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MATLAB的无线传感器网络（WSN）算法仿真

news 2025/10/12 17:40:33

一、仿真系统架构

1. 网络模型参数

% 基础参数设置（参考）
xm = 100; ym = 100;    % 区域尺寸(m)
n = 100;               % 节点数量
p = 0.1;               % 簇头比例
Eo = 0.5;              % 初始能量(J)
ETX = 50e-9;           % 发射能耗(J/bit)
ERX = 50e-9;           % 接收能耗(J/bit)
Efs = 10e-12;          % 自由空间路径损耗
Emp = 0.0013e-12;      % 多径衰落路径损耗
EDA = 5e-9;            % 数据聚合能耗
rmax = 5000;           % 最大轮次

2. 节点部署

% 节点位置初始化（异构能量分布）
nodes = struct('x',[],'y',[],'E',[],'type',[]);
for i = 1:nnodes(i).x = rand()*xm;nodes(i).y = rand()*ym;nodes(i).E = Eo*(1 + 0.1*rand());  % 异构能量nodes(i).type = 'N';
end
nodes(n+1).x = xm/2; nodes(n+1).y = ym/2;  % 汇聚节点

二、核心算法实现

1. LEACH协议仿真

(1) 簇头选举

function [countCH, energy] = leach_protocol(nodes, r, p)countCH = 0; energy = 0;cluster = 1; n = length(nodes)-1;for i = 1:nif nodes(i).E > 0temp_rand = rand();T = p / (1 - p*mod(r, round(1/p)));  % 阈值计算if temp_rand <= TcountCH = countCH + 1;nodes(i).type = 'C';nodes(i).G = round(1/p) - 1;% 能量消耗计算d = sqrt((nodes(i).x - nodes(n+1).x)^2 + (nodes(i).y - nodes(n+1).y)^2);if d > sqrt(Efs/Emp)energy_cost = (ETX + EDA)*4000 + Emp*d^4;elseenergy_cost = (ETX + EDA)*4000 + Efs*d^2;endnodes(i).E = nodes(i).E - energy_cost;endendend
end

(2) 数据传输与能量更新

% 簇成员加入与数据传输
for i = 1:nif nodes(i).type == 'N' && nodes(i).E > 0min_dist = inf;for c = 1:countCHd = sqrt((nodes(i).x - nodes(c).x)^2 + (nodes(i).y - nodes(c).y)^2);if d < min_distmin_dist = d;cluster = c;endend% 传输能耗计算if min_dist > sqrt(Efs/Emp)nodes(i).E = nodes(i).E - (ETX + Emp)*4000;elsenodes(i).E = nodes(i).E - (ETX + Efs)*4000;endend
end

2. 改进算法实现

(1) LEACH-C（能量感知簇头选举）

function p = leach_c_election(nodes, r)avg_energy = mean([nodes.E]);p = 0.1 * (nodes.E / avg_energy);p(p > 0.2) = 0.2;  % 概率上限限制
end

(2) 虚拟力覆盖优化

% 虚拟力驱动节点移动（参考）
function nodes = virtual_force_optimization(nodes, step)for i = 1:length(nodes)-1if nodes(i).E > 0F_rep = 0; F_att = 0;for j = 1:length(nodes)-1if i ~= jd = sqrt((nodes(i).x - nodes(j).x)^2 + (nodes(i).y - nodes(j).y)^2);if d < 30  % 斥力半径F_rep = F_rep + (d-30)*exp(-d/10);elseif d > 50  % 引力半径F_att = F_att + (50-d)*exp(-(50-d)/20);endendendnodes(i).x = nodes(i).x + step*(F_rep + F_att)/1000;nodes(i).y = nodes(i).y + step*(F_rep + F_att)/1000;endend
end

三、性能评估模块

1. 能量消耗监控

STATISTICS = struct('DEAD',[],'ALIVE',[],'ENERGY_CONSUMED',[]);
for r = 1:rmax[countCH, energy] = leach_protocol(nodes, r, p);dead = sum([nodes.E] <= 0);STATISTICS.DEAD(r) = dead;STATISTICS.ALIVE(r) = n - dead;STATISTICS.ENERGY_CONSUMED(r) = sum([nodes.E]);
end

2. 可视化展示

% 网络拓扑与存活状态
figure;
plot(nodes(1:n).x, nodes(1:n).y, 'bo'); hold on;
plot(nodes(n+1).x, nodes(n+1).y, 'rx', 'MarkerSize', 10);
title('WSN网络拓扑结构');
xlabel('X坐标(m)'); ylabel('Y坐标(m)');
legend('普通节点', '汇聚节点');% 存活曲线
figure;
plot(1:rmax, STATISTICS.DEAD, 'r', 1:rmax, STATISTICS.ALIVE, 'g');
title('节点存活状态变化');
xlabel('轮次'); ylabel('节点数量');
legend('死亡节点', '存活节点');