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浙江省建设培训中心的网站,小程序开发公司简介,网站建设主流技术及效果,集团门户网站建设费用科目引言在现代Web应用程序中，用户身份验证和授权是至关重要的组成部分。Django，一个流行的Python Web框架，为用户身份验证提供了内置支持。本文将探讨如何创建和注册Django应用，自定义身份验证服务，配置AUTHENTICATION_…

引言

在现代Web应用程序中，用户身份验证和授权是至关重要的组成部分。Django，一个流行的Python Web框架，为用户身份验证提供了内置支持。本文将探讨如何创建和注册Django应用，自定义身份验证服务，配置AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS，创建视图以及如何使用API视图获取当前登录用户的信息。

Django框架和OAuth身份验证

Django是一个高度可定制的Web框架，它提供了强大的工具和库，用于快速构建Web应用程序。OAuth是一种开放标准，用于安全地授权访问资源，通常用于身份验证。结合Django和OAuth，您可以构建安全和可扩展的用户身份验证和授权系统。

创建应用和注册应用

要创建一个Django应用，您可以使用以下命令：

python manage.py startapp oauth

然后，在项目的settings.py文件中，将应用注册到INSTALLED_APPS列表中，如下所示：

INSTALLED_APPS = ['django.contrib.admin','django.contrib.auth','django.contrib.contenttypes','django.contrib.sessions','django.contrib.messages','django.contrib.staticfiles','rest_framework','drf_yasg2','django_filters','account.apps.AccountConfig','oauth'
]

身份验证服务

创建自定义身份验证服务

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from django.contrib.auth.backends import ModelBackend
from django.core.cache import cache
from django.db.models import Q
from django.http import Http404
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404
from django.utils import timezone
from rest_framework import exceptions
from rest_framework.authentication import TokenAuthentication as BaseTokenAuthenticationUser = get_user_model()def get_ip(request):"""获取当前请求ip:param request: 当前请求上下文:return: ip地址"""x_forwarded_for = request.META.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')if x_forwarded_for:ip = x_forwarded_for.split(',')[0]else:ip = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')return ipclass EmailOrUsernameModelBackend(ModelBackend):"""自定义用户验证允许用户使用用户名或者邮箱登录允许使用密码或者邮箱验证码校验"""def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None, login_type='account', **kwargs):try:user = User.objects.get(Q(username=username) | Q(email=username), is_active=True)if login_type == 'account' and user.check_password(password):user.last_login = timezone.now()user.last_login_ip = get_ip(request)user.save()return userelse:# 邮箱验证码校验code = cache.get('account:email:{0}:login:code'.format(user.email))if password == code:return userreturn Noneexcept User.DoesNotExist:return Noneclass TokenAuthentication(BaseTokenAuthentication):"""token认证"""keyword = 'bearer'def authenticate_credentials(self, key):token_user_cache_key = f'oauth:token:{key}:user:id'if cache.ttl(token_user_cache_key) == 0:raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('token无效')try:user_id = cache.get(token_user_cache_key)user_token_cache_key = f'oauth:user:id:{user_id}:token'if cache.ttl(user_token_cache_key) != 0 and cache.get(user_token_cache_key) == key:user = get_object_or_404(User, id=user_id, is_active=True)return user, keyraise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('token错误')except Http404:raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('token无效')

在自定义身份验证服务中，我们创建了EmailOrUsernameModelBackend和TokenAuthentication类，以改进用户身份验证和安全性。EmailOrUsernameModelBackend允许用户使用用户名或邮箱登录，还支持邮箱验证码校验。TokenAuthentication用于验证用户的令牌。这些自定义服务增强了用户身份验证的功能和灵活性。

配置`AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS

为了使用我们的自定义身份验证服务，我们需要配置AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS，如下所示：

AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = ('oauth.authentication.EmailOrUsernameModelBackend',
)

创建视图

登录表单

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from django.contrib.auth.forms import AuthenticationForm
from django.forms import widgetsclass LoginForm(AuthenticationForm):"""登录表单"""def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):super(LoginForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)self.fields['username'].widget = widgets.TextInput(attrs={'id': 'username','class': 'form-control','aria-errormessage': 'usernameError','placeholder': '用户名'})self.fields['password'].widget = widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'id': 'password','class': 'form-control','aria-errormessage': 'passwordError','placeholder': '密码'})

登录视图

class LoginView(FormView):"""登录视图"""form_class = LoginFormtemplate_name = 'oauth/login.html'@method_decorator(sensitive_post_parameters('password'))@method_decorator(csrf_protect)@method_decorator(never_cache)def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):return super(LoginView, self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):kwargs['redirect_to'] = get_redirect_uri(self.request)return super(LoginView, self).get_context_data(**kwargs)def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):form = LoginForm(data=self.request.POST, request=self.request)if form.is_valid():auth.login(self.request, form.get_user())return super(LoginView, self).form_valid(form)return self.render_to_response({'form': form})def get_success_url(self):authorize_uri = reverse('authorize', request=self.request, kwargs={'authorize_type': 'account'})data = parse.urlencode({'response_type': 'token','redirect_uri': get_redirect_uri(self.request)})return f'{authorize_uri}?{data}'

注销视图

class LogoutView(RedirectView):"""退出登录"""@method_decorator(never_cache)def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):return super(LogoutView, self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):user = request.useruser_token_cache_key = f'oauth:user:id:{user.id}:token'if cache.ttl(user_token_cache_key) != 0:token = cache.get(user_token_cache_key)cache.delete(user_token_cache_key)token_user_cache_key = f'oauth:token:{token}:user:id'if cache.ttl(token_user_cache_key) != 0:cache.delete(token_user_cache_key)logout(request)return super(LogoutView, self).get(request, *args, **kwargs)def get_redirect_url(self, *args, **kwargs):return get_redirect_uri(self.request)

用户授权视图

class AuthorizeView(RedirectView):"""用户授权"""@method_decorator(never_cache)def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):return super(AuthorizeView, self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)def get_redirect_url(self, authorize_type, *args, **kwargs):request = self.requestuser = request.usertoken = Noneif authorize_type == 'account':if user.is_authenticated:token = generate_token()token_user_cache_key = f'oauth:token:{token}:user:id'user_token_cache_key = f'oauth:user:id:{user.id}:token'cache.set(token_user_cache_key, user.id, timeout=60 * 60 * 24)cache.set(user_token_cache_key, token, timeout=None)if token:data = parse.urlencode({'access_token': token,'token_type': 'bearer'})return f'{get_redirect_uri(request)}#{data}'return reverse('login', request=request)

我们创建了登录表单、登录视图、注销视图和用户授权视图。这些视图提供了用户身份验证和授权的功能。登录表单具有定制的字段，登录视图支持密码和邮箱验证码校验，而注销视图用于用户退出登录。用户授权视图负责用户身份验证后的授权操作。

API视图获取当前登录用户信息

定义用户模型序列化器

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from rest_framework import serializersUser = get_user_model()class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):"""用户模型列化"""class Meta:model = Userexclude = ('password',)read_only_fields = ('avatar', 'last_login', 'last_login_ip', 'active')

定义视图

from django.shortcuts import render
from rest_framework import permissions
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIViewfrom CodeVoyager import mixins
from .serializers import UserSerializer# Create your views here.
class UserProfileAPIView(mixins.UpdateModelMixin, mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, GenericAPIView):"""用户信息api视图"""permission_classes = (permissions.IsAuthenticated,)serializer_class = UserSerializerdef get_object(self):user = self.request.userif user.is_anonymous or not user.is_authenticated:return Nonereturn self.request.userdef get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):return self.partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)