【11408学习记录】考研数学核心突破:线性变换的深度解析与应用实例
线性变换
- 数学
- 线性代数
- 线性变换的定义
- 英语
- 每日一句
- 词汇
- 第一步:找谓语
- 第二步:断句
- 第三步:简化
- 主句
- 表语从句
- 宾语从句
数学
线性代数
线性变换的定义
对于n元二次型 f(x1,x2,⋯,xn)f(x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_n)f(x1,x2,⋯,xn) ,若令:
{x1=c11y1+c12y2+⋯+c1nyn,x2=c21y1+c22y2+⋯+c2nyn,⋯xn=cn1y1+cn2y2+⋯+cnnyn,\begin{align} \begin{cases} x_1 = c_{11}y_1 + c_{12}y_2 + \cdots + c_{1n}y_n, \\ x_2 = c_{21}y_1 + c_{22}y_2 + \cdots + c_{2n}y_n, \\ \cdots \\ x_n= c_{n1}y_1 + c_{n2}y_2 + \cdots + c_{nn}y_n, \\ \end{cases} \end{align} ⎩⎨⎧x1=c11y1+c12y2+⋯+c1nyn,x2=c21y1+c22y2+⋯+c2nyn,⋯xn=cn1y1+cn2y2+⋯+cnnyn,
记 x=[x1x2⋮xn],C=[c11c12⋯c1nc21c22⋯c2n⋮⋮⋱⋮cn1cn2⋯cnn],y=[y1y2⋮yn]x= \begin{bmatrix}x_1\\ x_2 \\ \vdots \\ x_n\end{bmatrix}, C = \begin{bmatrix}c_{11} & c_{12} & \cdots & c_{1n} \\ c_{21} & c_{22} & \cdots & c_{2n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ c_{n1} & c_{n2} & \cdots & c_{nn} \end{bmatrix}, y = \begin{bmatrix}y_1 \\ y_2 \\ \vdots \\ y_n\end{bmatrix}x=x1x2⋮xn,C=c11c21⋮cn1c12c22⋮cn2⋯⋯⋱⋯c1nc2n⋮cnn,y=y1y2⋮yn ,则(1)式可写为:x=Cyx=Cyx=Cy
其中(1)式称为线性变换,若线性变换的系数矩阵 CCC 可逆,即 ∣C∣≠0|C| \neq 0∣C∣=0 ,则称为可逆线性变换,现给出 f(x)=xTAxf(x) = x^TAxf(x)=xTAx ,令 x=Cyx= Cyx=Cy ,则:
f(x)=(Cy)TA(Cy)=yT(CTAC)yf(x) = (Cy)^TA(Cy) = y^T(C^TAC)y f(x)=(Cy)TA(Cy)=yT(CTAC)y
记 B=CTACB = C^TACB=CTAC ,则:f(x)=yTBy=g(y)f(x) = y^TBy=g(y)f(x)=yTBy=g(y).
此时,二次型 f(x)=xTAxf(x) = x^TAxf(x)=xTAx 通过线性变换 x=Cyx= Cyx=Cy 得到一个新二次型 g(y)=yTByg(y)=y^TByg(y)=yTBy.
英语
每日一句
First two hours, now three hours — this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.(2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
词汇
in advance: 提前,预先
authority: n. 官方,当局;权威,专家
recommend: v. 建议,推荐;介绍
recommendation: n. 推荐,建议
show up: 来到,出席,露面
catch a domestic flight: 搭乘国内航班
security line: 安检队伍
第一步:找谓语
First two hours, now three hours — this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.
第二步:断句
原句中存在3处谓语,包含3件事,其谓语分别分布在以下位置:
- is 为主句谓语
- are recommending 为 how 引导的表语从句谓语
- show 为省略引导词 that 的宾语从句谓语
按照标点、引导词以及谓语,可以将原句断开为以下分句:
- First two hours, now three hours — this is —— 主句
- how far in advance authorities are recommending —— 表语从句
- people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines. —— 宾语从句
第三步:简化
主句
First two hours, now three hours — this is
- 名词词组:First two hours, now three hours 修饰代词:this 补充说明主句主语:this 的内容
- 主句主语部分:this
- 主句谓语部分:is 为系动词,后接表语
去掉主句扩展部分,就得到了主句核心:
- …… this is —— 这是
表语从句
how far in advance authorities are recommending
- 从句引导词:how 引导表语从句,作为系动词:is 的表语
- 引导词:how far 译为:“多远,多长时间”,这里作为一个整体引导表语从句
- 介词短语:in advance 为时间状语,修饰整个从句,表示从句的时间
- 从句主语部分:authorities
- 从句谓语部分:are recommending 为及物动词的现在进行时态,后接宾语
去掉从句扩展部分,就得到了从句核心:
- how far …… authorities are recommending —— 多远……专家们正在提议
宾语从句
people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.
- 从句引导词:that 引导宾语从句,作为动词:are recommending 的宾语,这里属于省略了引导词:that 的宾语从句
- 从句主语部分:people
- 从句谓语部分:show up 这里为虚拟语气,省略了情态动词:should
- 从句状语部分:to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.
- 非谓语动词词组:to catch a domestic flight 作为目的状语,修饰动词:show,表示动作发生的目的
- 非定冠词:a 修饰名词:flight
- 形容词:domestic 修饰名词:flight
- 名词:flight 为动词:catch 的宾语
- 介词短语:at least 为程度状语,修饰句子,表示程度
- 介词短语:at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines. 为地点状语,修饰句子,说明动作发生的地点
- 副词:some 修饰形容词:major
- 形容词:major 修饰名词:airports
- 名词:U.S. 修饰名词:airports
- 名词:airports 为介词:at 的宾语
- 介词短语:with increasingly massive security lines. 为后置定语,修饰名词:airports
- 副词:increasingly 修饰形容词:massive
- 形容词:massive 修饰名词词组:security lines
- 名词:security 修饰名词:lines
- 名词:lines 为介词:with 的宾语
- 非谓语动词词组:to catch a domestic flight 作为目的状语,修饰动词:show,表示动作发生的目的
去掉从句扩展部分,就得到了从句核心:
- people show …… —— 人们应该出席……