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SQL Server 常用运维命令整理

news 2025/8/13 7:19:24

SQL Server 常用运维命令整理

一、基础信息查询类

版本信息

SELECT @@VERSION;  -- 基础版本号
SELECT SERVERPROPERTY('Edition') AS Edition,  -- 企业版/标准版等SERVERPROPERTY('Collation') AS Collation,  -- 数据库字符集SERVERPROPERTY('ServerName') AS ServerName;  -- 实例名

系统状态监控

-- 当前连接数
SELECT COUNT(*) AS [ConnectionCount] FROM sys.dm_exec_connections;-- 磁盘空间使用（需执行存储过程）
EXEC master.dbo.xp_fixeddrives;  -- 各盘符剩余空间(GB)
EXEC sp_spaceused;  -- 当前数据库大小及剩余空间-- 日志文件利用率
DBCC SQLPERF(LOGSPACE);  -- 查看各数据库日志空间占比

性能关键指标

-- CPU占用TOP会话
SELECT TOP 10 spid, cmd, cpu, physical_io, memusage,(SELECT TOP 1 [text] FROM ::fn_get_sql(sql_handle)) AS sql_text
FROM master..sysprocesses
ORDER BY cpu DESC, physical_io DESC;-- 缓存查询分析（内存占用高但使用率低的查询）
SELECT TOP 100 usecounts, objtype, size_in_bytes/1024.0 AS Size_KB,[sql].[text] AS QueryText
FROM sys.dm_exec_cached_plans p
OUTER APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(p.plan_handle) sql
ORDER BY usecounts, size_in_bytes DESC;

二、阻塞与锁管理

阻塞链诊断

-- 阻塞进程树（需结合两个视图）
SELECT t1.resource_type, t1.request_mode, t1.request_session_id AS BlockingSPID,t2.blocking_session_id AS VictimSPID,DB_NAME(t1.resource_database_id) AS DatabaseName
FROM sys.dm_tran_locks t1
INNER JOIN sys.dm_os_waiting_tasks t2 ON t1.lock_owner_address = t2.resource_address
WHERE t1.request_session_id <> @@SPID;-- 查看阻塞进程的SQL文本
EXEC sp_who2 142;  -- 替换142为实际SPID
DBCC INPUTBUFFER(142);  -- 获取阻塞进程正在执行的SQL

锁冲突解决

-- 强制终止阻塞进程（谨慎使用）
KILL 142;  -- 替换142为实际SPID

三、数据库维护操作

备份与恢复

-- 完整数据库备份
BACKUP DATABASE [AdventureWorks] 
TO DISK = 'D:\Backup\AdventureWorks_Full.bak' 
WITH COMPRESSION, STATS = 10;-- 差异备份
BACKUP DATABASE [AdventureWorks] 
TO DISK = 'D:\Backup\AdventureWorks_Diff.bak' 
WITH DIFFERENTIAL, COMPRESSION;-- 时间点恢复（需结合事务日志备份）
RESTORE DATABASE [AdventureWorks] 
FROM DISK = 'D:\Backup\AdventureWorks_Full.bak' 
WITH NORECOVERY, REPLACE;RESTORE LOG [AdventureWorks] 
FROM DISK = 'D:\Backup\AdventureWorks_Log.trn' 
WITH STOPAT = '2025-08-12 14:00:00', RECOVERY;

索引维护

-- 重建碎片化索引（碎片率>30%）
ALTER INDEX [IX_Orders_OrderDate] ON [Sales].[Orders] REBUILD;-- 重组轻度碎片化索引（碎片率10-30%）
ALTER INDEX [IX_Customers_Name] ON [Sales].[Customers] REORGANIZE;-- 查看索引碎片率
SELECT OBJECT_NAME(i.object_id) AS TableName,i.name AS IndexName,s.avg_fragmentation_in_percent AS Fragmentation
FROM sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats(DB_ID(), NULL, NULL, NULL, 'SAMPLED') s
JOIN sys.indexes i ON s.object_id = i.object_id AND s.index_id = i.index_id
WHERE s.avg_fragmentation_in_percent > 10
ORDER BY Fragmentation DESC;

统计信息更新

-- 自动更新所有统计信息（适用于数据量大的表）
UPDATE STATISTICS [Sales].[Orders] WITH FULLSCAN;-- 增量更新（适用于数据变化较少的表）
UPDATE STATISTICS [Production].[Products] WITH SAMPLE 20 PERCENT;

四、高级诊断命令

执行计划分析

-- 获取当前运行的查询计划
SELECT r.session_id, r.status, r.command,DB_NAME(r.database_id) AS DatabaseName,qt.text AS QueryText,qp.query_plan AS ExecutionPlanXML
FROM sys.dm_exec_requests r
CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(r.sql_handle) qt
CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_query_plan(r.plan_handle) qp
WHERE r.session_id > 50;  -- 排除系统进程

长时间运行事务监控

-- 识别运行超过1小时的事务
SELECT t.transaction_id,DB_NAME(t.database_id) AS DatabaseName,t.transaction_begin_time,DATEDIFF(MINUTE, t.transaction_begin_time, GETDATE()) AS Duration_Minutes,at.transaction_description
FROM sys.dm_tran_active_transactions t
LEFT JOIN sys.dm_tran_database_transactions dt ON t.transaction_id = dt.transaction_id
LEFT JOIN sys.dm_tran_session_transactions st ON t.transaction_id = st.transaction_id
LEFT JOIN sys.dm_exec_sessions s ON st.session_id = s.session_id
LEFT JOIN sys.dm_tran_locks l ON t.transaction_id = l.request_owner_id
LEFT JOIN sys.allocation_units au ON l.resource_associated_entity_id = au.allocation_unit_id
LEFT JOIN sys.partitions p ON au.container_id = p.hobt_id
LEFT JOIN sys.dm_tran_commit_table at ON t.transaction_id = at.transaction_id
WHERE DATEDIFF(MINUTE, t.transaction_begin_time, GETDATE()) > 60
ORDER BY Duration_Minutes DESC;

五、自动化运维脚本示例

自动收缩日志文件

-- 自动收缩日志文件到1GB（需在业务低峰期执行）
DECLARE @dbname NVARCHAR(128) = 'AdventureWorks';
DECLARE @logfilename NVARCHAR(128);SELECT @logfilename = name 
FROM sys.master_files 
WHERE database_id = DB_ID(@dbname) AND type_desc = 'LOG';IF @logfilename IS NOT NULL
BEGINDBCC SHRINKFILE(@logfilename, 1024);  -- 收缩到1GBPRINT '日志文件收缩完成';
END
ELSE
BEGINPRINT '未找到日志文件';
END

定期维护计划模板

-- 每周日凌晨2点执行完整维护
USE msdb;
GOEXEC dbo.sp_add_job@job_name = N'Weekly Maintenance';EXEC sp_add_jobstep@job_name = N'Weekly Maintenance',@step_name = N'Update Statistics',@subsystem = N'TSQL',@command = N'EXEC sp_msforeachtable ''UPDATE STATISTICS ? WITH FULLSCAN''',@database_name = N'master';EXEC sp_add_schedule@schedule_name = N'Sunday 2AM',@freq_type = 8,  -- 每周@freq_interval = 1,  -- 周日@active_start_time = 020000;  -- 02:00:00EXEC sp_attach_schedule@job_name = N'Weekly Maintenance',@schedule_name = N'Sunday 2AM';EXEC sp_add_jobserver@job_name = N'Weekly Maintenance';