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使用 Python Requests 库发送 HTTP 请求

Python 的 requests 库是用于发送 HTTP 请求的流行工具，比 urllib 更简单易用。以下是各种常见 HTTP 请求的写法：

安装 Requests

首先确保已安装 requests 库：

bash

pip install requests

基本 GET 请求

python

import requests# 简单 GET 请求
response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data')# 带参数的 GET 请求
params = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data', params=params)# 打印响应
print(response.status_code)  # HTTP 状态码
print(response.text)        # 响应内容

基本 POST 请求

python

# 简单 POST 请求
data = {'key': 'value'}
response = requests.post('https://api.example.com/post', data=data)# 发送 JSON 数据
import json
json_data = {'key': 'value'}
response = requests.post('https://api.example.com/post', json=json_data)# 带 headers 的 POST 请求
headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Bearer token'}
response = requests.post('https://api.example.com/post', json=json_data, headers=headers)

其他 HTTP 方法

python

# PUT 请求
response = requests.put('https://api.example.com/put', data={'key': 'value'})# DELETE 请求
response = requests.delete('https://api.example.com/delete')# PATCH 请求
response = requests.patch('https://api.example.com/patch', data={'key': 'value'})

处理响应

python

response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data')# 响应内容
print(response.text)       # 文本格式
print(response.json())     # 如果响应是 JSON，转换为字典
print(response.content)    # 二进制格式# 响应头
print(response.headers)
print(response.headers['Content-Type'])# 状态码
print(response.status_code)
response.raise_for_status()  # 如果请求失败(4xx, 5xx)，抛出异常

高级用法

1. 超时设置

python

# 设置超时时间(秒)
response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data', timeout=5)

2. 会话对象(Session)

python

# 创建会话(可以保持 cookies 和配置)
session = requests.Session()
session.headers.update({'Authorization': 'Bearer token'})
response = session.get('https://api.example.com/data')

3. 文件上传

python

files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
response = requests.post('https://api.example.com/upload', files=files)

4. 代理设置

python

proxies = {'http': 'http://10.10.1.10:3128','https': 'http://10.10.1.10:1080',
}
response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data', proxies=proxies)

5. SSL 证书验证

python

# 禁用 SSL 验证(不推荐生产环境使用)
response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data', verify=False)# 使用自定义证书
response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data', verify='/path/to/cert.pem')

错误处理

python

try:response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data', timeout=5)response.raise_for_status()  # 检查请求是否成功data = response.json()
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as err:print(f"请求错误: {err}")
except ValueError as err:print(f"JSON 解析错误: {err}")

示例：完整的 API 调用

python

import requestsdef get_user_data(user_id):try:url = f"https://api.example.com/users/{user_id}"headers = {'Authorization': 'Bearer your_access_token','Accept': 'application/json'}response = requests.get(url, headers=headers, timeout=10)response.raise_for_status()return response.json()except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as http_err:print(f"HTTP 错误: {http_err}")except requests.exceptions.RequestException as req_err:print(f"请求异常: {req_err}")except ValueError as json_err:print(f"JSON 解析错误: {json_err}")return None# 使用示例
user_data = get_user_data(123)
if user_data:print(user_data)

这些是 requests 库的基本和常见用法，可以满足大多数 HTTP 请求需求。

B站讲的最好的python接口自动化测试完整版项目实战教程，pytest自动化测试框架，接口自动环境测试框架封装