托福阅读感悟40-3
1.定位:Greek city-states;对到第一句话(从这里也可以知道polis和city-state意思相近,对整个文章理解有帮助)
接下来and开始就直接用同义替换的polis讲了,所以关键点在下面:each
polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances.
其中,government对应c的government and organization,each结合appropriate to(对xx合适)对应Different types of+different city-states
2.定位词:Athens,city-state。其中可以从上一段中得知city-state可以同义替换polis。所以定位到了第一句话
冒号后面很明显就是做了的事情了,EXCEPT就消消乐三个。assembly of adult males对应b:assembly made up of men,其中males和men同义替换;aristocratic council对应a:council made up of aristocrats,只是改变语序和换了个同词根;annually elected officials对应d:officials who were elected yearly,其中annually对应yearly
3.关键词:making wealth the basis of office holding;对应到elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding。这句话是在by后面,往前面看可以知道by是表方法。再看题目问的是effect,其实就是问这个方法对应的事件:break the aristocracy's stranglehold(压迫),即对应上b选项
5.先看一波生词:tyranny 专政 暴政
interim 暂时的,中间的,协定
interim rule临时规则是一种在公共利益需要时发布的规则,它立即生效,但同时允许在规则实施后进一步完善和调整
dictator独裁者
然后再看tyranny后面的which(也就是author’s explanation),说popular制定了一个interim rule。这样看来应该是个积极的意思。
但是author’s explanation没完,还有个括号,里面说了个not xxx,这个就符合tyranny的当下释义,并且还有说了嘴as the modern use of the term suggests to us
所以定位到b选项
6.原文讲了两个事情:tyrants were driven out;reformer reduce aristocratic control;
a:看上去好像没错,所有关键词都点到了,但是1.最后一句话中drove the tyrants的主语是reformer,这个是矛盾的。tyrants之后才有reformer,他们没有因果关系2.508 B.C是reformer的时间,和tyrants也无关;
b非常对
c:by表方式方法,但是两个事件没有因果关系,错
d:原文没有说time to change,只说reformer做成了reducing aristocratic control 这件事
ps:生词give final form to“为……赋予最终的形式”或“使……达到最终的形态”
7.生词: demes,词典查不到,ai解释是雅典城邦的基本行政单位。回到原文在第一句话找到了定义:to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes,其中their指代上文的被weaken的family and clan structures。另外,demes后面来了个which,对象扩大到了all civic
回去看题干
关键词:demes,entry for civic life,对应到刚刚which后面的内容:became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life;然后问影响,看下整句话发现都属于contribution的展开,那答案自然往前看。答案感觉可以是和creation of democracy或者weaken family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats有关系。
回去看选项:
a:number没有提到,不选
b:population equally没有提到,不选
cd就很纠结了,因为意思就很像了,没有明说,我错选了c
做完再想了下,可能是:c同样原文没有提到number,重点是在weaken structure,这里和d的connection对得上
8.定位词:new council。找到第三句话,这里将了new council都有些什么成分,没有提及role。继续往下看,提到assembly delegated its power to subordinate① council② courts。其中council的role就在对应的从句里面: which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly。其中agenda和a的issues同义替换
b:错选了,告诉我了一个道理,看句子要看完整。我做的时候狂扫文章找council,看到从句之后读完看到, and the courts,就下意识觉得这个是对assembly的并列,所以直接踩了b的坑进去了。但是谁家好人写文章正常这样子用符号
c:carry out 直接与原文【assembly delegated its power to subordinate bodies】+【council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly】矛盾,assembly是下放权利了没错,但是对于council只是prepare,并不是整个policies
d:通过food and water找到出自倒数第二句:committees xxx supervising(the food and water supplies and public buildings),其中supervise与oversee同义替换。这里的主语是committees而不是council
ps生词:juror陪审员,delegate委任,subordinate下属,oversee监视
9.Indeed:实际上,用于强调一件事情。(ps每次看到想到的都是那个招聘网站)
插入句是强调一件事情:democracy has no government separate from its citizenry。那就说明前文一定要讲到了类似的观点,然后紧跟这句话强调。
a:前面没有democracy和citizenry
b:前面也没有democracy和citizenry
c:前面的people对应citizenry,democracy原文复现,government对应self-governance。合理
d:public勉强说对上citizenry,但是提到了culture,和democracy没有联系