Cherno OpenGL 教程

OpenGL工作原理

• OpenGL工作原理：我们为显卡提供数据，在显卡上存储一些内存，它包含了我们想要绘制的所有数据。然后使用一个着色器，一个在显卡上执行的程序来读取数据，并且完全显示在屏幕上。
• 通常我们画几何图形的方式就是使用一个顶点缓冲区，这基本上是存储在显卡上的内存缓冲区。所以，当对着着色器编程时，实际上是从读取顶点缓冲区开始的，它需要知道缓冲区的布局。这个缓冲区实际上包含的就是一堆浮点数，它们指定了每个顶点的位置，也有纹理坐标，法线等。所以我们需要告诉GPU，内存中是什么，是如何布局的。
• 从着色器的角度来说，你也需要匹配你在CPU端的布局。

设置OpenGL和在C++中创建一个窗口

网站 ：docs.GL

#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>int main(void)
{GLFWwindow* window;/* Initialize the library */if (!glfwInit())return -1;/* Create a windowed mode window and its OpenGL context */window = glfwCreateWindow(640, 480, "Hello World", NULL, NULL);if (!window){glfwTerminate();return -1;}/* Make the window's context current */glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);/* Loop until the user closes the window */while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)){/* Render here */glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);glVertex2f(-0.5f, -0.5f);glVertex2f(0.0f, 0.5f);glVertex2f(0.5f, -0.5f);glEnd();/* Swap front and back buffers */glfwSwapBuffers(window);/* Poll for and process events */glfwPollEvents();}glfwTerminate();return 0;
}

在C++中使用现代OpenGL

#include <GL/glew.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>int main(void)
{GLFWwindow* window;/* Initialize the library */if (!glfwInit())return -1;/* Create a windowed mode window and its OpenGL context */window = glfwCreateWindow(640, 480, "Hello World", NULL, NULL);if (!window){glfwTerminate();return -1;}/* Make the window's context current */glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK) {std::cout << "Error!" << std::endl;}/* Loop until the user closes the window */while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)){/* Render here */glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);glVertex2f(-0.5f, -0.5f);glVertex2f(0.0f, 0.5f);glVertex2f(0.5f, -0.5f);glEnd();/* Swap front and back buffers */glfwSwapBuffers(window);/* Poll for and process events */glfwPollEvents();}glfwTerminate();return 0;
}

顶点缓冲区和在现代OpenGL中画一个三角形

• 顶点缓冲区 ： OpenGL中的内存缓冲区，它实际上是在显卡上，在VRAM（显存）中，Video RAM。
• 顶点缓冲区的家在显存（VRAM） 中。但它是由CPU在系统内存（RAM） 中“生”出来，然后通过“快递”（PCIe总线）送过去的。而CPU/GPU缓存就像是“临时工作台”，数据在被处理时才会放在上面。
• 着色器 ： 着色器是一个运行在显卡上的程序，是我们可以编写的可以在显卡上运行的代码，它可以在显存上以一种非常特殊又非常强大的方式运行。
• 状态机（state machine）： OpenGL的本质是状态机，不同于函数调用，它已经知道了状态的所有可能。
• OpenGL工作原理：创建顶点缓冲区（包含顶点数据，放入一个缓冲区，传到OpenGL的VRAM），然后发出一个 DrawCall 指令，让GPU根据缓冲区画出图形。
• 唯一标识符 ： 在OpenGL中生成的所有东西都会被分配一个唯一标识符——整数，不管是顶点缓冲区，顶点数组，纹理，着色器或其他。0通常是一种无效状态，但不都是。
• glBufferData usage属性：
  • STREAM：它被修改一次，并且只能使用几次
  • STATIC：数据存储内容将被修改一次，并且可以使用多次
  • DYNAMIC： 数据存储的内容会被反复修改，并且多次使用

#include <GL/glew.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>int main(void)
{GLFWwindow* window;/* Initialize the library */if (!glfwInit())return -1;/* Create a windowed mode window and its OpenGL context */window = glfwCreateWindow(640, 480, "Hello World", NULL, NULL);if (!window){glfwTerminate();return -1;}/* Make the window's context current */glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK) {std::cout << "Error!" << std::endl;}float positions[6] = {-0.5f, -0.5f,0.0f,  0.5f,0.5f, -0.5f};// create vertex bufferunsigned int buffer;glGenBuffers(1, &buffer);glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer);glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(positions),positions,GL_STATIC_DRAW);/* Loop until the user closes the window */while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)){/* Render here */glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);/* Swap front and back buffers */glfwSwapBuffers(window);/* Poll for and process events */glfwPollEvents();}glfwTerminate();return 0;
}

在OpenGL中顶点的属性和布局

• glVertexAttribPointer

parameter	meaning	addition
index	需要再次修改的共享信息顶点属性（位置、颜色、纹理坐标、法线等）的索引	着色器读取所有这些的方式就是通过索引， 它是缓冲区中实际属性的索引
size	计数	只能是1，2，3，4，它是提供的浮点数的数量
type	数据类型
normalized	标准化	假设我们要指定一个字节在0255之间，它需要被规范化到0-1之间，在我们实际着色器中作为浮点数
stride	连续通用顶点属性之间的字节偏移量	每个顶点之间的字节数
pointer	指向实际属性的指针	int类型

• glEnableVertexAttribArray(int pointer)：启动pointer号指针

#include <GL/glew.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>int main(void)
{GLFWwindow* window;/* Initialize the library */if (!glfwInit())return -1;/* Create a windowed mode window and its OpenGL context */window = glfwCreateWindow(640, 480, "Hello World", NULL, NULL);if (!window){glfwTerminate();return -1;}/* Make the window's context current */glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK) {std::cout << "Error!" << std::endl;}float positions[6] = {-0.5f, -0.5f,0.0f,  0.5f,0.5f, -0.5f};// create vertex bufferunsigned int buffer;glGenBuffers(1, &buffer);glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer);glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(positions),positions,GL_STATIC_DRAW);glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 2 * sizeof(float), 0);glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);/* Loop until the user closes the window */while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)){/* Render here */glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);/* Swap front and back buffers */glfwSwapBuffers(window);/* Poll for and process events */glfwPollEvents();}glfwTerminate();return 0;
}

着色器

在OpenGL中着色器的原理

• 着色器：它是我们可以在计算机上以文本/字符串形式编写的代码，然后给OpenGL，就可以把它发送到显卡上，像编译链接运行其他程序一样编译、链接和运行。
• 着色器的本质：对GPU编程，告诉GPU如何处理我们发送的数据。
• 分类：顶点着色器（vertex shaders）和片段着色器（fragment shaders，像素着色器pixel shaders）等
• 着色器运行过程：顶点着色器和片段着色器是顺着管道的两种不同的着色器类型。当我们真正发出DrawCall指令时，顶点着色器会被调用，然后片段着色器会被调用，然后我们会在屏幕上看到结果。
• 顶点着色器：尝试渲染每个顶点调用，每个顶点会调用一次顶点着色器。顶点着色器主要决定顶点在什么位置。
• 片段着色器：会为每个需要光栅化的像素运行一次。光栅化实际上是画在屏幕上的，类似于给区域填色。它会对需要填充的每个像素调用一次，主要决定这个像素是什么颜色。

在OpenGL中写一个着色器

#version 330 core
//means we’re going to use GLSL

在OpenGL中我是如何处理着色器的

• "Basic.shader“

#shader vertex
#version 330 corelayout(location = 0) in vec4 position;    void main()
{gl_Position = position;
};#shader fragment
#version 330 core //means we're going to use GLSLlayout(location = 0) out vec4 color;    void main()
{color = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
};

• “Application.cpp"

#include <GL/glew.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>struct ShaderProgramSource {std::string VertexSource;std::string FragmentSource;
};static ShaderProgramSource ParseShader(const std::string& filepath) {std::ifstream stream(filepath);enum class ShaderType {NONE = -1,VERTEX = 0,FRAGMENT = 1};std::string line;std::stringstream ss[2];ShaderType type = ShaderType::NONE;while (getline(stream, line)) {if (line.find("# shader") != std::string::npos) {if (line.find("vertex") != std::string::npos) {// set mode to vertextype = ShaderType::VERTEX;}else if (line.find("fragment") != std::string::npos) {// set mode to fragmenttype = ShaderType::FRAGMENT;}}else {ss[(int)type] << line << '\n';}}return { ss[0].str(), ss[1].str() };
}static unsigned int CompileShader(unsigned int type, const std::string& source) {unsigned int id = glCreateShader(type);// 因为OpenGL是C库，需要以NULL结尾的char数组const char* src = source.c_str(); //&source[0]glShaderSource(id, 1, &src, nullptr);glCompileShader(id);// TODO : Error handingint result;glGetShaderiv(id, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &result);if (result == GL_FALSE) {int length;glGetShaderiv(id, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);char* message = (char*)alloca(length * sizeof(char)); // alloca allocate on stack dynamicallyglGetShaderInfoLog(id, length, &length, message);std::cout << "Failed to compile " << (type == GL_VERTEX_SHADER ? "vertex" : "fragment")<< "shader !" << std::endl << message << std::endl;glDeleteShader(id);return 0;}return id;
}static int CreateShader(const std::string& vertexShader, const std::string& fragmentShader) {// create a programunsigned int program = glCreateProgram();// create vertex shader & fragment shaderunsigned int vs = CompileShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vertexShader);unsigned int fs = CompileShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, fragmentShader);// link the shaders to one program to useglAttachShader(program, vs);glAttachShader(program, fs);glLinkProgram(program);glValidateProgram(program);// delete the intermediates because the shaders have already been linked into a programglDeleteShader(vs);glDeleteShader(fs);return program;
}int main(void)
{GLFWwindow* window;/* Initialize the library */if (!glfwInit())return -1;/* Create a windowed mode window and its OpenGL context */window = glfwCreateWindow(640, 480, "Hello World", NULL, NULL);if (!window){glfwTerminate();return -1;}/* Make the window's context current */glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK) {std::cout << "Error!" << std::endl;}float positions[] = {-0.5f, -0.5f,0.5f, -0.5f,0.5f,  0.5f,-0.5f,  0.5f,};unsigned int indices[] = {0, 1, 2,2, 3, 0};// create vertex bufferunsigned int buffer;glGenBuffers(1, &buffer);glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer);glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(positions), positions, GL_STATIC_DRAW);glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 2 * sizeof(float), 0);// glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);// create index bufferunsigned int ibo;   // index buffer objectglGenBuffers(1, &ibo);glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ibo);glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);ShaderProgramSource source = ParseShader("res/shaders/Basic.shader");std::string vertexShader = source.VertexSource;std::string fragmentShader = source.FragmentSource;unsigned int shader = CreateShader(vertexShader, fragmentShader);glUseProgram(shader);/* Loop until the user closes the window */while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)){/* Render here */glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);// glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, nullptr);/* Swap front and back buffers */glfwSwapBuffers(window);/* Poll for and process events */glfwPollEvents();}glfwTerminate();return 0;
}

在OpenGL中的索引缓冲区

#include <GL/glew.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>struct ShaderProgramSource {std::string VertexSource;std::string FragmentSource;
};static ShaderProgramSource ParseShader(const std::string& filepath) {std::ifstream stream(filepath);enum class ShaderType {NONE = -1,VERTEX = 0,FRAGMENT = 1};std::string line;std::stringstream ss[2];ShaderType type = ShaderType::NONE;while (getline(stream, line)) {if (line.find("# shader") != std::string::npos) {if (line.find("vertex") != std::string::npos) {// set mode to vertextype = ShaderType::VERTEX;}else if (line.find("fragment") != std::string::npos) {// set mode to fragmenttype = ShaderType::FRAGMENT;}}else {ss[(int)type] << line << '\n';}}return { ss[0].str(), ss[1].str() };
}static unsigned int CompileShader(unsigned int type, const std::string& source) {unsigned int id = glCreateShader(type);// 因为OpenGL是C库，需要以NULL结尾的char数组const char* src = source.c_str(); //&source[0]glShaderSource(id, 1, &src, nullptr);glCompileShader(id);// TODO : Error handingint result;glGetShaderiv(id, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &result);if (result == GL_FALSE) {int length;glGetShaderiv(id, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);char* message = (char*)alloca(length * sizeof(char)); // alloca allocate on stack dynamicallyglGetShaderInfoLog(id, length, &length, message);std::cout << "Failed to compile " << (type == GL_VERTEX_SHADER ? "vertex" : "fragment")<< "shader !" << std::endl << message << std::endl;glDeleteShader(id);return 0;}return id;
}static int CreateShader(const std::string& vertexShader, const std::string& fragmentShader) {// create a programunsigned int program = glCreateProgram();// create vertex shader & fragment shaderunsigned int vs = CompileShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vertexShader);unsigned int fs = CompileShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, fragmentShader);// link the shaders to one program to useglAttachShader(program, vs);glAttachShader(program, fs);glLinkProgram(program);glValidateProgram(program);// delete the intermediates because the shaders have already been linked into a programglDeleteShader(vs);glDeleteShader(fs);return program;
}int main(void)
{GLFWwindow* window;/* Initialize the library */if (!glfwInit())return -1;/* Create a windowed mode window and its OpenGL context */window = glfwCreateWindow(640, 480, "Hello World", NULL, NULL);if (!window){glfwTerminate();return -1;}/* Make the window's context current */glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK) {std::cout << "Error!" << std::endl;}float positions[] = {-0.5f, -0.5f,0.5f, -0.5f,0.5f,  0.5f,-0.5f,  0.5f,};unsigned int indices[] = {0, 1, 2,2, 3, 0};// create vertex bufferunsigned int buffer;glGenBuffers(1, &buffer);glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer);glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(positions), positions, GL_STATIC_DRAW);glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 2 * sizeof(float), 0);// glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);// create index bufferunsigned int ibo;   // index buffer objectglGenBuffers(1, &ibo);glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ibo);glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);ShaderProgramSource source = ParseShader("res/shaders/Basic.shader");std::string vertexShader = source.VertexSource;std::string fragmentShader = source.FragmentSource;unsigned int shader = CreateShader(vertexShader, fragmentShader);glUseProgram(shader);/* Loop until the user closes the window */while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)){/* Render here */glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);// glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, nullptr);/* Swap front and back buffers */glfwSwapBuffers(window);/* Poll for and process events */glfwPollEvents();}glfwTerminate();return 0;
}

在OpenGL中处理错误

• glGetError
• glDebugMessageCallback
• 步骤：先清除其他error，再在可能出bug的语句下面输出error。

static void GLClearError() {while (!glGetError());
}static void GLCheckError() {while (GLenum error = glGetError()) {std::cout << "[OpenGL Error](" << error << ")" << std::endl;}
}

    /* Loop until the user closes the window */while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)){/* Render here */glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);// glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);GLClearError();// glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, nullptr);glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_INT, nullptr); //errorGLCheckError();/* Swap front and back buffers */glfwSwapBuffers(window);/* Poll for and process events */glfwPollEvents();}

• 使用 assert 和 宏

//__表示它是编译器本身的函数（MSVC特有的，在gcc等其他编译器上无效
#define ASSERT(x) if (!x) __debugbreak();   
// #表示将其转换为字符串
#define GLCall(x) GLClearError();\x;\ASSERT(GLLogCall(#x, __FILE__, __LINE__));static void GLClearError() {while (!glGetError());
}static bool GLLogCall(const char* function, const char* file, int line) {while (GLenum error = glGetError()) {std::cout << "[OpenGL Error](" << error << "): " <<function << " " << file << ":" << line << std::endl;return false;}return true;
}

GLCall(glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_INT, nullptr));

OpenGL中的统一变量（uniforms）

• 统一变量：一种实际上从CPU端获取数据到显存方式
• 属性和统一变量是两种获取从CPU到显卡绘制的对象数据的两种主要方式
• glUniformnm：n 表示几个数字，m 表示数字的类型。例如glUniform4f
• 步骤：
  • 通过实际的着色器 id 编写 glUseProgram 来绑定着色器，获取这个实际颜色变量的位置。得到这个位置时，用这个位置整数和值调用 glUniform，这样就可以在着色器中设置我的数据。
  • 而在着色器中，所作的是通过输入 uniform 关键字以及类型和名称来创建统一变量，就像创建其他变量一样，只是实际我是用统一变量来写输出颜色。如果一切顺利，我应该将这个颜色值写入我的实际输出颜色。
• “Basic.shader”

#shader vertex
#version 330 corelayout(location = 0) in vec4 position;    void main()
{gl_Position = position;
};#shader fragment
#version 330 core layout(location = 0) out vec4 color;    uniform vec4 u_Color;void main()
{color = u_Color;
};

• “Application.cpp”

#include <GL/glew.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>//__表示它是编译器本身的函数（MSVC特有的，在gcc等其他编译器上无效
#define ASSERT(x) if (!x) __debugbreak();
// #表示将其转换为字符串
#define GLCall(x) GLClearError();\x;\ASSERT(GLLogCall(#x, __FILE__, __LINE__))static void GLClearError() {while (!glGetError());
}static bool GLLogCall(const char* function, const char* file, int line) {while (GLenum error = glGetError()) {std::cout << "[OpenGL Error](" << error << "): " <<function << " " << file << ":" << line << std::endl;return false;}return true;
}struct ShaderProgramSource {std::string VertexSource;std::string FragmentSource;
};static ShaderProgramSource ParseShader(const std::string& filepath) {std::ifstream stream(filepath);enum class ShaderType {NONE = -1,VERTEX = 0,FRAGMENT = 1};std::string line;std::stringstream ss[2];ShaderType type = ShaderType::NONE;while (getline(stream, line)) {if (line.find("#shader") != std::string::npos) {if (line.find("vertex") != std::string::npos) {// set mode to vertextype = ShaderType::VERTEX;}else if (line.find("fragment") != std::string::npos) {// set mode to fragmenttype = ShaderType::FRAGMENT;}}else {ss[(int)type] << line << '\n';}}return { ss[0].str(), ss[1].str() };
}static unsigned int CompileShader(unsigned int type, const std::string& source) {unsigned int id = glCreateShader(type);// 因为OpenGL是C库，需要以NULL结尾的char数组const char* src = source.c_str(); //&source[0]glShaderSource(id, 1, &src, nullptr);glCompileShader(id);// TODO : Error handingint result;glGetShaderiv(id, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &result);if (result == GL_FALSE) {int length;glGetShaderiv(id, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);char* message = (char*)alloca(length * sizeof(char)); // alloca allocate on stack dynamicallyglGetShaderInfoLog(id, length, &length, message);std::cout << "Failed to compile " << (type == GL_VERTEX_SHADER ? "vertex" : "fragment")<< "shader !" << std::endl << message << std::endl;glDeleteShader(id);return 0;}return id;
}static int CreateShader(const std::string& vertexShader, const std::string& fragmentShader) {// create a programunsigned int program = glCreateProgram();// create vertex shader & fragment shaderunsigned int vs = CompileShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vertexShader);unsigned int fs = CompileShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, fragmentShader);// link the shaders to one program to useglAttachShader(program, vs);glAttachShader(program, fs);glLinkProgram(program);glValidateProgram(program);// delete the intermediates because the shaders have already been linked into a programglDeleteShader(vs);glDeleteShader(fs);return program;
}int main(void)
{GLFWwindow* window;/* Initialize the library */if (!glfwInit())return -1;/* Create a windowed mode window and its OpenGL context */window = glfwCreateWindow(640, 480, "Hello World", NULL, NULL);if (!window){glfwTerminate();return -1;}/* Make the window's context current */glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);glfwSwapInterval(1);if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK) {std::cout << "Error!" << std::endl;}float positions[] = {-0.5f, -0.5f,0.5f, -0.5f,0.5f,  0.5f,-0.5f,  0.5f,};unsigned int indices[] = {0, 1, 2,2, 3, 0};// create vertex bufferunsigned int buffer;glGenBuffers(1, &buffer);glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer);glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(positions), positions, GL_STATIC_DRAW);glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 2 * sizeof(float), 0);// glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);// create index bufferunsigned int ibo;   // index buffer objectglGenBuffers(1, &ibo);glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ibo);glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);ShaderProgramSource source = ParseShader("res/shaders/Basic.shader");std::string vertexShader = source.VertexSource;std::string fragmentShader = source.FragmentSource;unsigned int shader = CreateShader(vertexShader, fragmentShader);glUseProgram(shader);   //在这一步必须有一个实际绑定的着色器int location = glGetUniformLocation(shader, "u_Color");ASSERT(location != -1);glUniform4f(location, 0.8f, 0.3f, 0.8f, 1.0f);  //将代码从着色器移到了C++中float r = 0.0f;float increment = 0.05f;/* Loop until the user closes the window */while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)){/* Render here */glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);// glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);glUniform4f(location, r, 0.3f, 0.8f, 1.0f);GLCall(glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, nullptr));//GLCall(glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_INT, nullptr));if (r > 1.0f) {increment = -0.05f;}else if (r < 0.0f){increment = 0.05f;}r += increment;/* Swap front and back buffers */glfwSwapBuffers(window);/* Poll for and process events */glfwPollEvents();}glfwTerminate();return 0;
}

OpenGL中的顶点数组

抽象顶点索引缓冲区成类

OpenGL中的缓冲区和布局的抽象

在OpenGL中抽象着色器

在OpenGL中写一个基础的渲染器类

在OpenGL中的纹理

在OpenGL中的混合