英一2010年真题学习笔记
2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
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Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers’ productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect,” the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.
The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers’ behavior 10 itself.
After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. 15, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.
1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored
2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off
3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof
4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous
5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments
6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work
7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as
8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion
9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant
10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by
11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed
12. [A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with [C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to
13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source
14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading
15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual
16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly
17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued
18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile
19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended
20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitting
2010年全真试题
Section Ⅰ Use of English
“霍桑效应”遭到质疑
一、总体分析
本文选自《The Economist》（《经济学人》）“财政与经济学”板块2009年6月4日一篇题为《Light Work: Questioning the Hawthorne Effect》（《照明的作用：质疑“霍桑效应”》）的文章。文章主要介绍了社会学、管理学领域的经典理论“霍桑效应”的产生及其遭到的质疑，按照“介绍‘霍桑效应’的起源和产生（第一、二段）——介绍对‘霍桑效应’的质疑（第三、四段）”的脉络行文。
二、试题精解
Ⅰ ①In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. ②It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers' productivity. ③Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect," the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.
（中文翻译）①1924年，美国国家研究委员会派出两名工程师到芝加哥附近一家名为霍桑工厂的电话配件厂指导一系列实验研究。②该委员会希望能弄清楚车间照明是如何影响工人的生产效率的。③然而，这些研究最终被命名为“霍桑效应”，这一极具影响力的观点就是，正是受试这一行为改变了实验对象的行为方式。
词汇注释
①council [ˈkaʊnsl] n.（顾问、立法、研究等）委员会
②supervise [ˈsuːpəvaɪz] v. 管理，指导
③plant [plɑːnt] n. 工厂
④shop/factory floor 车间
⑤lighting [ˈlaɪtɪŋ] n. 照明
⑥subject [ˈsʌbdʒɪkt] n. 实验对象
真题精解
1. [A] affected 影响 [B] achieved 达到 [C] extracted 提取 [D] restored 恢复
[考点提炼]上下文语义。正确率：78%
[解题思路]本句承接首句介绍1924年霍桑工厂实验的目的。空格下文③句...changed subjects' behavior表明实验内容涉及“什么因素会改变工人（受试者）的行为”，因此判断空格所在部分表达“照明如何影响工人生产效率”之意，故[A]正确。
[错项排除][B]表示“经过极大努力达成某种希求的结果”，其宾语多为“具体、特定的目标”；而文中宾语为workers' productivity，属于未明确方向的泛指内容；其次空格前主语为“客观存在的抽象事物（shop-floor lighting）”，无法与achieve构成合理的主谓逻辑。[C]常用于extract A from B结构中，B和A是包含与被包含的关系；而文中“照明”与“生产效率”显然不是这种关系。[D]表示“使回到先前状态”，强调的是一种单向的变化，与下文changed subjects' behavior暗含的“影响可好可坏”不符。
2. [A] (ended) at 在（某时间或时刻）结束 [B] (ended) up 最终成为；最终处于
[C] (ended) with 以……结束 [D] (ended) off 结束，中止
[考点提炼]上下文语义+动词短语搭配。正确率：54%
[解题思路]上文②句以It hoped...引出委员会研究的目的；空格句Instead...体现相反逻辑，说明实验结果与预期不同；end up doing sth具有“强调结果出人意料”的语用功能，[B]正确。
[错项排除][A]非固定搭配，at后一般只接表示“时间或时刻”的内容，而文中giving their name显然与“时间”无关。[C]用于客观表明“某事或活动结束前最后一部分的内容或形式”；而文中“冠以名字”自然不会是某项研究的收场内容。[D]并不常见，一般用于end sth off或end off with sth结构中，分别表示“结束某事/情况”和“以……作为结尾”，而文中主语为the studies，说“研究结束了给自己命名”显然有违逻辑。
3. [A] truth 真相 [B] sight 看到 [C] act 行为 [D] proof 证明
[考点提炼]句内语义。正确率：38%
[解题思路]空格后介词of表明“being experimented upon（受试）”是对空格词的具体化说明。选项中能够被具体信息“受试”修饰，同时可以发出“改变受试者行为”这一动作的名词只有act，该词表示“某行为过程”，the very act of...意即“正是受试本身改变了受试者的行为”，因此[C]正确。
[错项排除][A]内涵较多，但均与“真”相关，文中being experimented upon属于客观事实（研究已结束），不涉及“真假问题”。[B]利用中文思维干扰，“工人看到自己正在被实验，从而发生行为改变”看似有道理，但该词强调“眼睛看到某事物这一动作”，但文中并非直接针对工人身体进行的实验，所以“看不到”，且实验不是间歇性为之，而是持续性过程，因而“一看到实验”不符合实际；其次从句法角度来看，the very sight of being experimented缺乏“受视”的主体，应为the very sight of one's being...。[D]后接of，引出“待证明的事”；文中“受试”已然是客观事实，无需证明，且“证据无法改变工人行为”。
Ⅱ ①The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. ②According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. ③It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. ④A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers' behavior 10 itself.
（中文翻译）①该观点的形成源于工厂女工令人费解的行为。②根据实验的描述，照明强度增加时，女工每小时的产出增加，照明强度减少时，亦是如此。③实验中做什么无关紧要；只要发生了某种变化，生产效率就会提高。④仅仅是意识到自己正被当作实验对象似乎就足以改变工人的行为。
词汇注释
①arise [əˈraɪz] v. 出现，发生
②output [ˈaʊtpʊt] n. 产量，产出
③dim [dɪm] v.（使）变暗
④alter [ˈɔːltə] v. 改变
真题精解
4. [A] controversial 有争议的
[B] perplexing 令人费解的
[C] mischievous 调皮的，恶作剧的；恶意的 [D] ambiguous 模棱两可的；不明确的
[考点提炼]上下文语义+形容词辨析。正确率：30%
[解题思路]空格句指出，上述观点的产生源自工厂女工____行为；下句继而引出对这一行为的具体介绍：无论亮度如何，只要有变化，效率就会提高。而已知实验预期是了解“光线亮度如何影响效率”，因而对于研究者而言，女工这种情况令人不解；[B]、[D]都有“难理解”这层意思，但：ambiguous内涵为“有多种解释或不明确”，而文中女工的行为（产出增加）很明确，也不涉及需要辨别的多种解释，故排除。perplexing 含有“难以理解，不知如何应对”的语义内涵，因而[B]正确。
[错项排除][A]内涵为“某情况受外界争论和质疑”；[C]或指“调皮的”，或指“招惹是非的，恶意的”，而文中女工正常的工作显然不涉及争议性，亦非调皮或恶意行为。
5. [A] requirements 所需的东西；要求，必要条件 [B] explanations 解释，说明
[C] accounts 描述，叙述，说明 [D] assessments 评估，评价，鉴定
[考点提炼]句内语义+名词辨析。正确率：41%
[解题思路]空格句指出，根据实验的____，照明强度增加时，女工每小时的产出增加，而照明强度减少时，亦是如此。“无论变亮还是变暗，工人效率都增加”是对实验现象的客观说明，[C]符合文意。
[错项排除][A]表示“所需事物”，或“（大学、雇主等的）要求、条件”，其后介词一般用 for，而主干内容为实验结果，明显与“实验所需”无关。[B]表示“对于已发生的情况给出的原因说明”，[D]表示“对某人/事的看法或评价”，而文中主干既不涉及“对实验原因的说明”，也不涉及“主观评判”，故排除此两项。
6. [A] conclude 得出结论；推断 [B] matter 事关紧要；重要
[C] indicate 显示，表明 [D] work 有效，起作用
[考点提炼]上下文语义+动词辨析。正确率：25%
[解题思路]空格句中 productivity rose 是对上句 their hourly output rose...but also...的总结，因此两处语义一致，均表示“照明情况不管怎么变，生产率都提高”，因此空格部分语义逻辑应该是“实验做了什么并不重要，关键是情况有所变化”，matter 常用于 it doesn’t matter who/why/what etc 结构中，表示“……无所谓，不重要”，故[B]正确。
[错项排除][A]和[C]误区在于误认为句首 It 指代②句“实验描述(accounts of the experiments)”的指代，what...引导宾语从句，据此逻辑全句意为：实验描述并未断定/表明实验中做了什么；conclude 强调“借助事实、论据来推断”，“实验描述”和“实验内容”之间直接相关，显然不是“借助他者的推断关系”，而“实验描述不表明实验内容”纯属伪命题。[D]强调“有成效”，而“实验条件的改变”谈不上“有成效与否”；另外 it doesn’t work 后一般不接主语从句，it 非形式主语。
7. [A] as far as 就……而言；达到……程度 [B] for fear that 以免，唯恐
[C] in case that 以防万一；如果，假使 [D] so long as 只要
[考点提炼]句内逻辑+上下文语义。正确率：62%
[解题思路]上题推出③句内容：实验中做了什么（不管照明条件怎样变化）不重要，重要的是有变化；也即，只要某些事物改变，生产效率就会提高，能体现这一逻辑的是[D]，用于引出某事发生的充分条件。
[错项排除][A]可作介词短语，其后常接“某地”或“某人”，表示“远至某地”或“达到和某人一样的程度”；本文空格词后为句子，该短语作连词时，表“就……而言”；而文中主干 productivity rose 显然不是“针对某问题/情况”所作的结论。[B]常接虚拟语气引出目的，表示“为避免……而做……”；而文中“生产率提高”是客观情况，明显不是为避免“某事改变”做出的主观行为。[C]一方面和[B]类似，都可以表“目的（为避免或预防某可能情况的影响而做某事）”，这时也常作 just in case...；另一方面表“条件（= if）”，但该词并不强调“某事发生的充分条件”，单纯表明“某假设情况下，某事可/会发生”。
8. [A] awareness 意识 [B] expectation 预期 [C] sentiment 观点 [D] illusion 错觉
[考点提炼]名词辨析。正确率：43%
[解题思路]本句中 that 引导的同位语从句解释空格词。联系上段末句 the very act of being experimented upon changed subject’s behavior...可知，此处重申“霍桑效应”的概念；四项都涉及“主观思维”，可以推知“被试本身之所以会改变行为，是通过影响其思维实现的”，再结合上文“照明无论如何变，效率都提高”可判定：工人因为知道了自己正在受试，所以行为改变，[A]符合文意。
[错项排除][B]表示“对未来情况的预期”，与文中过去进行时态不匹配；或指对事情的“期望或指望”，而文中“他们正被当作实验对象”是真实情况，而非实验对象的期望。[C]表示“对某事物的观点、意见或感想”，但空格后 that 从句是对事实的客观阐述。[D]表示“错误的观念”，或表示“幻想的事物”；而文中 that 从句显然是客观事实。
9. [A] suitable 适合的 [B] excessive 过多的 [C] enough 足够的 [D] abundant 丰富的
[考点提炼]上下文语义+形容词辨析。正确率：64%
[解题思路]空格句总结霍桑效应，空格处说明 awareness 的特点。由上文可知，实验中只要有因素改变，生产效率就会提高，故空格处也应能够体现这种充分条件关系，选项中只有 enough 能体现这一逻辑，表示“足够满足某种目的或需求的”，因此[C]正确。
[错项排除][A]表现“某事（针对某情况）的恰当性、适合性”，而文中“意识”和“改变行为”之间明显不是“适合/用于”的逻辑。[B]多含贬义，表示“数量或程度上多于合理值或必要值”；[D]单纯表现“数量充裕”，而文意不在说明“（造成改变的因素）够多”，而是强调“（仅这个因素就）充分、完全能”。
10. [A] about 关于 [B] for 为了 [C] on 关于，涉及 [D] by (itself) 单独地
[考点提炼]句内语义+固定短语。正确率：50%
[解题思路]空格句 itself 指代主语 awareness。由上题可知，意识到被当作实验对象这一点就足以改变工人行为。by itself 意为 alone; without anyone else，强调“仅仅这一意识，不需要其他条件”，故[D]正确。
[错项排除]其余三项与 itself 一起使用并非固定搭配，意义取决于介词含义：[A]表示“关于（它自身）”，[B]表示“为了（它自身）”，[C]表示“凭借（它自己）”；三项均无法与上文“任何（照明条件的）变化都能造成效率的提高”构成语义呼应。
Ⅲ ①After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. ②The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. ③ 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
（中文翻译）①几十年后，研究者对同一实验数据进行了计量经济分析。②霍桑实验有了另外一个令人吃惊的结果。③与所记录的描述相反，没有发现系统的证据表明生产效率的水平与照明变化之间存在关联。
词汇注释
①econometric [ɪˌkɒnəˈmetrɪk] a. 计量经济学的
②in store 即将到来，必将发生
③on record（事实或事件）被记载下来的
④systematic [ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk] a. 有系统的
真题精解
11. [A] (be) compared (to) 被比较，比作 [B] (be) shown (to) 被展示给
[C] (be) subjected (to) 经历，遭受 [D] (be) conveyed (to) 被运送，传递到
[考点提炼]句内语义+动词用法。正确率：29%
[解题思路]空格动词呈现 data 与 analysis 的被动关系；而“数据”是“分析”的对象，subject sb/sth to sth 可以表示“让某人/事经受某行为”，文中表示“这些数据被用于分析检验”，故正确项为[C]。
[错项排除][A]或用于同类事物之间的比较，或将一事物比作另一事物，此时两事物需有相似之处，但“实验数据”（客观内容）与“计量经济分析”（主观行为）并非同类事物，也不具备相似之处。[B]后一般为“被展示/出示的对象”，[D]后一般为“传达（信息或情感）的对象”，常接表示“人物或地点”的词；文中“计量经济学分析”属于研究分析的过程，无法充当“展示或传达的对象”。
12. [A] Contrary to 与……相反的 [B] Consistent with 与……一致，相符
[C] Parallel with 与……平行的；与……类似 [D] Peculiar to 为……所专用的，特有的
[考点提炼]上下文语义+形容词短语辨析。正确率：48%
[解题思路]空格上文②句指出，霍桑实验还得出另一个惊人结果；空格句具体解释。空格后 the descriptions on record 指“之前的实验描述”；no systematic...was found that...指“新的分析结果”；而上文已知霍桑效应最初的实验结论：生产率和照明改变有关联，因此与本句 that 从句内容吻合，而该内容由 no...was found...加以否定，判断前后两个结果相反，符合该逻辑的只有[A]。
[错项排除][B]表示前后内容的“一致性”，[C]体现两种事物的“相似性，可比拟性”；两项均违背“前后实验结论不同”的语境。[D]表示“某事/人的特有性或特殊性”，只涉及“一方特性”，而非“两方面内容的对比”。
13. [A] evidence 证据 [B] guidance 指导 [C] implication 暗指 [D] source 来源
[考点提炼]句内语义。正确率：46%
[解题思路]that 引导的同位语从句解释空格词：生产效率与照明的变化相关。上文已知计量经济学分析结果与之前实验结论相反，因此空格所在句含义应是：新实验未发现两者存在关联的证据，[A]正确。
[错项排除][B]表示“提供给某人的帮助或建议”，[D]或指“来源，出处”，或表示“造成某事（尤其是某问题）的根源”，但文中同位语从句“生产效率与照明变化间存在关联”显然不是“帮助或建议”，也非“某情况的来源或根源”。[C]表示“暗示或未直接言明的内容”；从语义上看，that 从句“生产率和照明改变有关”与首次实验结论相同，因此也应属于直接结论，不涉及“深层内涵”。
Ⅳ ①It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. ② 15, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. ③When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. ④ 18, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. ⑤Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. ⑥This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down. [278 words]
（中文翻译）①结果表明，进行实验的特殊方式可能导致了对所发生情况的误导性解释。②例如，照明条件总是在周日改变。③当周一重新开工时，工人的产出与上周六相比如期上升了，并在接下来的两三天持续上升。④然而，与未进行实验的几周的数据对比显示，周一工人的产出总是会上升。⑤无论什么情况，工人在一周的前几天往往都会勤奋工作，直至达到一个稳定状态，然后懒散下来。⑥这表明，所谓的“霍桑效应”是很难解释清楚的。
词汇注释
①peculiar [pɪˈkjuːliə] a. 特有的，特殊的
②interpretation [ɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃn] n. 理解，解释
③plateau [ˈplætəʊ] n. 稳定期，停滞期
④slacken (off) v.（使）放慢、减缓、萧条
⑤alleged [əˈledʒd] a. 声称的，所谓的
⑥pin sth down 确切说明（或理解）
真题精解
14. [A] disputable 有争议的，值得商榷的 [B] enlightening 有启发性的
[C] reliable 真实可信的；可靠的 [D] misleading 误导的，使人误信的
[考点提炼]上下文语义+形容词辨析。正确率：33%
[解题思路]上段末句指出没有系统证据表明生产效率水平和照明变化有关联，即之前的实验结论也许有误；空格句指出：结果表明，进行实验的特殊方式可能导致了对所发生现象的____解释。该句是对上段末“之前实验为何得出错误结论”的解释，因此空格词应包含“有误、错误”的含义，[D]正确。
[错项排除]空格词修饰的内容是 interpretations of what happened，即“初次实验结果的解释”，这种解释当时被认为是正确的，并不存在争议，因此排除[A]。[B]强调“使人增进知识，予以启迪的”；[C]强调“可信度高”，此两项均表现对原先实验结论的“认可”态度，与文中的“质疑”态度不符。
15. [A] In contrast 与……相反，相比之下 [B] For example 例如
[C] In consequence 因此，结果 [D] As usual 照旧，像往常一样
[考点提炼]上下文逻辑关系。正确率：61%
[解题思路]①句提到，特殊的实验方式导致了对实验现象的误导性解释；②③句指出：____，照明条件总是在周日改变。当周一重新开工时，工人的产出与上周六相比……，在接下来的几天里……。两句群构成“概括（总体）→具体（典型）”的关系，选项中符合文意的只有例证逻辑词 For example，[B]正确。
[错项排除][A]表示“所谈论情形与上文所提及内容的迥然不同”，与上文构成对比关系；[C]用于“引出某事的结果”，但上下文并非对比或因果关系，故排除此两项。[D]表示“某事或某人行为与往常大部分情况一样”，强调“惯常性”，而空格后内容为“实验设定的一种特定操作”，并非车间“原有惯例”。
16. [A] duly 如期地；适时地，按时地 [B] accidentally 偶然地，意外地
[C] unpredictably 不可预测地，不可预知地 [D] suddenly 突然地；忽然
[考点提炼]上下文语义+副词用法。正确率：40%
[解题思路]空格上句指出照明总是在周日改变；always 强调这是霍桑初次实验设置的一种“常态变化”；空格句指出当周一复工时产出与上周六相比____上升。由第二段②③句可知，“照明条件改变，产出增加”，故“周一复工时的产量增加”也应和“周日照明改变”一样，是种常态，在预期之中，[A]符合文意。
[错项排除][B]、[C]、[D]三项均强调无规律的意外情况，与实验结论“照明改变会带来产出增加”表明的“常态性，可预料性”相悖。
17. [A] failed 失败，未做到 [B] ceased 停止 [C] started 开始 [D] continued 继续
[考点提炼]上下文语义+动词辨析。正确率：59%
[解题思路]下文⑤句“无论什么情况下，工人在一周前几天……勤奋工作”表明，工人产出在前几天都“比较高”，可推知在接下来的两三天应该“保持或继续上升”。从语法上看，空格后时间状语 for...days 为一段时间，故空格处为延续性动词。continued 能够表明工人在一周前几天的高产出趋势，且为延续性动词，语义与语法均符合要求，故[D]正确。
[错项排除][A]表示“未成功（做成某事）”或“未做到本该做到的事，[B]表示“停止或不再（做某事）”，为非延续性动词；两项均与⑤句“前几天都很努力”的逻辑相左。[C]表示“开始（做某事）”，而前半句已知“周一产出就开始上升”，并由 and 连接后文，因此不可能是“接下来的几天才开始上升”。
18. [A] Therefore 因此 [B] Furthermore 此外 [C] However 然而 [D] Meanwhile 同时
[考点提炼]上下文逻辑关系。正确率：23%
[解题思路]空格句指出，____，与没有进行实验时的数据比较发现，工人的产出总是在周一上升。也即，做实验还是不做实验，工人产出情况都一样；本次实验结果无疑令人意外，能体现这一逻辑的只有[C]，用于“引出对比以及令人吃惊的内容”。
[错项排除][A]用于“引出前述内容的逻辑性结果或结论”；[B]用于“引出新信息或观点以补充或支持前述内容”，但空格句与上文明显不是因果或递进关系。[D]利用其“对比两方面内容”这一用法进行干扰，但这种对比尤指“完全相反、且同时发生的两方面情况”；而文中涉及的对比是“做实验 VS 未做实验”这一前提条件，结果其实一致，其次两方面内容并非“同时发生”，而是“先后发生”。
19. [A] attempted 尝试 [B] tended 往往会 [C] chose 选择 [D] intended 打算
[考点提炼]上下文语义+动词辨析。正确率：39%
[解题思路]上文提到，进行或不进行实验，工人的产出总是在周一上升；空格句中 in any case 强调这是工人一种很规律的行为，不因是否进行实验而改变，因此空格句是对上文规律性现象的总结，tended (to)表示“规律性或客观倾向性”，符合句意要求，正确项为[B]。
[错项排除][A]、[C]、[D]三项均表示主观行为，与“客观、规律的实验现象”不符。
20. [A] breaking 突破 [B] climbing 攀登 [C] surpassing 超越 [D] hitting 达到
[考点提炼]句内语义+熟词僻义。正确率：31%
[解题思路]空格句中时间副词 for the first few days（一开始）、before（继而，“引出紧跟前文动作的状态”）、and then...（然后）顺序串联起工人一周工作的三种状态：勤奋→（直到）____稳定状态→懒散下来，表明工人效率呈现“上升→保持→下降”的抛物线态势，因而“____a plateau”应该表示“到达一个稳定高点”，hit a plateau 为固定搭配“达到停滞期、稳定阶段”，hit 取僻义“达到”，正确项为[D]。
[错项排除][A]、[C]设置反向干扰，[A]与 plateau 搭配，表示“突破瓶颈”之意；[C]表示“比……更好”，前后为比较的对象，前优于后，而文中 workers 和 a plateau 逻辑上不能比较，只有“工人产出（值）VS 瓶颈（值）”才可比较。[B]强调“攀、爬”这一动作，before climbing a plateau 实际表示“仍在起点，尚未攀爬高地”，而“勤奋→准备开始勤奋”显然逻辑混乱。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”
Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.
[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.
22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by
[A] free themes.
[B] casual style.
[C] elaborate layout.
[D] radical viewpoints.
23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.
[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.
[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.
24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.
[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.
[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.
[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.
25. What would be the best title for the text?
[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days
[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism
[D] Prominent Critics in Memory
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1 报纸艺术评论的衰落
一、总体分析
本文摘自《Commentary》（《评论杂志》）2007年11月一篇题为《The Amateur as Critic》（《业余评论家》）的文章。文中作者抚今追昔，对英语报刊艺术评论不可遏制的衰落趋势表达了遗憾。文章采用倒叙，开头和结尾评述现在，中间回顾历史，并将比较论证方法贯串始终，生动揭示了报纸艺术评论的衰落，并暗中明确其中原因。本文措辞典雅、句式多变，这使得解读本文虽会感到吃力，但读后收获颇丰。
二、语篇分析及试题精解
Ⅰ ①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
（中文翻译）英文报纸过去25年间发生的所有变化中，影响最为深远的或许就是其艺术报道范围和严肃性已呈不可遏止的衰落之势。
词汇注释与难句分析
①inexorable [ɪnˈeksərəbl] a. 不可阻挡的；无法改变的
②scope [skəʊp] n.（处理、研究事物的）范围
③coverage [ˈkʌvərɪdʒ] n. 新闻报道
经典搭配
①inexorable decline（不可遏止的衰落）
②arts coverage（艺术报道）
语篇分析
第一段开门见山提出全文主旨：英文报纸艺术报道的范围和严肃性已呈不可遏制的衰落趋势。关键词：inexorable decline。
本段为独句段，整体以最高级表述Of all... the most...凸显作者关注事件、亮出全文主旨。
前半句背景烘托，着笔英文报纸过去25年间发生的“诸多变化(all the changes)”。during the past quarter-century设定本文关注时间，English-language newspapers明确本文关注领域。
后半句明确本文关注事件，指出其中“意义最深远的变化”(the most far-reaching)：（英语报纸）艺术报道的范围和严肃性不可遏制的衰落趋势。arts coverage指“报纸中的艺术报道/评论”，为作者关注对象；scope、seriousness为两个具体关注方面。inexorable decline饱含作者遗憾之情。
【深层解读】本段运用最高级表述Of all the changes... the most far-reaching，着笔英文报纸过去25年间发生的“诸多变化”，引出其中“意义最深远的变化”，这种烘托渲染的方式起到强烈的凸显功用。被凸显对象the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage以“高度概括性”与“话题严肃性”暗示其“全文主旨”的地位，表明下文将绕其论述。
Ⅱ ①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. ②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. ③To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
（中文翻译）对于40岁以下的普通读者而言，他们难以，甚至根本无法想象一个能在大多数大都市报纸上读到高质量艺术评论的时代。然而20世纪出版的相当多的最具重要影响的评论文集大部分由报纸评论组成。若今日再来阅读这些文集，会惊叹于这样一个事实：里面这些广博精深的内容曾被认为适合刊登在面向大众发行的日报上。
词汇注释与难句分析
①marvel [ˈmɑːvl] v. 感到惊奇，大为赞赏
②learned [ˈlɜːnd] a. 博学的，学问精深的
③deem [diːm] v.（尤用于被动语态）认为；视为
④circulation [ˌsɜːkjəˈleɪʃn] n.（报刊等的）发行
经典搭配
①to the point of（达到……的程度）
②in large part（在很大程度上）
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
句子主干：It is difficult for the average reader to imagine a time
（形式主语 系动词 表语 不定式逻辑主语 不定式做真正主语）
介词短语做状语：to the point of impossibility
后置定语：under the age of forty
定语从句：when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
（关系副词 主语 谓语 地点状语）
功能注释：本句是主从复合句，主句主语it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。关系副词when（= in which）引导的定语从句对time做进一步说明。
语篇分析
第二、三段以时间为轴追溯报纸艺术评论曾经的辉煌，反向说明如今的衰落趋势，并暗示其中原因。
第二段回顾25年前（二战后至80年代）报纸艺术评论盛况。关键词：difficult... to imagine a time。
①句明确指出，如今的读者根本无法想象一个“能在大多数都市报纸上读到高质量艺术评论的”时代。句中a time when...描绘一个艺术评论的辉煌时代：高质量艺术评论在报纸上随处可见。average reader under the age of forty是见证今昔变化的人群（契合开篇the past quarter-century）：他们是现在（近25年）报纸的读者群，25年前却很少阅读报纸（无法体会当时报纸的情形）。句子整体以It is difficult to the point of possibility for... to imagine a time when...结构极言“四十岁以下普通读者几乎完全无法想象这样一个艺术鼎盛时代”，强调“如今绝非这样一个时代”，暗示“25年前曾是这样一个时代”。
②句转而指出20世纪便是这样一个“报纸评论质量高、数量大、影响力强的”时代。句子语义重心落于句末的“报纸评论”，整体以多重强调“相当多的(a considerable number of)、最具影响力的(the most significant)、多半(in large part)”侧面凸显当时报纸评论的“质量高、数量多、影响力大”。
③句进一步强调当时是一个“广博精深的内容被认为完全适合刊登在面向大众的日报”的时代（凸显当时艺术评论质量高、受众广）。评判句式To... is to...强调必然对等关系，借蕴含强烈情感的marvel at（惊叹于）传递作者态度：对往日情形感到惊叹，对今日情形表示遗憾。learned contents和general-circulation dailies形成反差、凸显昔日报纸评论的盛况：艺术评论内容广博精深，但其受众极广。
【深层解读】一、①②句以Yet衔接，看似转折，实际是反向同义（逻辑统一，视角不同）：“四十岁以下读者无法想象这样的盛景”反向说明“四十岁以上读者曾经历这样的盛景”；①句high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers和②句a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism... consisted in large part of newspaper reviews实为同义。二、归类关键词汇，发现段间关系：本段could be found in most big-city newspapers、consisted in large part of newspaper reviews、deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies反复强调该时期艺术评论“范围广/随处可见”，解释首段scope；而high-quality、the most significant、learned contents均指向报纸评论的“高质量”，解释首段seriousness。本段进一步解释第一段主题“报纸艺术评论的范围和严肃性呈衰落趋势”。
真题精解
21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that 21. 第一、二段表明
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers [A] 艺术评论已从大城市报纸上消失
[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews [B] 英文报纸过去常刊载更多艺术评论
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers [C] 高品质的报纸留住大批读者
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies [D] 年轻读者怀疑评论文章是否适合刊登在日报上
[精准定位]第一段指出，英语报纸中艺术报道的范围和严肃性不可遏制的衰落趋势。第二段指出，过去在大多数都市报纸上都能够读到高品质的艺术评论；20世纪出版的重要艺术评论文集里报纸评论占据大半。可见，英文报纸过去常刊载更多的艺术评论，[B]正确。
[命题解密][B] carry more arts reviews 概括 in most big-city newspapers, consisted in large part of newspaper reviews 所描绘的曾经情形、且体现 difficult to the point of impossibility to imagine 所表明的现在相反状况：曾经报纸上艺术评论数量大、范围广，今日读者简直难以想象。
[A]对第二段①句 It's difficult to the point of impossibility... arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers 断章取义，实际上该句意为“如今读者很难想象昔日报刊评论之盛况”。另外，回顾首段亦可发现，艺术评论只是 decline（衰落），而非 disappear（消亡），选项夸大其词。[C]将首两段中 English-language newspapers... decline，reader，high-quality 与惯有认知（报纸品质高则读者多）糅杂，错误推出“低质量报纸衰落，高质量报纸却留住了大部分读者”。但文章实际聚焦的是“新闻评论的质量”，并未提及“报纸的质量”。[D]将第二段③句人们对（昔日）将高质量评论发表在日报上表示赞叹（marvel at），改为与之完全相悖的怀疑（doubt）。
[技巧总结]本题就跨段今昔对比设置推理题，考查学生归纳概括细节信息的能力。针对这类“题干仅限定信息搜索范围、却没有提示方向的关键词”的细节题，考生可：①根据选项中的时态标识和名词标识定位原文对应位置；②比对选项与原文，找到决定选项正误的关键词：正确项多为对原文信息的概括总结或同义改写，而干扰项则常常在原文信息的基础上强加关联或篡改语义。
如本题，先由选项时态，得知[A]、[B]着眼过去，而[C]、[D]则说明当前情况，以此将各项定位到原文对应位后发现，选项中的 disappeared，more，retain，doubt 构成了判断正误的关键，仔细比对这些词与其原文细节的异同，即可发现[A]、[C]、[D]均在不同程度上偏离了原文含义，只有[B]符合原文信息。
Ⅲ ①We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. ②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. ③Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. ④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ⑤“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”
（中文翻译）我们与20世纪初至二战前夕英国的杂感式报纸评论就更是无缘了，当时，新闻用纸价廉如土，风格独特的艺术评论被看作是对刊登它的出版物的一种装饰。在那个遥远的年代，各大报纸的评论家们会对所报道的事件撰写详尽入微的评论，这被视作理所当然。他们从事的是严肃的工作，人们信任，即便是那些以轻松活泼的方式展现自己学问的评论家，如萧伯纳和欧内斯特·纽曼，也都清楚自己在做什么。这些人相信新闻写作是他们的天职，并为自己的文章能发表在日报上而感到自豪。“能够拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋能尽职尽责做好新闻写作工作本分的作家是如此之少”，纽曼写道，“以至于我不禁想把‘新闻写作’定义成为‘没读者的作家对有读者作家的蔑称’”。
词汇注释与难句分析
①ornament [ˈɔːnəmənt] n. 装饰；摆设；点缀
②about [əˈbaʊt] prep. 从事于，忙于
③calling [ˈkɔːlɪŋ] n. 天职，使命感
④casual [ˈkæʒuəl] a. 马虎的，疏忽的，随便的（22题）
⑤layout [ˈleɪaʊt] n. 布局，安排，设计（22题）
⑥elaborate [ɪˈlæbərət] a. 详尽而复杂的；精心制作的（22题）
经典搭配
①be taken for granted（被视作理所当然）
②in detail and at length（十分详尽）
③keep/hold one's end up（在困难面前坚持下去，表现好）
④be tempted to（不禁）
⑤a term of contempt（轻蔑的称呼）
1. We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.
句子主干：We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews
（主语 系动词 表语 removed的状语 后置定语）
published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II.
（后置定语）
同位语：at a time
定语从句：when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.
（关系副词 主语1 谓语1 并列连词 主语2 谓语2 主语2的补语 定语从句）
功能注释：句中介词短语 at a time... 是主句时间状语的同位语，进一步解释说明它是怎样一个时期。该同位语结构比较复杂，介词短语中嵌套了两个定语从句。
2. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about.
分句1 句子主干：Theirs was a serious business
（主语 系动词 表语）
分句2 定语从句：who wore their learning lightly
（关系代词 谓语 宾语）
宾语从句：what they were about.
（引导词 主语 谓语 表语）
句子主干：and even those reviewers could be trusted to know
（连词 状语 主语 谓语 主语补语）
插入语做同位语：like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman
功能注释：该句由 and 连接的两个并列分句组成，第二个分句较复杂：谓语为被动结构，不定式 to know... 做主补，其中 what they were about 含义为“他们在忙些什么”，like... 做插入语，引出例子。
语篇分析
第三段延展时间线，回顾20世纪初至二战前夕报纸艺术评论的鼎盛时期，并暗示如今报纸艺术评论衰落涉及的原因。关键词：even farther removed。
①句介绍20世纪初至二战前夕报纸艺术评论的总体特点“主题自由多样”，并说明原因：新闻用纸廉价、报纸重视评论的装饰价值（侧面表明报纸艺术评论衰落的原因之一：新闻用纸价格今非昔比，用评论装饰报纸已无成本优势）。at a time when... 为时间状语的同位语，实际表明原因。
主句以 even farther removed from 递进承接上文，不仅将时间推远，且将报纸艺术评论的衰落进一步凸显：我们难以想象 “二战后至80年代博大精深的艺术评论”，更与“20世纪初至二战前夕杂感式艺术评论”完全无缘。unfocused 为本句关键词，强调当时报纸艺术评论的总体特点“主题自由多样，以杂感为特点”（即：题材广泛，回应首段 scope”）。同位语 at a time when... 暗示当时新闻评论呈此特点的原因：新闻用纸价廉如土，报纸评论装饰价值大于实用价值，故各大报纸不受题材、篇幅限制、大量发表各类杂感。
②至⑤句进一步论述当时报纸评论的“严肃性”，并指出这源自当时评论家对新闻评论的神圣使命感）。In those far-off days 回应①句 between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II，引发另一意群。本文意群四句以... critics... theirs, like... Newman... These men... Newman 紧密衔接、层层递进。
②句指出评论家的写作特点：详尽充分（初步展示其“严肃性”）。at length、in detail 实为同义，两词叠加意在凸显评论的细致程度。it was taken for granted 则表明这是当时报纸评论界共识。
③句明确指出评论家均将写评论当做“严肃的事业”（a serious business）。and even 在句内形成解释递进关系。wore their learning lightly（用轻松幽默的方式展现自身学问）与 could be trusted to know what they were about（about 意为“忙于/从事于”）形成鲜明反差，强调当时评论家们对这项工作严肃以待：连文笔轻松活泼的评论家对新闻写作都丝毫不敢怠慢（其他评论家的严肃性更不必说）。
④句进一步将评论家的严肃推至极致：将新闻写作视为天职并引以为荣。believed in journalism as a calling、were proud to... 共同强调评论家们将“给日报撰写评论”看做是无比神圣与自豪的事业，且再次暗示过去大众日报“格调高雅”的定位。