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第三方软件课题结题验收测试机构【使用JMeter的Web应用负载测试】

news 2025/10/22 9:51:58

JMeter工作原理

测试环境搭建

# 下载JMeter
wget https://dlcdn.apache.org/jmeter/binaries/apache-jmeter-5.6.2.tgz
tar -xzf apache-jmeter-5.6.2.tgz
cd apache-jmeter-5.6.2/bin
./jmeter.sh  # Linux/Mac
# 或 jmeter.bat  # Windows

创建基础HTTP负载测试

线程组配置

线程数: 100                # 并发用户数
Ramp-Up时间: 60           # 在60秒内启动所有用户
循环次数: 永远             # 持续运行
调度器: 启用，持续时间300秒 # 测试运行5分钟

分布式负载测试

# 控制机配置
remote_hosts=192.168.1.101,192.168.1.102,192.168.1.103# 启动从机
jmeter-server -Dserver_port=1099# 从控制机执行分布式测试
jmeter -n -t testplan.jmx -R 192.168.1.101,192.168.1.102 -l results.jtl

复杂业务场景模拟

// 使用JSR223采样器实现复杂逻辑
import org.apache.jmeter.protocol.http.control.Header// 动态生成请求参数
def timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis()
def signature = org.apache.commons.codec.digest.DigestUtils.md5Hex("data${timestamp}")vars.put("timestamp", timestamp.toString())
vars.put("signature", signature)// 设置动态请求头
sampler.getHeaderManager().add(new Header("X-Signature", signature))

关键性能指标

吞吐量(Throughput): 系统每秒处理请求数
响应时间(Response Time): - 平均值(Average)- 中位数(Median) - 90%百分位(90% Line)
错误率(Error Rate): 失败请求百分比
并发用户数(Active Threads): 实时并发用户数量

实时监控配置

<!-- 添加后端监听器进行实时监控 -->
<BackendListener guiclass="BackendListenerGui" testclass="BackendListener" testname="InfluxDB Backend Listener"><elementProp name="arguments" elementType="Arguments"><collectionProp name="Arguments.arguments"><elementProp name="influxdbMetricsSender" elementType="Argument"><stringProp name="Argument.name">influxdbMetricsSender</stringProp><stringProp name="Argument.value">org.apache.jmeter.visualizers.backend.influxdb.HttpMetricsSender</stringProp></elementProp><elementProp name="influxdbUrl" elementType="Argument"><stringProp name="Argument.name">influxdbUrl</stringProp><stringProp name="Argument.value">http://localhost:8086/write?db=jmeter</stringProp></elementProp></collectionProp></elementProp>
</BackendListener>

网站负载测试示例

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<jmeterTestPlan version="1.2" properties="5.0" jmeter="5.6.2"><hashTree><TestPlan guiclass="TestPlanGui" testclass="TestPlan" testname="电商网站负载测试" enabled="true"><stringProp name="TestPlan.comments"></stringProp><boolProp name="TestPlan.functional_mode">false</boolProp><boolProp name="TestPlan.tearDown_on_shutdown">true</boolProp><boolProp name="TestPlan.serialize_threadgroups">false</boolProp><elementProp name="TestPlan.user_defined_variables" elementType="Arguments" guiclass="ArgumentsPanel" testclass="Arguments" testname="用户定义的变量" enabled="true"><collectionProp name="Arguments.arguments"><elementProp name="base_url" elementType="Argument"><stringProp name="Argument.name">base_url</stringProp><stringProp name="Argument.value">https://api.ecommerce.com</stringProp><stringProp name="Argument.metadata">=</stringProp></elementProp></collectionProp></elementProp></TestPlan><hashTree><!-- 线程组：浏览商品 --><ThreadGroup guiclass="ThreadGroupGui" testclass="ThreadGroup" testname="浏览商品用户" enabled="true"><stringProp name="ThreadGroup.on_sample_error">continue</stringProp><elementProp name="ThreadGroup.main_controller" elementType="LoopController" guiclass="LoopControlPanel" testclass="LoopController" testname="循环控制器" enabled="true"><boolProp name="LoopController.continue_forever">false</boolProp><stringProp name="LoopController.loops">10</stringProp></elementProp><stringProp name="ThreadGroup.num_threads">50</stringProp><stringProp name="ThreadGroup.ramp_time">30</stringProp><boolProp name="ThreadGroup.scheduler">true</boolProp><stringProp name="ThreadGroup.duration">300</stringProp><stringProp name="ThreadGroup.delay">0</stringProp></ThreadGroup><hashTree><!-- HTTP请求默认值 --><ConfigTestElement guiclass="HttpDefaultsGui" testclass="ConfigTestElement" testname="HTTP请求默认值" enabled="true"><elementProp name="HTTPsampler.Arguments" elementType="Arguments" guiclass="HTTPArgumentsPanel" testclass="Arguments" testname="用户定义的变量" enabled="true"><collectionProp name="Arguments.arguments"/></elementProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.domain">${base_url}</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.port">443</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.protocol">https</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.contentEncoding"></stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.path"></stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.concurrentPool">6</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.connect_timeout">5000</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.response_timeout">10000</stringProp></ConfigTestElement><hashTree/><!-- 浏览商品列表 --><HTTPSamplerProxy guiclass="HttpTestSampleGui" testclass="HTTPSamplerProxy" testname="获取商品列表" enabled="true"><boolProp name="HTTPSampler.postBodyRaw">false</boolProp><elementProp name="HTTPsampler.Arguments" elementType="Arguments" guiclass="HTTPArgumentsPanel" testclass="Arguments" testname="用户定义的变量" enabled="true"><collectionProp name="Arguments.arguments"/></elementProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.domain">${base_url}</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.port">443</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.protocol">https</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.contentEncoding"></stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.path">/api/v1/products</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.method">GET</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.follow_redirects">true</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.auto_redirects">false</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.use_keepalive">true</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.DO_MULTIPART_POST">false</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.concurrentPool">6</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.connect_timeout">5000</stringProp><stringProp name="HTTPSampler.response_timeout">10000</stringProp></HTTPSamplerProxy><hashTree/></hashTree></hashTree></hashTree>
</jmeterTestPlan>

使用BeanShell进行动态参数处理

// BeanShell预处理程序 - 动态签名生成
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import javax.crypto.Mac;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
import java.util.Base64;// 获取当前时间戳
long timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
vars.put("timestamp", String.valueOf(timestamp));// 生成随机用户ID
int randomUserId = (int)(Math.random() * 10000) + 1;
vars.put("user_id", String.valueOf(randomUserId));// 生成API签名
String secretKey = "your_secret_key";
String dataToSign = timestamp + ":" + randomUserId;
String signature = generateSignature(dataToSign, secretKey);
vars.put("signature", signature);String generateSignature(String data, String key) {try {Mac sha256_HMAC = Mac.getInstance("HmacSHA256");SecretKeySpec secret_key = new SecretKeySpec(key.getBytes("UTF-8"), "HmacSHA256");sha256_HMAC.init(secret_key);byte[] bytes = sha256_HMAC.doFinal(data.getBytes("UTF-8"));return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(bytes);} catch (Exception e) {return "error";}
}

生成HTML报告

# 生成详细的HTML报告
jmeter -n -t testplan.jmx -l results.jtl -e -o /path/to/report/output# 报告包含内容：
# - 仪表板概览
# - 统计表格
# - 错误分析
# - 响应时间分布
# - 随时间变化图表

自定义报告模板

<!-- 自定义报告生成配置 -->
<jmeterReport><reportConfig><title>性能测试报告</title><dateFormat>yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss</dateFormat><pdfExport>true</pdfExport><charts><responseTime>true</responseTime><throughput>true</throughput><hitsPerSecond>true</hitsPerSecond><responseTimePercentiles>true</responseTimePercentiles></charts></reportConfig>
</jmeterReport>

第一阶段: 基准测试 - 单用户验证功能
第二阶段: 负载测试 - 逐步增加并发用户
第三阶段: 压力测试 - 达到系统极限
第四阶段: 耐力测试 - 长时间稳定运行
第五阶段: 尖峰测试 - 突发流量测试

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