基于以太坊的Dao治理系统
前言
今天我们基于solidity实现一个链上治理系统(On-chain Governance System)
代码
在该系统中我们创建如下几个合约:
Box.sol
一个非常简单的存储合约。
有一个私有变量 value,只能通过 store() 来修改。
修改操作只允许 合约拥有者(Owner) 调用(onlyOwner)。
每次更新时会发出事件 ValueChanged(newValue)。
用户可以通过 retrieve() 读取当前存储的值。
👉 这个合约就是未来被 治理合约控制 的目标合约。
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;import {Ownable} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";contract Box is Ownable {uint256 private value;// Emitted when the stored value changesevent ValueChanged(uint256 newValue);// Stores a new value in the contractfunction store(uint256 newValue) public onlyOwner {value = newValue;emit ValueChanged(newValue);}// Reads the last stored valuefunction retrieve() public view returns (uint256) {return value;}
}
GovToken.sol
这是一个 治理代币(Governance Token),继承自 OpenZeppelin 的:
ERC20:标准代币功能(转账、余额)。
ERC20Permit:支持签名授权(EIP-2612,允许 gasless approve)。
ERC20Votes:允许投票、快照,支持链上治理。
提供 mint() 函数,可以给用户铸造治理代币。
👉 代币持有者用它来 投票 或 发起提案。
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;import {ERC20} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";
import {ERC20Permit} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/draft-ERC20Permit.sol";
import {ERC20Votes} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20Votes.sol";contract GovToken is ERC20, ERC20Permit, ERC20Votes {constructor() ERC20("MyToken", "MTK") ERC20Permit("MyToken") {}// The following functions are overrides required by Solidity.function mint(address to, uint256 amount) public {_mint(to, amount);}function _afterTokenTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 amount) internal override(ERC20, ERC20Votes) {super._afterTokenTransfer(from, to, amount);}function _mint(address to, uint256 amount) internal override(ERC20, ERC20Votes) {super._mint(to, amount);}function _burn(address account, uint256 amount) internal override(ERC20, ERC20Votes) {super._burn(account, amount);}
}
MyGovernor.sol
这是治理的核心合约,继承了多个 OpenZeppelin 的模块:
Governor:治理主逻辑(提案、投票、执行)。
GovernorSettings:治理参数设置,比如投票延迟、投票周期、提案门槛。
GovernorCountingSimple:投票计票方式(支持 For / Against / Abstain)。
GovernorVotes:让治理合约与 GovToken 关联。
GovernorVotesQuorumFraction:规定法定人数(投票门槛,比如总票数的 4%)。
GovernorTimelockControl:与 Timelock 结合,确保提案延迟执行。
主要参数:
votingDelay = 1:提案创建后要等待 1 个区块才可投票。
votingPeriod = 50400:大约 1 周的投票时间(假设 12s 区块时间)。
quorum = 4%:投票必须至少达到代币供应量的 4% 才有效。
它把 投票、计票、提案执行 全都整合在一起。
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;import {Governor} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/Governor.sol";
import {GovernorSettings} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/extensions/GovernorSettings.sol";
import {GovernorCountingSimple} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/extensions/GovernorCountingSimple.sol";
import {GovernorVotes} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/extensions/GovernorVotes.sol";
import {GovernorVotesQuorumFraction} from"@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/extensions/GovernorVotesQuorumFraction.sol";
import {GovernorTimelockControl} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/extensions/GovernorTimelockControl.sol";
import {TimelockController} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/TimelockController.sol";import {IVotes} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/utils/IVotes.sol";
import {IGovernor} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/IGovernor.sol";contract MyGovernor isGovernor,GovernorSettings,GovernorCountingSimple,GovernorVotes,GovernorVotesQuorumFraction,GovernorTimelockControl
{constructor(IVotes _token, TimelockController _timelock)Governor("MyGovernor")GovernorSettings(1, /* 1 block */ 50400, /* 1 week */ 0)GovernorVotes(_token)GovernorVotesQuorumFraction(4)GovernorTimelockControl(_timelock){}// The following functions are overrides required by Solidity.function votingDelay() public view override(IGovernor, GovernorSettings) returns (uint256) {return super.votingDelay();}function votingPeriod() public view override(IGovernor, GovernorSettings) returns (uint256) {return super.votingPeriod();}function quorum(uint256 blockNumber)publicviewoverride(IGovernor, GovernorVotesQuorumFraction)returns (uint256){return super.quorum(blockNumber);}function state(uint256 proposalId)publicviewoverride(Governor, GovernorTimelockControl)returns (ProposalState){return super.state(proposalId);}function propose(address[] memory targets,uint256[] memory values,bytes[] memory calldatas,string memory description) public override(Governor, IGovernor) returns (uint256) {return super.propose(targets, values, calldatas, description);}function proposalThreshold() public view override(Governor, GovernorSettings) returns (uint256) {return super.proposalThreshold();}function _execute(uint256 proposalId,address[] memory targets,uint256[] memory values,bytes[] memory calldatas,bytes32 descriptionHash) internal override(Governor, GovernorTimelockControl) {super._execute(proposalId, targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);}function _cancel(address[] memory targets,uint256[] memory values,bytes[] memory calldatas,bytes32 descriptionHash) internal override(Governor, GovernorTimelockControl) returns (uint256) {return super._cancel(targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);}function _executor() internal view override(Governor, GovernorTimelockControl) returns (address) {return super._executor();}function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId)publicviewoverride(Governor, GovernorTimelockControl)returns (bool){return super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);}
}
TimeLock.sol
用来延迟执行治理提案的合约。
参数:
minDelay:延迟时间,必须等到时间过去后提案才能执行。
proposers:哪些地址能发起提案(一般是 Governor 合约)。
executors:哪些地址能执行提案(可以是任何人,或者也限定 Governor)。
👉 Timelock的好处是避免治理攻击,比如有人瞬间提出提案并立即执行(没有给别人反应时间)。
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;import {TimelockController} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/TimelockController.sol";contract TimeLock is TimelockController {// minDelay is how long you have to wait before executing// proposers is the list of addresses that can propose// executors is the list of addresses that can executeconstructor(uint256 minDelay, address[] memory proposers, address[] memory executors)TimelockController(minDelay, proposers, executors, msg.sender){}
}
流程
假设用户有 100 个 GovToken → 代表你有 100 票。
用户发起一个提案:“调用 Box.store(42)”。
大家投票,提案通过。
提案进入 TimeLock,等待 1 小时。
TimeLock 执行提案 → Box.store(42) 被调用 → Box 的值更新为 42。
测试
我们通过foundry实现测试类验证流程是否正确
setUp 函数:环境搭建
function setUp() public {token = new GovToken();token.mint(VOTER, 100e18);vm.prank(VOTER);token.delegate(VOTER);
部署治理代币 GovToken 并给地址 VOTER 铸造 100 代币。
delegate → 投票权必须委托,哪怕委托给自己,否则不能投票。
timelock = new TimeLock(MIN_DELAY, proposers, executors);
governor = new MyGovernor(token, timelock);
部署时间锁 TimeLock(延迟执行治理决议)。
部署治理合约 MyGovernor。
timelock.grantRole(proposerRole, address(governor));
timelock.grantRole(executorRole, address(0));
timelock.revokeRole(adminRole, address(this));
governor 才能提出治理提案(PROPOSER_ROLE)。
executorRole = address(0) → 任何人都可以执行提案。
测试合约自己放弃 adminRole,防止作弊。
box = new Box();
box.transferOwnership(address(timelock));
部署 Box,并把它的 owner 设置为 timelock。
👉 这保证了只有治理流程批准的提案才能更新 Box。
testCantUpdateBoxWithoutGovernance 测试
vm.expectRevert();
box.store(1);
直接调用 Box.store(1) 会报错,因为 Box 的 owner 已经是 TimeLock,外部不能直接改。
testGovernanceUpdatesBox:完整治理流程
这是最核心的部分,模拟一次完整的治理提案。
1️⃣ 提案
uint256 valueToStore = 777;
string memory description = "Store 1 in Box";
bytes memory encodedFunctionCall = abi.encodeWithSignature("store(uint256)", valueToStore);
addressesToCall.push(address(box));
values.push(0);
functionCalls.push(encodedFunctionCall);uint256 proposalId = governor.propose(addressesToCall, values, functionCalls, description);
构造一个提案:调用 Box.store(777)。
governor.propose(…) 创建提案,返回一个 proposalId。
console2.log(“Proposal State:”, uint256(governor.state(proposalId))); // Pending, 0
提案状态一开始是 Pending (0)。
2️⃣ 投票
vm.warp(block.timestamp + VOTING_DELAY + 1);
vm.roll(block.number + VOTING_DELAY + 1);console2.log("Proposal State:", uint256(governor.state(proposalId))); // Active, 1
时间和区块推进,提案进入 Active (1) 状态,可以投票。
uint8 voteWay = 1; // 1 = For
vm.prank(VOTER);
governor.castVoteWithReason(proposalId, voteWay, "I like a do da cha cha");
VOTER 投票支持提案,并写入理由。
vm.warp(block.timestamp + VOTING_PERIOD + 1);
vm.roll(block.number + VOTING_PERIOD + 1);console2.log("Proposal State:", uint256(governor.state(proposalId))); // Succeeded, 4
等待投票结束 → 提案通过,状态变为 Succeeded (4)。
3️⃣ 排队(Queue)
bytes32 descriptionHash = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(description));
governor.queue(addressesToCall, values, functionCalls, descriptionHash);vm.roll(block.number + MIN_DELAY + 1);
vm.warp(block.timestamp + MIN_DELAY + 1);console2.log("Proposal State:", uint256(governor.state(proposalId))); // Queued, 5
提案进入 时间锁,状态变为 Queued (5)。
必须等 MIN_DELAY(这里是 1 小时)后才能执行。
4️⃣ 执行(Execute)
governor.execute(addressesToCall, values, functionCalls, descriptionHash);console2.log("Proposal State:", uint256(governor.state(proposalId))); // Executed, 7
assertEq(uint256(governor.state(proposalId)), 7);
assert(box.retrieve() == valueToStore);
最终执行提案,调用 Box.store(777)。
提案状态变为 Executed (7)。
断言 Box.retrieve() == 777,测试通过。
源码
https://github.com/Cyfrin/foundry-dao-cu