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C++笔记-14-结构体

news 2025/11/3 7:40:18

结构体定义和使用

语法：struct 结构体名 {结构体成员列表};
通过结构体创建变量的方式有三种：

struct 结构体名变量名
struct 结构体名变量名={成员1值，成员2值…}
定义结构体时顺便创建变量

第一种方式创建结构体

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
struct student {string name;int age;int score;
};
int main() {struct student s1;s1.name = "张三";s1.age = 20;s1.score = 90;cout << "姓名：" << s1.name << endl;cout << "年龄：" << s1.age << endl;cout << "成绩：" << s1.score << endl;return 0;
}

第二种定义方式

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
struct student {string name;int age;int score;
};
int main() {struct student s1 = { "zhangsan",18,90 };cout << "name:" << s1.name << endl;cout << "age:" << s1.age << endl;cout << "score:" << s1.score << endl;return 0;
}

第三种创建方式

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
struct student {string name;int age;int score;
}s1;
int main() {s1.name = "李四";s1.age = 23;s1.score = 88;cout << "姓名" << s1.name << endl;cout << "年龄" << s1.age << endl;cout << "成绩" << s1.score << endl;return 0;
}

结构体在创建的时候struct可以省略,但是定义的时候不可以省略

结构体数组

语法：struct 结构体名数组名[元素个数]={ {},{}.{}...{} }

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
struct student {string name;int age;int score;
};
int main() {student stu[3] = { {"张三",18,90},{"李四",19,85},{"王五",17,95} };for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {cout << "姓名：" << stu[i].name << "\t年龄：" << stu[i].age << "\t成绩：" << stu[i].score << endl;}return 0;
}

结构体指针

结构体指针通过->来访问结构体里面的元素.

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
struct student {string name;int age;int score;
};
int main() {student s1 = { "张三",20,90 };student* ps = &s1;cout << "姓名:" << ps->name << endl;cout << "年龄:" << ps->age << endl;cout << "成绩:" << ps->score << endl;return 0;
}

结构体嵌套结构体

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
struct student {string name;int age;int score;
};
struct teacher {int id;string name;int age;struct student stu;
};
int main() {teacher t1 = { 1001, "Mr. Smith", 40, {"Alice", 20, 90} };cout << t1.id << endl;cout << t1.name << endl;cout << t1.age << endl;cout << t1.stu.name << endl;cout << t1.stu.age << endl;cout << t1.stu.score << endl;return 0;
}

结构体作为函数参数

值传递
地址传递

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
struct student {string name;int age;int score;
};
//值传递
void print_student(student stu) {cout << "name: " << stu.name << endl;cout << "age: " << stu.age << endl;cout << "score: " << stu.score << endl;
}
//地址传递
void print_student(student* ps) {cout << "name: " << ps->name << endl;cout << "age: " << ps->age << endl;cout << "score: " << ps->score << endl;
}
int main() {student stu1 = { "张三", 20, 90 };print_student(stu1);student* ps = &stu1;print_student(ps);return 0;
}

结构体中const的使用场景

使用const防止误操作

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
struct student {string name;int age;int score;
};
// 将函数中的形参改为指针,可以减少内存空间,而且不会复制新的副本
void print_student(const student* ps) {//ps->age = 30; 在加入const之后,不能修改指针所指向的内容cout << "name: " << ps->name << endl;cout << "age: " << ps->age << endl;cout << "score: " << ps->score << endl;
}
int main() {student stu1 = { "张三", 20, 90 };student* ps = &stu1;print_student(ps);return  0;
}