消息: {}";/*** 处理所有未捕获的异常*/@ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleAllExceptions(Exception ex, WebRequest request) {String path = getRequestPath(request);log.error(ERROR_LOG_TEMPLATE, path, ex.getClass().getSimpleName(), ex.getMessage(), ex);ErrorResponse error = ErrorResponse.builder().code("INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR").message("系统内部错误，请稍后重试").timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).path(path).build();return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR).body(error);}/*** 处理业务异常*/@ExceptionHandler(BusinessException.class)public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleBusinessException(BusinessException ex, WebRequest request) {String path = getRequestPath(request);log.warn(ERROR_LOG_TEMPLATE, path, ex.getClass().getSimpleName(), ex.getMessage());ErrorResponse error = ErrorResponse.builder().code(ex.getErrorCode()).message(ex.getMessage()).timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).path(path).details(ex.getDetails()).build();return ResponseEntity.status(ex.getHttpStatus()).body(error);}/*** 处理数据校验异常*/@ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleValidationExceptions(MethodArgumentNotValidException ex, WebRequest request) {String path = getRequestPath(request);log.warn("数据校验异常 || 路径: {} || 消息: {}", path, ex.getMessage());// 提取详细的字段错误信息Map<String, String> fieldErrors = new HashMap<>();ex.getBindingResult().getFieldErrors().forEach(error -> {String fieldName = error.getField();String errorMessage = error.getDefaultMessage();fieldErrors.put(fieldName, errorMessage);});ErrorResponse error = ErrorResponse.builder().code("VALIDATION_FAILED").message("请求参数校验失败").timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).path(path).details(fieldErrors).build();return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST).body(error);}/*** 处理资源不存在异常*/@ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleResourceNotFound(ResourceNotFoundException ex,WebRequest request) {String path = getRequestPath(request);log.warn("资源不存在 || 路径: {} || 资源: {}", path, ex.getResourceName());ErrorResponse error = ErrorResponse.builder().code("RESOURCE_NOT_FOUND").message(ex.getMessage()).timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).path(path).build();return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND).body(error);}/*** 处理访问拒绝异常*/@ExceptionHandler(AccessDeniedException.class)public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleAccessDenied(AccessDeniedException ex,WebRequest request) {String path = getRequestPath(request);log.warn("访问拒绝 || 路径: {} || 消息: {}", path, ex.getMessage());ErrorResponse error = ErrorResponse.builder().code("ACCESS_DENIED").message("没有访问权限").timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).path(path).build();return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.FORBIDDEN).body(error);}private String getRequestPath(WebRequest request) {if (request instanceof ServletWebRequest) {HttpServletRequest servletRequest = ((ServletWebRequest) request).getRequest();return servletRequest.getRequestURI();}return "unknown";}
}

🔧 ControllerAdvice 扫描机制

ControllerAdviceBean 扫描源码分析：

public class ControllerAdviceBean implements BeanFactoryAware, Ordered {/*** 查找所有被@ControllerAdvice注解的Bean*/public static List<ControllerAdviceBean> findAnnotatedBeans(ApplicationContext context) {List<ControllerAdviceBean> adviceBeans = new ArrayList<>();// 1. 查找所有Bean名称String[] beanNames = BeanFactoryUtils.beanNamesForTypeIncludingAncestors(context, Object.class, true, false);for (String beanName : beanNames) {// 2. 获取Bean类型Class<?> beanType = context.getType(beanName);if (beanType != null && isControllerAdvice(beanType)) {// 3. 创建ControllerAdviceBeanadviceBeans.add(new ControllerAdviceBean(beanName, context, beanType));}}// 4. 按Order排序OrderComparator.sort(adviceBeans);return adviceBeans;}/*** 检查是否是ControllerAdvice*/private static boolean isControllerAdvice(Class<?> beanType) {return AnnotatedElementUtils.hasAnnotation(beanType, ControllerAdvice.class);}/*** 检查是否适用于指定的Bean类型*/public boolean isApplicableToBeanType(Class<?> beanType) {// 1. 检查基础包配置if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(this.basePackage)) {return beanType.getPackage().getName().startsWith(this.basePackage);}// 2. 检查分配的类型if (!this.assignedableTypes.isEmpty()) {for (Class<?> assignedableType : this.assignedableTypes) {if (assignedableType.isAssignableFrom(beanType)) {return true;}}return false;}// 3. 检查注解配置if (!this.annotations.isEmpty()) {for (Class<? extends Annotation> annotation : this.annotations) {if (AnnotationUtils.findAnnotation(beanType, annotation) != null) {return true;}}return false;}return true;}
}

📊 全局异常处理配置

精细化异常处理配置：

/*** 精细化全局异常处理器配置*/
@ControllerAdvice(basePackages = "com.example.api",  // 只处理指定包下的控制器annotations = RestController.class, // 只处理RestControllerassignableTypes = {BaseController.class} // 只处理指定基类的控制器
)
@Order(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE) // 最高优先级
@Slf4j
public class ApiGlobalExceptionHandler {/*** API特定业务异常处理*/@ExceptionHandler(ApiBusinessException.class)public ResponseEntity<ApiErrorResponse> handleApiBusinessException(ApiBusinessException ex, NativeWebRequest request) {log.error("API业务异常: {}", ex.getApiCode(), ex);ApiErrorResponse error = ApiErrorResponse.builder().success(false).code(ex.getApiCode()).message(ex.getMessage()).timestamp(Instant.now()).path(getRequestPath(request)).requestId(MDC.get("requestId")).build();return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.OK).body(error);}/*** 限流异常处理*/@ExceptionHandler(RateLimitException.class)public ResponseEntity<ApiErrorResponse> handleRateLimitException(RateLimitException ex, NativeWebRequest request) {log.warn("限流异常: {}", ex.getMessage());ApiErrorResponse error = ApiErrorResponse.builder().success(false).code("RATE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED").message("请求过于频繁，请稍后重试").timestamp(Instant.now()).path(getRequestPath(request)).retryAfter(ex.getRetryAfterSeconds()).build();HttpHeaders headers = new HttpHeaders();headers.set("Retry-After", String.valueOf(ex.getRetryAfterSeconds()));return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS).headers(headers).body(error);}
}

⚙️ 四、ExceptionResolver 解析器工作流程

🔄 异常解析器链执行流程

ExceptionResolver 执行时序图：

🔧 异常解析器源码分析

ExceptionResolverComposite 核心逻辑：

public class HandlerExceptionResolverComposite implements HandlerExceptionResolver, Ordered {private List<HandlerExceptionResolver> exceptionResolvers;/*** 解析异常的核心方法*/@Overridepublic ModelAndView resolveException(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex) {// 1. 遍历所有异常解析器if (this.exceptionResolvers != null) {for (HandlerExceptionResolver resolver : this.exceptionResolvers) {// 2. 尝试解析异常ModelAndView mav = resolver.resolveException(request, response, handler, ex);if (mav != null) {// 3. 记录解析日志if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {logger.debug("HandlerExceptionResolver resolved exception: " + ex.getClass().getSimpleName() + " -> " + resolver.getClass().getSimpleName());}return mav;}}}// 4. 没有解析器能够处理该异常if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {logger.debug("No HandlerExceptionResolver found for exception: " + ex.getClass().getSimpleName());}return null;}/*** 设置异常解析器列表（按优先级排序）*/public void setExceptionResolvers(List<HandlerExceptionResolver> exceptionResolvers) {this.exceptionResolvers = exceptionResolvers;}
}/*** 异常解析器配置*/
@Configuration
public class ExceptionResolverConfig {/*** 配置异常解析器链*/@Beanpublic HandlerExceptionResolver handlerExceptionResolver() {HandlerExceptionResolverComposite composite = new HandlerExceptionResolverComposite();List<HandlerExceptionResolver> resolvers = new ArrayList<>();// 1. ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver（最高优先级）ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver exceptionHandlerResolver = new ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver();exceptionHandlerResolver.setMessageConverters(httpMessageConverters());exceptionHandlerResolver.afterPropertiesSet();resolvers.add(exceptionHandlerResolver);// 2. ResponseStatusExceptionResolverResponseStatusExceptionResolver responseStatusResolver = new ResponseStatusExceptionResolver();resolvers.add(responseStatusResolver);// 3. DefaultHandlerExceptionResolver（最低优先级）DefaultHandlerExceptionResolver defaultExceptionResolver = new DefaultHandlerExceptionResolver();resolvers.add(defaultExceptionResolver);composite.setExceptionResolvers(resolvers);return composite;}private List<HttpMessageConverter<?>> httpMessageConverters() {List<HttpMessageConverter<?>> converters = new ArrayList<>();converters.add(new MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter());converters.add(new StringHttpMessageConverter());return converters;}
}

📊 异常解析器执行日志

异常处理过程监控：

@Component
@Slf4j
public class ExceptionResolverMonitor {@Autowired(required = false)private HandlerExceptionResolverComposite exceptionResolver;/*** 监控异常解析过程*/public void monitorExceptionResolution(Exception ex, HttpServletRequest request) {if (exceptionResolver == null) {return;}log.info("=== 异常解析监控开始 ===");log.info("异常类型: {}", ex.getClass().getName());log.info("请求路径: {}", request.getRequestURI());log.info("异常消息: {}", ex.getMessage());// 模拟解析过程（实际通过AOP监控）analyzeExceptionResolvers(ex);log.info("=== 异常解析监控结束 ===");}private void analyzeExceptionResolvers(Exception ex) {try {Field resolversField = HandlerExceptionResolverComposite.class.getDeclaredField("exceptionResolvers");resolversField.setAccessible(true);@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")List<HandlerExceptionResolver> resolvers = (List<HandlerExceptionResolver>) resolversField.get(exceptionResolver);if (resolvers != null) {log.info("注册的异常解析器 ({}个):", resolvers.size());for (int i = 0; i < resolvers.size(); i++) {HandlerExceptionResolver resolver = resolvers.get(i);log.info("{}. {} (优先级: {})", i + 1, resolver.getClass().getSimpleName(), i);}}} catch (Exception e) {log.warn("解析异常解析器列表失败: {}", e.getMessage());}}
}

🏗️ 五、统一返回体设计最佳实践

🎯 统一错误响应体设计

错误响应体结构设计：

/*** 统一错误响应体*/
@Data
@Builder
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_NULL)
public class ErrorResponse {/*** 错误代码（业务定义）*/private String code;/*** 错误消息（用户友好）*/private String message;/*** 详细错误信息（开发调试）*/private String detail;/*** 错误发生时间戳*/private Long timestamp;/*** 请求路径*/private String path;/*** 请求ID（链路追踪）*/private String requestId;/*** 错误详情（如字段校验错误）*/private Map<String, Object> details;/*** 解决方案提示*/private String suggestion;/*** 重试建议（秒）*/private Integer retryAfter;/*** 创建基础错误响应*/public static ErrorResponse of(String code, String message) {return ErrorResponse.builder().code(code).message(message).timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).build();}/*** 创建带详情的错误响应*/public static ErrorResponse of(String code, String message, Map<String, Object> details) {return ErrorResponse.builder().code(code).message(message).details(details).timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).build();}
}/*** API统一响应体*/
@Data
@Builder
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_NULL)
public class ApiResponse<T> {/*** 是否成功*/private boolean success;/*** 响应数据*/private T data;/*** 错误信息*/private ErrorInfo error;/*** 响应时间戳*/private Instant timestamp;/*** 请求ID*/private String requestId;/*** 成功响应*/public static <T> ApiResponse<T> success(T data) {return ApiResponse.<T>builder().success(true).data(data).timestamp(Instant.now()).build();}/*** 失败响应*/public static <T> ApiResponse<T> failure(String code, String message) {return ApiResponse.<T>builder().success(false).error(ErrorInfo.of(code, message)).timestamp(Instant.now()).build();}@Data@Builder@NoArgsConstructor@AllArgsConstructorpublic static class ErrorInfo {private String code;private String message;private Map<String, Object> details;public static ErrorInfo of(String code, String message) {return ErrorInfo.builder().code(code).message(message).build();}}
}

🔧 响应体构建工具类

响应体工厂类：

/*** 错误响应构建工具*/
@Component
public class ErrorResponseFactory {@Autowiredprivate HttpServletRequest request;/*** 构建基础错误响应*/public ErrorResponse createErrorResponse(String code, String message) {return ErrorResponse.builder().code(code).message(message).timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).path(getRequestPath()).requestId(getRequestId()).build();}/*** 构建校验错误响应*/public ErrorResponse createValidationErrorResponse(BindingResult bindingResult) {Map<String, String> fieldErrors = new HashMap<>();bindingResult.getFieldErrors().forEach(error -> fieldErrors.put(error.getField(), error.getDefaultMessage()));return ErrorResponse.builder().code("VALIDATION_FAILED").message("请求参数校验失败").timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).path(getRequestPath()).requestId(getRequestId()).details(Collections.singletonMap("fieldErrors", fieldErrors)).suggestion("请检查请求参数格式").build();}/*** 构建业务错误响应*/public ErrorResponse createBusinessErrorResponse(BusinessException ex) {return ErrorResponse.builder().code(ex.getErrorCode()).message(ex.getMessage()).detail(ex.getDetail()).timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).path(getRequestPath()).requestId(getRequestId()).details(ex.getDetails()).suggestion(ex.getSuggestion()).retryAfter(ex.getRetryAfter()).build();}private String getRequestPath() {return request.getRequestURI();}private String getRequestId() {return (String) request.getAttribute("X-Request-ID");}
}

🚀 六、生产级异常处理实战

💻 完整异常处理配置

生产环境异常处理配置：

@Configuration
@EnableWebMvc
public class ExceptionHandlingConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {/*** 配置异常解析器*/@Overridepublic void configureHandlerExceptionResolvers(List<HandlerExceptionResolver> resolvers) {// 1. 自定义异常解析器（最高优先级）resolvers.add(customExceptionResolver());// 2. 异常处理器解析器ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver exceptionHandlerResolver = exceptionHandlerExceptionResolver();exceptionHandlerResolver.setMessageConverters(httpMessageConverters());resolvers.add(exceptionHandlerResolver);// 3. 响应状态异常解析器resolvers.add(responseStatusExceptionResolver());// 4. 默认异常解析器（最低优先级）resolvers.add(defaultHandlerExceptionResolver());}@Beanpublic CustomHandlerExceptionResolver customExceptionResolver() {return new CustomHandlerExceptionResolver();}@Beanpublic ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver exceptionHandlerExceptionResolver() {ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver resolver = new ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver();resolver.setOrder(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE);return resolver;}@Beanpublic ResponseStatusExceptionResolver responseStatusExceptionResolver() {ResponseStatusExceptionResolver resolver = new ResponseStatusExceptionResolver();resolver.setOrder(Ordered.LOWEST_PRECEDENCE - 1);return resolver;}@Beanpublic DefaultHandlerExceptionResolver defaultHandlerExceptionResolver() {DefaultHandlerExceptionResolver resolver = new DefaultHandlerExceptionResolver();resolver.setOrder(Ordered.LOWEST_PRECEDENCE);return resolver;}private List<HttpMessageConverter<?>> httpMessageConverters() {List<HttpMessageConverter<?>> converters = new ArrayList<>();// JSON转换器MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter jsonConverter = new MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter();jsonConverter.setObjectMapper(objectMapper());converters.add(jsonConverter);// 字符串转换器converters.add(new StringHttpMessageConverter());return converters;}@Beanpublic ObjectMapper objectMapper() {ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();mapper.configure(DeserializationFeature.FAIL_ON_UNKNOWN_PROPERTIES, false);mapper.setSerializationInclusion(JsonInclude.Include.NON_NULL);mapper.registerModule(new JavaTimeModule());mapper.disable(SerializationFeature.WRITE_DATES_AS_TIMESTAMPS);return mapper;}
}

🔧 自定义异常解析器

业务定制异常解析器：

/*** 自定义异常解析器*/
@Component
@Slf4j
public class CustomHandlerExceptionResolver implements HandlerExceptionResolver, Ordered {private final Map<Class<? extends Exception>, HttpStatus> exceptionStatusMap;public CustomHandlerExceptionResolver() {this.exceptionStatusMap = new HashMap<>();initializeExceptionMappings();}private void initializeExceptionMappings() {// 业务异常映射exceptionStatusMap.put(BusinessException.class, HttpStatus.CONFLICT);exceptionStatusMap.put(ResourceNotFoundException.class, HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);exceptionStatusMap.put(ValidationException.class, HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST);exceptionStatusMap.put(AuthenticationException.class, HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED);exceptionStatusMap.put(AuthorizationException.class, HttpStatus.FORBIDDEN);exceptionStatusMap.put(RateLimitException.class, HttpStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS);}@Overridepublic ModelAndView resolveException(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex) {try {// 1. 查找匹配的HTTP状态码HttpStatus status = findHttpStatus(ex);if (status == null) {return null; // 无法处理，交给下一个解析器}// 2. 记录异常日志logException(ex, request, status);// 3. 构建错误响应ErrorResponse errorResponse = buildErrorResponse(ex, request, status);// 4. 设置响应response.setStatus(status.value());response.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE);// 5. 写入响应体ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();String jsonResponse = mapper.writeValueAsString(errorResponse);response.getWriter().write(jsonResponse);return new ModelAndView(); // 返回空的ModelAndView表示已处理} catch (Exception e) {log.error("自定义异常解析器处理异常时发生错误", e);return null; // 处理失败，交给下一个解析器}}private HttpStatus findHttpStatus(Exception ex) {// 查找精确匹配HttpStatus status = exceptionStatusMap.get(ex.getClass());if (status != null) {return status;}// 查找继承关系匹配for (Map.Entry<Class<? extends Exception>, HttpStatus> entry : exceptionStatusMap.entrySet()) {if (entry.getKey().isAssignableFrom(ex.getClass())) {return entry.getValue();}}return null;}private void logException(Exception ex, HttpServletRequest request, HttpStatus status) {if (status.is5xxServerError()) {log.error("服务器异常 [{}] {}: {}", status.value(), request.getRequestURI(), ex.getMessage(), ex);} else {log.warn("客户端异常 [{}] {}: {}", status.value(), request.getRequestURI(), ex.getMessage());}}private ErrorResponse buildErrorResponse(Exception ex, HttpServletRequest request, HttpStatus status) {return ErrorResponse.builder().code(generateErrorCode(ex, status)).message(getUserFriendlyMessage(ex, status)).timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).path(request.getRequestURI()).requestId((String) request.getAttribute("X-Request-ID")).build();}@Overridepublic int getOrder() {return Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE; // 最高优先级}
}

📊 异常处理监控端点

异常处理监控配置：

@RestController
@Endpoint(id = "exception-handling")
@Slf4j
public class ExceptionHandlingEndpoint {private final Map<String, ExceptionStats> exceptionStats = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();@ReadOperationpublic Map<String, Object> getExceptionStats() {Map<String, Object> stats = new HashMap<>();// 1. 异常统计概览stats.put("overview", getExceptionOverview());// 2. 详细异常统计stats.put("details", getExceptionDetails());// 3. 最近异常记录stats.put("recentExceptions", getRecentExceptions());return stats;}@EventListenerpublic void handleExceptionEvent(ExceptionHandledEvent event) {String exceptionName = event.getExceptionClass().getSimpleName();exceptionStats.compute(exceptionName, (key, stats) -> {if (stats == null) {stats = new ExceptionStats();}stats.incrementCount();stats.setLastOccurrence(System.currentTimeMillis());return stats;});}private Map<String, Object> getExceptionOverview() {Map<String, Object> overview = new HashMap<>();overview.put("totalExceptionTypes", exceptionStats.size());long totalCount = exceptionStats.values().stream().mapToLong(ExceptionStats::getCount).sum();overview.put("totalExceptionCount", totalCount);return overview;}@Componentpublic static class ExceptionHandlingEventListener {@Autowiredprivate ApplicationEventPublisher eventPublisher;@ExceptionHandlerpublic void handleException(Exception ex, WebRequest request) {// 发布异常处理事件eventPublisher.publishEvent(new ExceptionHandledEvent(this, ex.getClass()));}}public static class ExceptionHandledEvent extends ApplicationEvent {private final Class<? extends Exception> exceptionClass;public ExceptionHandledEvent(Object source, Class<? extends Exception> exceptionClass) {super(source);this.exceptionClass = exceptionClass;}public Class<? extends Exception> getExceptionClass() {return exceptionClass;}}@Datapublic static class ExceptionStats {private long count;private long lastOccurrence;public void incrementCount() {this.count++;}}
}

💡 七、性能优化与监控体系

⚡ 异常处理性能优化

高性能异常处理配置：

@Configuration
@Slf4j
public class ExceptionHandlingOptimizationConfig {/*** 优化异常解析器性能*/@Beanpublic HandlerExceptionResolver optimizedExceptionResolver() {HandlerExceptionResolverComposite composite = new HandlerExceptionResolverComposite();List<HandlerExceptionResolver> resolvers = new ArrayList<>();// 1. 使用缓存优化的异常处理器解析器ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver exceptionHandlerResolver = new ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver();exceptionHandlerResolver.setCacheExceptionHandlerMethods(true); // 启用缓存resolvers.add(exceptionHandlerResolver);// 2. 快速失败解析器resolvers.add(new FastFailExceptionResolver());composite.setExceptionResolvers(resolvers);return composite;}/*** 快速失败异常解析器*/public static class FastFailExceptionResolver implements HandlerExceptionResolver {private final Set<Class<? extends Exception>> fastFailExceptions;public FastFailExceptionResolver() {this.fastFailExceptions = new HashSet<>();initializeFastFailExceptions();}private void initializeFastFailExceptions() {// 客户端错误快速失败fastFailExceptions.add(ValidationException.class);fastFailExceptions.add(ResourceNotFoundException.class);fastFailExceptions.add(AuthenticationException.class);}@Overridepublic ModelAndView resolveException(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex) {if (fastFailExceptions.contains(ex.getClass())) {try {// 快速构建响应response.setStatus(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST.value());response.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE);String errorJson = String.format("{\"code\":\"FAST_FAIL\",\"message\":\"%s\",\"timestamp\":%d}",ex.getMessage(), System.currentTimeMillis());response.getWriter().write(errorJson);return new ModelAndView();} catch (IOException e) {log.warn("快速失败异常处理失败", e);}}return null; // 交给下一个解析器}}
}

📈 异常监控与告警

异常监控配置：

@Component
@Slf4j
public class ExceptionMonitoringService {private final MeterRegistry meterRegistry;private final Map<String, Counter> exceptionCounters = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();public ExceptionMonitoringService(MeterRegistry meterRegistry) {this.meterRegistry = meterRegistry;}/*** 记录异常指标*/public void recordException(Exception ex, HttpServletRequest request) {String exceptionName = ex.getClass().getSimpleName();String path = request.getRequestURI();// 1. 记录异常计数器Counter counter = exceptionCounters.computeIfAbsent(exceptionName, name -> Counter.builder("exception.count").tag("exception", name).tag("path", path).register(meterRegistry));counter.increment();// 2. 记录异常率meterRegistry.counter("exception.rate", "exception", exceptionName, "path", path).increment();// 3. 记录异常持续时间（如果有的话）if (ex instanceof TimeoutException) {Timer timer = Timer.builder("exception.duration").tag("exception", exceptionName).tag("path", path).register(meterRegistry);// 这里可以记录超时时间}}/*** 检查异常频率是否超过阈值*/public boolean isExceptionRateExceeded(String exceptionName, double threshold) {// 实现异常频率检查逻辑return getExceptionRate(exceptionName) > threshold;}private double getExceptionRate(String exceptionName) {// 计算异常频率return 0.0; // 实际实现需要根据时间窗口计算}/*** 发送异常告警*/public void sendExceptionAlert(Exception ex, HttpServletRequest request) {String exceptionName = ex.getClass().getSimpleName();String path = request.getRequestURI();Map<String, Object> alertInfo = new HashMap<>();alertInfo.put("exception", exceptionName);alertInfo.put("path", path);alertInfo.put("message", ex.getMessage());alertInfo.put("timestamp", Instant.now());alertInfo.put("requestId", request.getHeader("X-Request-ID"));log.warn("异常告警: {}", alertInfo);// 这里可以集成邮件、短信、钉钉等告警渠道// sendAlertToChannel(alertInfo);}
}