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第五章：原型模式 - 克隆大法的大师

news 2025/10/6 5:56:46

第五章：原型模式 - 克隆大法的大师

故事延续：幻影分身的奇妙艺术

在Builder展示完他的精细构建艺术后，Prototype身形飘忽地走出，他那幻影重重的身影吸引了所有人的注意。这位神秘的高手时而化作三人，时而合为一体，令人难以捕捉。

“Builder兄的逐步构建确实精妙，” Prototype发出空灵的笑声，“但有时候我们并不需要从零开始创建对象。我的武学核心在于——通过复制现有对象来创建新对象。这在创建成本高昂或需要快速创建相似对象时特别有用！”

原型模式的武学精要

核心心法

Prototype双手结印，空中浮现出多个相同的幻影：“我的八字真言是——克隆复制，快速创建。通过实现一个克隆方法，我可以快速创建对象的副本，避免重新执行昂贵的创建过程。”

C++ 代码实战
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>
#include <sstream>// 抽象原型接口
class Prototype {
public:virtual ~Prototype() = default;virtual std::unique_ptr<Prototype> clone() const = 0;virtual void display() const = 0;virtual std::string getType() const = 0;virtual void customize(const std::string& customization) = 0;
};// 具体原型：游戏角色
class GameCharacter : public Prototype {
private:std::string name_;std::string characterClass_;int level_;int health_;int mana_;std::vector<std::string> skills_;std::string equipment_;public:GameCharacter(const std::string& name, const std::string& characterClass, int level, int health, int mana, const std::vector<std::string>& skills, const std::string& equipment): name_(name), characterClass_(characterClass), level_(level), health_(health), mana_(mana), skills_(skills), equipment_(equipment) {}// 克隆方法 - 核心所在std::unique_ptr<Prototype> clone() const override {std::cout << "👥 克隆角色: " << name_ << std::endl;return std::make_unique<GameCharacter>(*this);}void display() const override {std::cout << "\n🎭 角色信息:" << std::endl;std::cout << "  👤 名称: " << name_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🎯 职业: " << characterClass_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  📊 等级: " << level_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  ❤️ 生命值: " << health_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🔮 法力值: " << mana_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🎯 技能: ";for (const auto& skill : skills_) {std::cout << skill << " ";}std::cout << std::endl;std::cout << "  ⚔️ 装备: " << equipment_ << std::endl;}std::string getType() const override {return characterClass_;}void customize(const std::string& customization) override {name_ = customization;std::cout << "🎨 自定义角色名为: " << name_ << std::endl;}// 修改等级void setLevel(int level) {level_ = level;std::cout << "⬆️ 设置等级为: " << level_ << std::endl;}// 添加技能void addSkill(const std::string& skill) {skills_.push_back(skill);std::cout << "➕ 添加技能: " << skill << std::endl;}// 更换装备void changeEquipment(const std::string& equipment) {equipment_ = equipment;std::cout << "🔄 更换装备为: " << equipment_ << std::endl;}std::string getDescription() const {std::stringstream ss;ss << name_ << " (Lv." << level_ << " " << characterClass_ << ")";return ss.str();}
};// 具体原型：魔法武器
class MagicWeapon : public Prototype {
private:std::string name_;std::string weaponType_;int damage_;int magicPower_;std::string element_;std::vector<std::string> enchantments_;public:MagicWeapon(const std::string& name, const std::string& weaponType, int damage, int magicPower, const std::string& element,const std::vector<std::string>& enchantments): name_(name), weaponType_(weaponType), damage_(damage), magicPower_(magicPower), element_(element), enchantments_(enchantments) {}std::unique_ptr<Prototype> clone() const override {std::cout << "🔮 克隆魔法武器: " << name_ << std::endl;return std::make_unique<MagicWeapon>(*this);}void display() const override {std::cout << "\n⚔️ 魔法武器信息:" << std::endl;std::cout << "  📛 名称: " << name_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🔧 类型: " << weaponType_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  💥 物理伤害: " << damage_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  ✨ 魔法威力: " << magicPower_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🌟 元素属性: " << element_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🎇 附魔效果: ";for (const auto& enchantment : enchantments_) {std::cout << enchantment << " ";}std::cout << std::endl;}std::string getType() const override {return weaponType_;}void customize(const std::string& customization) override {name_ = customization;std::cout << "🎨 自定义武器名为: " << name_ << std::endl;}// 增强武器void enhance(int additionalDamage, int additionalMagic) {damage_ += additionalDamage;magicPower_ += additionalMagic;std::cout << "⬆️ 增强武器: +" << additionalDamage << "伤害, +" << additionalMagic << "魔法" << std::endl;}// 添加附魔void addEnchantment(const std::string& enchantment) {enchantments_.push_back(enchantment);std::cout << "✨ 添加附魔: " << enchantment << std::endl;}
};// 具体原型：游戏地图
class GameMap : public Prototype {
private:std::string name_;std::string terrainType_;int width_;int height_;std::vector<std::string> landmarks_;std::string weather_;int difficulty_;public:GameMap(const std::string& name, const std::string& terrainType, int width, int height, const std::vector<std::string>& landmarks,const std::string& weather, int difficulty): name_(name), terrainType_(terrainType), width_(width), height_(height),landmarks_(landmarks), weather_(weather), difficulty_(difficulty) {}std::unique_ptr<Prototype> clone() const override {std::cout << "🗺️ 克隆游戏地图: " << name_ << std::endl;return std::make_unique<GameMap>(*this);}void display() const override {std::cout << "\n🗺️ 地图信息:" << std::endl;std::cout << "  📛 名称: " << name_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🌄 地形: " << terrainType_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  📏 尺寸: " << width_ << "x" << height_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🌤️ 天气: " << weather_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  ⚠️ 难度: " << difficulty_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🏰 地标: ";for (const auto& landmark : landmarks_) {std::cout << landmark << " ";}std::cout << std::endl;}std::string getType() const override {return terrainType_;}void customize(const std::string& customization) override {name_ = customization;std::cout << "🎨 自定义地图名为: " << name_ << std::endl;}// 改变天气void changeWeather(const std::string& weather) {weather_ = weather;std::cout << "🌤️ 改变天气为: " << weather_ << std::endl;}// 调整难度void adjustDifficulty(int difficulty) {difficulty_ = difficulty;std::cout << "⚠️ 调整难度为: " << difficulty_ << std::endl;}
};// 原型管理器：存储和管理原型实例
class PrototypeManager {
private:std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<Prototype>> prototypes_;public:// 注册原型void registerPrototype(const std::string& key, std::unique_ptr<Prototype> prototype) {prototypes_[key] = std::move(prototype);std::cout << "📝 注册原型: " << key << std::endl;}// 克隆原型std::unique_ptr<Prototype> clonePrototype(const std::string& key) {auto it = prototypes_.find(key);if (it != prototypes_.end()) {return it->second->clone();}std::cout << "❌ 未找到原型: " << key << std::endl;return nullptr;}// 批量克隆std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Prototype>> cloneMultiple(const std::string& key, int count) {std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Prototype>> clones;for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {auto clone = clonePrototype(key);if (clone) {clones.push_back(std::move(clone));}}return clones;}// 显示所有原型void displayAllPrototypes() const {std::cout << "\n📚 原型管理器中的所有原型:" << std::endl;for (const auto& pair : prototypes_) {std::cout << "  🔑 键: " << pair.first << " | 类型: " << pair.second->getType() << std::endl;}}// 获取所有原型键std::vector<std::string> getAllKeys() const {std::vector<std::string> keys;for (const auto& pair : prototypes_) {keys.push_back(pair.first);}return keys;}
};

UML 武功秘籍图

manages
«interface»
Prototype
+clone()
+display() : void
+getType() : string
+customize(string) : void
GameCharacter
-string name_
-string characterClass_
-int level_
-int health_
-int mana_
-vector<string> skills_
-string equipment_
+clone()
+display() : void
+getType() : string
+customize(string) : void
+setLevel(int) : void
+addSkill(string) : void
+changeEquipment(string) : void
+getDescription() : string
MagicWeapon
-string name_
-string weaponType_
-int damage_
-int magicPower_
-string element_
-vector<string> enchantments_
+clone()
+display() : void
+getType() : string
+customize(string) : void
+enhance(int, int) : void
+addEnchantment(string) : void
GameMap
-string name_
-string terrainType_
-int width_
-int height_
-vector<string> landmarks_
-string weather_
-int difficulty_
+clone()
+display() : void
+getType() : string
+customize(string) : void
+changeWeather(string) : void
+adjustDifficulty(int) : void
PrototypeManager
-unordered_map<string, Prototype*> prototypes_
+registerPrototype(string, Prototype*) : void
+clonePrototype(string)
+cloneMultiple(string, int)
+displayAllPrototypes() : void
+getAllKeys() : vector<string>

实战演练：游戏对象复制系统

#include <random>
#include <algorithm>// 更复杂的游戏对象复制系统// 具体原型：怪物模板
class MonsterTemplate : public Prototype {
private:std::string name_;std::string monsterType_;int baseHealth_;int baseAttack_;int baseDefense_;std::vector<std::string> abilities_;std::string lootTable_;int experienceValue_;public:MonsterTemplate(const std::string& name, const std::string& monsterType,int baseHealth, int baseAttack, int baseDefense,const std::vector<std::string>& abilities,const std::string& lootTable, int experienceValue): name_(name), monsterType_(monsterType), baseHealth_(baseHealth),baseAttack_(baseAttack), baseDefense_(baseDefense), abilities_(abilities),lootTable_(lootTable), experienceValue_(experienceValue) {}std::unique_ptr<Prototype> clone() const override {std::cout << "👹 克隆怪物模板: " << name_ << std::endl;return std::make_unique<MonsterTemplate>(*this);}void display() const override {std::cout << "\n👹 怪物模板信息:" << std::endl;std::cout << "  📛 名称: " << name_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🎯 类型: " << monsterType_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  ❤️ 基础生命: " << baseHealth_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  ⚔️ 基础攻击: " << baseAttack_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🛡️ 基础防御: " << baseDefense_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  💰 经验值: " << experienceValue_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🎁 掉落表: " << lootTable_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🎯 能力: ";for (const auto& ability : abilities_) {std::cout << ability << " ";}std::cout << std::endl;}std::string getType() const override {return monsterType_;}void customize(const std::string& customization) override {name_ = customization;std::cout << "🎨 自定义怪物名为: " << name_ << std::endl;}// 生成随机变体std::unique_ptr<MonsterTemplate> createVariant() const {std::random_device rd;std::mt19937 gen(rd());std::uniform_int_distribution<> healthDis(-10, 10);std::uniform_int_distribution<> attackDis(-5, 5);auto variant = std::make_unique<MonsterTemplate>(*this);variant->baseHealth_ += healthDis(gen);variant->baseAttack_ += attackDis(gen);variant->name_ += "变体";std::cout << "🎲 创建怪物变体: " << variant->name_ << std::endl;return variant;}// 获取基础属性int getBaseHealth() const { return baseHealth_; }int getBaseAttack() const { return baseAttack_; }int getBaseDefense() const { return baseDefense_; }
};// 具体原型：任务模板
class QuestTemplate : public Prototype {
private:std::string title_;std::string questType_;std::string description_;std::vector<std::string> objectives_;std::vector<std::string> rewards_;int requiredLevel_;std::string zone_;public:QuestTemplate(const std::string& title, const std::string& questType,const std::string& description, const std::vector<std::string>& objectives,const std::vector<std::string>& rewards, int requiredLevel, const std::string& zone): title_(title), questType_(questType), description_(description),objectives_(objectives), rewards_(rewards), requiredLevel_(requiredLevel), zone_(zone) {}std::unique_ptr<Prototype> clone() const override {std::cout << "📜 克隆任务模板: " << title_ << std::endl;return std::make_unique<QuestTemplate>(*this);}void display() const override {std::cout << "\n📜 任务模板信息:" << std::endl;std::cout << "  📛 标题: " << title_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🎯 类型: " << questType_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  📝 描述: " << description_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  📊 要求等级: " << requiredLevel_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🗺️ 区域: " << zone_ << std::endl;std::cout << "  🎯 目标: " << std::endl;for (const auto& objective : objectives_) {std::cout << "    - " << objective << std::endl;}std::cout << "  🎁 奖励: " << std::endl;for (const auto& reward : rewards_) {std::cout << "    - " << reward << std::endl;}}std::string getType() const override {return questType_;}void customize(const std::string& customization) override {title_ = customization;std::cout << "🎨 自定义任务标题为: " << title_ << std::endl;}// 生成日常任务std::unique_ptr<QuestTemplate> createDailyQuest() const {auto dailyQuest = std::make_unique<QuestTemplate>(*this);dailyQuest->title_ = "日常:" + title_;dailyQuest->requiredLevel_ = 1; // 日常任务等级要求低std::cout << "📅 创建日常任务: " << dailyQuest->title_ << std::endl;return dailyQuest;}
};// 高级原型管理器
class AdvancedPrototypeManager {
private:std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<Prototype>> prototypes_;std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> categories_;public:void registerPrototype(const std::string& key, std::unique_ptr<Prototype> prototype, const std::string& category = "default") {prototypes_[key] = std::move(prototype);categories_[category].push_back(key);std::cout << "📝 注册原型到分类 '" << category << "': " << key << std::endl;}std::unique_ptr<Prototype> clonePrototype(const std::string& key) {auto it = prototypes_.find(key);if (it != prototypes_.end()) {return it->second->clone();}return nullptr;}// 按分类克隆std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Prototype>> cloneByCategory(const std::string& category) {std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Prototype>> clones;auto it = categories_.find(category);if (it != categories_.end()) {for (const auto& key : it->second) {auto clone = clonePrototype(key);if (clone) {clones.push_back(std::move(clone));}}}return clones;}// 获取分类列表std::vector<std::string> getCategories() const {std::vector<std::string> categoryList;for (const auto& pair : categories_) {categoryList.push_back(pair.first);}return categoryList;}// 显示分类内容void displayCategory(const std::string& category) const {auto it = categories_.find(category);if (it != categories_.end()) {std::cout << "\n📂 分类 '" << category << "' 中的原型:" << std::endl;for (const auto& key : it->second) {auto prototypeIt = prototypes_.find(key);if (prototypeIt != prototypes_.end()) {std::cout << "  🔑 " << key << " -> " << prototypeIt->second->getType() << std::endl;}}}}
};// 原型工厂：基于原型的对象创建
class PrototypeFactory {
private:AdvancedPrototypeManager manager_;public:PrototypeFactory() {initializePrototypes();}void initializePrototypes() {// 初始化角色原型std::vector<std::string> warriorSkills = {"重击", "防御姿态", "旋风斩"};manager_.registerPrototype("warrior", std::make_unique<GameCharacter>("战士模板", "战士", 1, 100, 20, warriorSkills, "训练用剑"), "characters");std::vector<std::string> mageSkills = {"火球术", "寒冰箭", "魔法盾"};manager_.registerPrototype("mage", std::make_unique<GameCharacter>("法师模板", "法师", 1, 60, 100, mageSkills, "学徒法杖"), "characters");// 初始化武器原型std::vector<std::string> swordEnchantments = {"锋利", "耐久"};manager_.registerPrototype("fire_sword", std::make_unique<MagicWeapon>("火焰剑", "剑", 25, 15, "火", swordEnchantments), "weapons");std::vector<std::string> staffEnchantments = {"智慧", "魔力恢复"};manager_.registerPrototype("ice_staff", std::make_unique<MagicWeapon>("寒冰法杖", "法杖", 10, 30, "冰", staffEnchantments), "weapons");// 初始化怪物原型std::vector<std::string> goblinAbilities = {"投掷", "逃跑"};manager_.registerPrototype("goblin", std::make_unique<MonsterTemplate>("哥布林", "普通", 50, 8, 3, goblinAbilities, "普通掉落", 10), "monsters");std::vector<std::string> dragonAbilities = {"喷火", "飞行", "威压"};manager_.registerPrototype("dragon", std::make_unique<MonsterTemplate>("巨龙", "BOSS", 500, 50, 20, dragonAbilities, "稀有掉落", 1000), "monsters");// 初始化任务原型std::vector<std::string> killObjectives = {"杀死10只哥布林", "收集5个战利品"};std::vector<std::string> killRewards = {"100金币", "经验值200"};manager_.registerPrototype("goblin_hunt", std::make_unique<QuestTemplate>("哥布林讨伐", "狩猎", "清理哥布林营地", killObjectives, killRewards, 5, "起始森林"), "quests");}// 创建角色std::unique_ptr<GameCharacter> createCharacter(const std::string& type, const std::string& name) {auto prototype = manager_.clonePrototype(type);if (auto character = dynamic_cast<GameCharacter*>(prototype.get())) {prototype.release(); // 避免双重删除auto uniqueChar = std::unique_ptr<GameCharacter>(character);uniqueChar->customize(name);return uniqueChar;}return nullptr;}// 创建怪物军团std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MonsterTemplate>> createMonsterArmy(const std::string& type, int count) {std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MonsterTemplate>> army;for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {auto prototype = manager_.clonePrototype(type);if (auto monster = dynamic_cast<MonsterTemplate*>(prototype.get())) {prototype.release();auto uniqueMonster = std::unique_ptr<MonsterTemplate>(monster);uniqueMonster->customize(uniqueMonster->getType() + std::to_string(i + 1));army.push_back(std::move(uniqueMonster));}}return army;}// 显示所有可用原型void displayAvailablePrototypes() {std::cout << "\n🔄 可用的原型分类:" << std::endl;auto categories = manager_.getCategories();for (const auto& category : categories) {manager_.displayCategory(category);}}
};

原型模式的招式解析

招式一：深拷贝与浅拷贝
// 演示深拷贝问题的类
class ShallowCopyExample {
private:std::string* data_;int size_;public:ShallowCopyExample(const std::string& data, int size) : size_(size) {data_ = new std::string(data);}// 默认拷贝构造函数 - 浅拷贝（有问题）ShallowCopyExample(const ShallowCopyExample& other) : data_(other.data_), size_(other.size_) { // 错误：共享指针}// 正确的深拷贝构造函数ShallowCopyExample(const ShallowCopyExample& other, bool deepCopy) : size_(other.size_) {if (deepCopy) {data_ = new std::string(*other.data_); // 深拷贝：创建新字符串} else {data_ = other.data_; // 浅拷贝：共享字符串}}~ShallowCopyExample() {delete data_;}void display() const {std::cout << "数据: " << (data_ ? *data_ : "空") << ", 大小: " << size_ << std::endl;}
};// 正确的原型实现示例
class CorrectPrototype {
private:std::string name_;std::vector<std::string>* items_; // 需要深拷贝的指针成员public:CorrectPrototype(const std::string& name, const std::vector<std::string>& items) : name_(name) {items_ = new std::vector<std::string>(items); // 动态分配}// 拷贝构造函数 - 实现深拷贝CorrectPrototype(const CorrectPrototype& other) : name_(other.name_) {items_ = new std::vector<std::string>(*other.items_); // 深拷贝向量}// 克隆方法std::unique_ptr<CorrectPrototype> clone() const {return std::make_unique<CorrectPrototype>(*this); // 使用拷贝构造函数}~CorrectPrototype() {delete items_;}void addItem(const std::string& item) {items_->push_back(item);}void display() const {std::cout << "名称: " << name_ << ", 物品: ";for (const auto& item : *items_) {std::cout << item << " ";}std::cout << std::endl;}
};
招式二：原型注册表增强版
// 支持版本控制的原型管理器
class VersionedPrototypeManager {
private:std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Prototype>>> versionedPrototypes_;std::unordered_map<std::string, int> currentVersions_;public:void registerPrototype(const std::string& key, std::unique_ptr<Prototype> prototype, int version = 1) {if (versionedPrototypes_.find(key) == versionedPrototypes_.end()) {versionedPrototypes_[key] = std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Prototype>>();}// 确保有足够的空间if (versionedPrototypes_[key].size() < static_cast<size_t>(version)) {versionedPrototypes_[key].resize(version);}versionedPrototypes_[key][version - 1] = std::move(prototype);currentVersions_[key] = version;std::cout << "📝 注册原型 " << key << " 版本 " << version << std::endl;}std::unique_ptr<Prototype> clonePrototype(const std::string& key, int version = -1) {auto it = versionedPrototypes_.find(key);if (it != versionedPrototypes_.end()) {int ver = (version == -1) ? currentVersions_[key] : version;if (ver > 0 && ver <= static_cast<int>(it->second.size()) && it->second[ver - 1]) {return it->second[ver - 1]->clone();}}return nullptr;}// 升级原型版本void upgradePrototype(const std::string& key, std::unique_ptr<Prototype> newVersion) {int newVersionNumber = currentVersions_[key] + 1;registerPrototype(key, std::move(newVersion), newVersionNumber);std::cout << "⬆️ 升级原型 " << key << " 到版本 " << newVersionNumber << std::endl;}// 获取所有版本信息void displayVersionInfo(const std::string& key) const {auto it = versionedPrototypes_.find(key);if (it != versionedPrototypes_.end()) {std::cout << "\n📊 原型 " << key << " 的版本信息:" << std::endl;for (size_t i = 0; i < it->second.size(); ++i) {if (it->second[i]) {std::cout << "  版本 " << (i + 1) << ": " << it->second[i]->getType() << " (当前: " << ((i + 1) == static_cast<size_t>(currentVersions_.at(key)) ? "是" : "否") << ")" << std::endl;}}}}
};

完整测试代码

// 测试原型模式
void testPrototypePattern() {std::cout << "=== 原型模式测试开始 ===" << std::endl;// 测试基础原型功能std::cout << "\n--- 基础原型功能测试 ---" << std::endl;// 创建原始角色std::vector<std::string> skills = {"火球术", "治疗术", "传送"};auto originalMage = std::make_unique<GameCharacter>("大法师", "法师", 50, 200, 500, skills, "传说法杖");std::cout << "原始角色:" << std::endl;originalMage->display();// 克隆角色auto clonedMage = originalMage->clone();std::cout << "\n克隆后的角色:" << std::endl;if (clonedMage) {clonedMage->customize("克隆法师");clonedMage->setLevel(1);clonedMage->display();}// 测试原型管理器std::cout << "\n--- 原型管理器测试 ---" << std::endl;PrototypeManager manager;// 注册一些原型std::vector<std::string> warriorSkills = {"冲锋", "斩击",格挡"};manager.registerPrototype("basic_warrior", std::make_unique<GameCharacter>("基础战士", "战士", 1, 100, 30, warriorSkills, "铁剑"));std::vector<std::string> bowEnchantments = {"精准", "速射"};manager.registerPrototype("hunters_bow", std::make_unique<MagicWeapon>("猎人弓", "弓", 18, 5, "自然", bowEnchantments));// 显示所有原型manager.displayAllPrototypes();// 克隆多个对象std::cout << "\n--- 批量克隆测试 ---" << std::endl;auto warriorClones = manager.cloneMultiple("basic_warrior", 3);for (size_t i = 0; i < warriorClones.size(); ++i) {warriorClones[i]->customize("战士副本" + std::to_string(i + 1));warriorClones[i]->display();}// 测试高级原型系统std::cout << "\n--- 高级原型系统测试 ---" << std::endl;PrototypeFactory factory;factory.displayAvailablePrototypes();// 创建自定义角色auto customWarrior = factory.createCharacter("warrior", "我的战士");if (customWarrior) {customWarrior->setLevel(10);customWarrior->addSkill("狂暴");customWarrior->display();}// 创建怪物军团std::cout << "\n--- 怪物军团测试 ---" << std::endl;auto goblinArmy = factory.createMonsterArmy("goblin", 5);for (const auto& goblin : goblinArmy) {goblin->display();}// 测试版本控制原型管理器std::cout << "\n--- 版本控制原型测试 ---" << std::endl;VersionedPrototypeManager versionManager;// 注册不同版本的武器std::vector<std::string> v1Enchantments = {"基础锋利"};versionManager.registerPrototype("magic_sword", std::make_unique<MagicWeapon>("魔法剑v1", "剑", 20, 10, "无", v1Enchantments), 1);std::vector<std::string> v2Enchantments = {"高级锋利", "火焰"};versionManager.registerPrototype("magic_sword", std::make_unique<MagicWeapon>("魔法剑v2", "剑", 25, 15, "火", v2Enchantments), 2);// 显示版本信息versionManager.displayVersionInfo("magic_sword");// 克隆不同版本auto v1Sword = versionManager.clonePrototype("magic_sword", 1);auto v2Sword = versionManager.clonePrototype("magic_sword", 2);auto currentSword = versionManager.clonePrototype("magic_sword");std::cout << "\n版本1武器:" << std::endl;if (v1Sword) v1Sword->display();std::cout << "\n版本2武器:" << std::endl;if (v2Sword) v2Sword->display();std::cout << "\n当前版本武器:" << std::endl;if (currentSword) currentSword->display();std::cout << "\n=== 原型模式测试结束 ===" << std::endl;
}// 实战应用：游戏对象复制系统
class GameObjectDuplicationSystem {
private:AdvancedPrototypeManager manager_;public:GameObjectDuplicationSystem() {setupPrototypes();}void setupPrototypes() {// 设置各种游戏对象原型std::vector<std::string> npcDialogs = {"你好，旅行者！", "需要帮助吗？", "小心前方的怪物！"};// 在实际游戏中，这些原型可以从配置文件加载}// 快速生成游戏场景void generateGameScene(const std::string& sceneType) {std::cout << "\n🎬 生成游戏场景: " << sceneType << std::endl;if (sceneType == "forest") {generateForestScene();} else if (sceneType == "dungeon") {generateDungeonScene();} else if (sceneType == "town") {generateTownScene();}}private:void generateForestScene() {std::cout << "🌲 生成森林场景..." << std::endl;// 生成树木、动物、NPC等auto forestProps = manager_.cloneByCategory("forest_props");std::cout << "✅ 生成 " << forestProps.size() << " 个森林道具" << std::endl;}void generateDungeonScene() {std::cout << "🏰 生成地下城场景..." << std::endl;// 生成怪物、宝藏、陷阱等auto dungeonProps = manager_.cloneByCategory("dungeon_props");std::cout << "✅ 生成 " << dungeonProps.size() << " 个地下城道具" << std::endl;}void generateTownScene() {std::cout << "🏠 生成城镇场景..." << std::endl;// 生成NPC、建筑、商店等auto townProps = manager_.cloneByCategory("town_props");std::cout << "✅ 生成 " << townProps.size() << " 个城镇道具" << std::endl;}
};int main() {testPrototypePattern();// 运行游戏对象复制系统示例std::cout << "\n🎮 游戏对象复制系统示例：" << std::endl;GameObjectDuplicationSystem gameSystem;gameSystem.generateGameScene("forest");gameSystem.generateGameScene("dungeon");gameSystem.generateGameScene("town");return 0;
}

原型模式的武学心得

适用场景
  • 创建成本高昂：当直接创建对象的成本较高时（如需要从数据库加载数据）
  • 避免重复初始化：当需要避免重复执行初始化代码时
  • 动态运行时创建：需要在运行时动态创建对象，但又不希望依赖具体的类
  • 保存对象状态：当需要保存对象的状态，并在需要时恢复
  • 快速对象生成：需要快速生成大量相似对象时
优点
  • 性能提升：通过克隆避免重复的初始化过程
  • 简化创建：隐藏对象创建的复杂性
  • 动态性：可以在运行时动态添加或删除原型
  • 减少子类：不需要为每种对象类型创建子类
  • 状态保存：可以保存和恢复对象状态
缺点
  • 克隆复杂性：实现深拷贝可能比较复杂
  • 循环引用：对象之间存在循环引用时，克隆需要特别处理
  • 破坏封装：可能需要访问类的私有成员来实现克隆
  • 内存开销：需要维护原型对象，增加内存使用

武林高手的点评

Builder 赞叹道：“Prototype 兄的克隆大法确实精妙！在需要快速创建相似对象时，这种方法确实比我的逐步构建更加高效。”

Abstract Factory 也点头称赞：“Prototype 兄的方法在对象创建成本高昂时特别有用。我的抽象工厂需要知道所有产品类型，而原型模式可以在运行时动态添加新类型。”

Prototype 谦虚回应：“诸位过奖了。每个模式都有其适用场景。在需要快速创建相似对象且创建成本较高时，我的原型模式确实能发挥重要作用。但在需要精确控制构建过程时，Builder 兄的方法更加合适。”

下章预告

在Prototype展示完他的克隆大法后，Adapter 忙碌地走出，他身上挂着的各种转接头叮当作响。

“Prototype 兄的克隆确实高效，但在软件江湖中，我们常常需要让不兼容的接口能够协同工作。” Adapter 笑着说道，“下一章，我将展示如何通过适配器模式让原本接口不兼容的类能够一起工作！”

架构老人满意地点头：“善！接口的兼容确实是软件集成中的重要问题。下一章，就请 Adapter 展示他的转接艺术！”

欲知 Adapter 如何通过适配器模式解决接口不兼容问题，且听下回分解！

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