使用LangChain连接远程Oracle数据库尝试LLM 提供的SQL智能助理

使用LangChain连接远程Oracle数据库尝试LLM 提供的SQL智能助理

为完成此次数据库连接实验，笔者用自己的笔记本电脑搭建了一台linux虚机，安装了oracle 23C，并借助deepseek创建了若干与电商业务有关的表并插入了一些记录。

接着在windows实体机端（作为oracle的客户端）配通了sqlplus连接，然后开始用jupyter调试python调用langchain连接远程oracle的不同方法。

要通过LangChain的SQLDatabase连接远程Oracle数据库，需要按照以下步骤操作：

1. 安装必要的依赖

首先确保你已安装必要的Python包：

pip install langchain cx_Oracle sqlalchemy

注意：cx_Oracle是Oracle官方提供的Python驱动，需要Oracle客户端库支持。

安装时报错，错误表明在安装 cx_Oracle 时遇到了问题，主要是因为缺少 Microsoft Visual C++ 编译工具。

错误信息明确指出需要 Microsoft Visual C++ 14.0 或更高版本，这是编译 cx_Oracle 所必需的。

下载并安装 Microsoft Visual C++ Build Toolshttps://visualstudio.microsoft.com/zh-hans/visual-cpp-build-tools/

选择以下组件：

• 核心组件：
  “C++ build tools”（C++生成工具）
  “MSVC v142 - VS 2019 C++ x64/x86 build tools”（或最新版本如MSVC v143 - VS 2022）
  “Windows 10 SDK"或"Windows 11 SDK”（根据你的操作系统版本选择）

• 推荐附加组件：
  “C++ CMake tools for Windows”（CMake工具）

完成安装后，再执行 pip install langchain cx_Oracle sqlalchemy，成功

Looking in indexes: https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
Requirement already satisfied: langchain in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (0.3.24)
Collecting cx_OracleUsing cached https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/packages/e8/16/13c265afc984796fe38ee928733569b599cfd657245ddd1afad238b66656/cx_Oracle-8.3.0.tar.gz (363 kB)Installing build dependencies: startedInstalling build dependencies: finished with status 'done'Getting requirements to build wheel: startedGetting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'done'Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): startedPreparing metadata (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
Requirement already satisfied: sqlalchemy in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (2.0.40)
Requirement already satisfied: langchain-core<1.0.0,>=0.3.55 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from langchain) (0.3.55)
Requirement already satisfied: langchain-text-splitters<1.0.0,>=0.3.8 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from langchain) (0.3.8)
Requirement already satisfied: langsmith<0.4,>=0.1.17 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from langchain) (0.3.32)
Requirement already satisfied: pydantic<3.0.0,>=2.7.4 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from langchain) (2.11.2)
Requirement already satisfied: requests<3,>=2 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from langchain) (2.32.3)
Requirement already satisfied: PyYAML>=5.3 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from langchain) (6.0.2)
Requirement already satisfied: greenlet>=1 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from sqlalchemy) (3.1.1)
Requirement already satisfied: typing-extensions>=4.6.0 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from sqlalchemy) (4.13.1)
Requirement already satisfied: tenacity!=8.4.0,<10.0.0,>=8.1.0 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from langchain-core<1.0.0,>=0.3.55->langchain) (9.1.2)
Requirement already satisfied: jsonpatch<2.0,>=1.33 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from langchain-core<1.0.0,>=0.3.55->langchain) (1.33)
Requirement already satisfied: packaging<25,>=23.2 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from langchain-core<1.0.0,>=0.3.55->langchain) (24.2)
Requirement already satisfied: httpx<1,>=0.23.0 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from langsmith<0.4,>=0.1.17->langchain) (0.28.1)
Requirement already satisfied: orjson<4.0.0,>=3.9.14 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from langsmith<0.4,>=0.1.17->langchain) (3.10.16)
Requirement already satisfied: requests-toolbelt<2.0.0,>=1.0.0 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from langsmith<0.4,>=0.1.17->langchain) (1.0.0)
Requirement already satisfied: zstandard<0.24.0,>=0.23.0 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from langsmith<0.4,>=0.1.17->langchain) (0.23.0)
Requirement already satisfied: annotated-types>=0.6.0 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from pydantic<3.0.0,>=2.7.4->langchain) (0.7.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pydantic-core==2.33.1 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from pydantic<3.0.0,>=2.7.4->langchain) (2.33.1)
Requirement already satisfied: typing-inspection>=0.4.0 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from pydantic<3.0.0,>=2.7.4->langchain) (0.4.0)
Requirement already satisfied: charset-normalizer<4,>=2 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from requests<3,>=2->langchain) (3.4.1)
Requirement already satisfied: idna<4,>=2.5 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from requests<3,>=2->langchain) (3.10)
Requirement already satisfied: urllib3<3,>=1.21.1 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from requests<3,>=2->langchain) (2.3.0)
Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from requests<3,>=2->langchain) (2025.1.31)
Requirement already satisfied: anyio in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from httpx<1,>=0.23.0->langsmith<0.4,>=0.1.17->langchain) (4.9.0)
Requirement already satisfied: httpcore==1.* in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from httpx<1,>=0.23.0->langsmith<0.4,>=0.1.17->langchain) (1.0.7)
Requirement already satisfied: h11<0.15,>=0.13 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from httpcore==1.*->httpx<1,>=0.23.0->langsmith<0.4,>=0.1.17->langchain) (0.14.0)
Requirement already satisfied: jsonpointer>=1.9 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from jsonpatch<2.0,>=1.33->langchain-core<1.0.0,>=0.3.55->langchain) (3.0.0)
Requirement already satisfied: sniffio>=1.1 in c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python312\lib\site-packages (from anyio->httpx<1,>=0.23.0->langsmith<0.4,>=0.1.17->langchain) (1.3.1)
Building wheels for collected packages: cx_OracleBuilding wheel for cx_Oracle (pyproject.toml): startedBuilding wheel for cx_Oracle (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'Created wheel for cx_Oracle: filename=cx_oracle-8.3.0-cp312-cp312-win_amd64.whl size=224067 sha256=5e15eb2bf6bf1fcc93e7638f63c7625c2e34c010983d374769e8ebc8948e7516Stored in directory: c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\pip\cache\wheels\b2\c1\f2\8eb1495ea05272640061605216448697e673ecba3b1ff54bb0
Successfully built cx_Oracle
Installing collected packages: cx_Oracle
Successfully installed cx_Oracle-8.3.0

2. 准备连接字符串

连接字符串变体示例

场景	连接字符串格式
标准服务名	oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host/service_name
指定端口	oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:1521/service_name
使用SID	oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:1521:ORCL
TNS别名	oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@tns_alias
云数据库	oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:1521/ORCL?wallet_location=/path/to/wallet

3. 创建SQLDatabase连接 （三种方法）

方法1：创建cx_Oracle连接

from langchain_community.utilities import SQLDatabase
from sqlalchemy import create_engine#目前采用可以调通的方法如下：
#1.创建cx_Oracle连接
import cx_Oracle
dsn = cx_Oracle.makedsn('192.168.43.11', 1521, service_name='FREEPDB1')  # 替换实际主机名
conn = cx_Oracle.connect(user="dbtest", password="test", dsn=dsn)# print(conn.version)  # 输出版本号表示成功
# conn.close()#2.转换为SQLDatabase实例
db = SQLDatabase.from_uri(f"oracle+cx_oracle://", engine_args={"creator": lambda: conn})#3. 执行测试查询
result = db.run("SELECT * FROM products")
print(result)

方法2：用create_engine

from langchain_community.utilities import SQLDatabase
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
# 和执行端的tnsnames.ora里的配置信息一致
#(DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = centos8)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = FREEPDB1) ) )
#注意必须明确定义“?service_name={service_name}”，否则总是报
# DatabaseError: (cx_Oracle.DatabaseError) ORA-12505: TNS: 监听程序当前无法识别连接描述符中所给出的 SID
db_user = "dbtest"
db_password = "??????"
db_host = "192.168.43.11:1521"
service_name = "FREEPDB1"
# 1.连接字符串
#oracle_connection_string = "oracle+cx_oracle://dbtest:test@192.168.43.11:1521/?service_name=FREEPDB1"
oracle_connection_string = f"oracle+cx_oracle://{db_user}:{db_password}@{db_host}/?service_name={service_name}"
# 创建SQLAlchemy引擎
engine = create_engine(oracle_connection_string)# 2.创建SQLDatabase实例
db = SQLDatabase(engine)# 3. 执行测试查询
result = db.run("SELECT * FROM products")
print(result)

方法3:直接使用SQLDatabase.from_uri,

# 和执行端的tnsnames.ora里的配置信息一致
#(DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = centos8)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = FREEPDB1) ) )
#注意必须明确定义“?service_name={service_name}”，否则总是报
# DatabaseError: (cx_Oracle.DatabaseError) ORA-12505: TNS: 监听程序当前无法识别连接描述符中所给出的 SID
from langchain_community.utilities import SQLDatabase
db_user = "dbtest"
db_password = "?????"
db_host = "192.168.43.11:1521"
service_name = "FREEPDB1"db = SQLDatabase.from_uri(f"oracle+cx_oracle://{db_user}:{db_password}@{db_host}/?service_name={service_name}")# 执行测试查询
result = db.run("SELECT * FROM products")
print(result)

调用agent_excutor 测试LLM大模型提供的 SQL 助理能力

from langchain.agents import create_sql_agent
from langchain.agents.agent_toolkits import SQLDatabaseToolkit
from langchain.llms.openai import OpenAI
from langchain.agents import AgentExecutor
from langchain.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
import osllm = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0.01,model="deepseek-chat",  openai_api_key = os.getenv('API_KEY'),openai_api_base="https://api.deepseek.com"
)# 需要设置llm
toolkit = SQLDatabaseToolkit(db=db, llm=llm)agent_executor = create_sql_agent(llm=llm,toolkit=toolkit,verbose=True
)
# Task: 描述数据表
agent_executor.invoke("描述与订单相关的表及其关系")

输出如下：

> Entering new SQL Agent Executor chain...
Action: sql_db_list_tables
Action Input: order_items, orders, payment_info, product_categories, product_images, product_reviews, products, shopping_cart, user_addresses, usersI see several tables that might be related to orders. The most relevant ones appear to be "orders", "order_items", and possibly "payment_info" and "users". I should examine their schemas to understand their relationships.Action: sql_db_schema
Action Input: orders, order_items, payment_info, users
CREATE TABLE order_items (item_id NUMBER NOT NULL, order_id NUMBER NOT NULL, product_id NUMBER NOT NULL, product_name VARCHAR(100 CHAR) NOT NULL, product_image VARCHAR(200 CHAR), price NUMBER(10, 2) NOT NULL, quantity NUMBER NOT NULL, total_price NUMBER(10, 2) NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT sys_c008467 PRIMARY KEY (item_id), CONSTRAINT sys_c008468 FOREIGN KEY(order_id) REFERENCES orders (order_id), CONSTRAINT sys_c008469 FOREIGN KEY(product_id) REFERENCES products (product_id)
)TABLESPACE "TESTDBSPACE"/*
3 rows from order_items table:
item_id	order_id	product_id	product_name	product_image	price	quantity	total_price
1.0	1001.0	10001.0	智能手机X	http://example.com/images/10001_1.jpg	5999	1.0	5999
2.0	1001.0	10010.0	男士T恤	http://example.com/images/10010_1.jpg	99	2.0	198
3.0	1002.0	10004.0	轻薄笔记本	http://example.com/images/10004_1.jpg	8999	1.0	8999
*/CREATE TABLE orders (order_id NUMBER NOT NULL, order_no VARCHAR(50 CHAR) NOT NULL, user_id NUMBER NOT NULL, address_id NUMBER NOT NULL, total_amount NUMBER(10, 2) NOT NULL, payment_amount NUMBER(10, 2) NOT NULL, freight_amount NUMBER(10, 2) DEFAULT 0, order_status NUMBER(1, 0) DEFAULT 0, payment_time DATE, delivery_time DATE, receive_time DATE, create_time DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE, CONSTRAINT sys_c008457 PRIMARY KEY (order_id), CONSTRAINT sys_c008459 FOREIGN KEY(user_id) REFERENCES users (user_id), CONSTRAINT sys_c008460 FOREIGN KEY(address_id) REFERENCES user_addresses (address_id)
)TABLESPACE "TESTDBSPACE"/*
3 rows from orders table:
order_id	order_no	user_id	address_id	total_amount	payment_amount	freight_amount	order_status	payment_time	delivery_time	receive_time	create_time
1001.0	ORD20221101001	1.0	101.0	6197	6197	0	4	2022-11-01 10:30:00	2022-11-02 09:15:00	2022-11-03 14:20:00	2022-11-01 10:00:00
1002.0	ORD20221102001	2.0	201.0	9118	9118	0	4	2022-11-02 11:20:00	2022-11-03 10:30:00	2022-11-04 16:45:00	2022-11-02 11:00:00
1003.0	ORD20221103001	3.0	301.0	1598	1598	0	4	2022-11-03 14:45:00	2022-11-04 13:20:00	2022-11-05 10:30:00	2022-11-03 14:30:00
*/CREATE TABLE payment_info (payment_id NUMBER NOT NULL, order_id NUMBER NOT NULL, payment_type NUMBER(1, 0) NOT NULL, trade_no VARCHAR(100 CHAR), payment_amount NUMBER(10, 2) NOT NULL, payment_status NUMBER(1, 0) DEFAULT 0, create_time DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE, callback_time DATE, CONSTRAINT sys_c008473 PRIMARY KEY (payment_id), CONSTRAINT sys_c008474 FOREIGN KEY(order_id) REFERENCES orders (order_id)
)TABLESPACE "TESTDBSPACE"/*
3 rows from payment_info table:
payment_id	order_id	payment_type	trade_no	payment_amount	payment_status	create_time	callback_time
1.0	1001.0	1	PAY202211010001	6197	1	2022-11-01 10:30:00	2022-11-01 10:31:00
2.0	1002.0	2	PAY202211020001	9118	1	2022-11-02 11:20:00	2022-11-02 11:21:00
3.0	1003.0	1	PAY202211030001	1598	1	2022-11-03 14:45:00	2022-11-03 14:46:00
*/CREATE TABLE users (user_id NUMBER NOT NULL, username VARCHAR(50 CHAR) NOT NULL, password VARCHAR(100 CHAR) NOT NULL, email VARCHAR(100 CHAR) NOT NULL, phone VARCHAR(20 CHAR), register_date DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE, status NUMBER(1, 0) DEFAULT 1
, CONSTRAINT sys_c008421 PRIMARY KEY (user_id)
)TABLESPACE "TESTDBSPACE"/*
3 rows from users table:
user_id	username	password	email	phone	register_date	status
1.0	张三	zhangsan123	[e-mail]	13800138001	2022-01-01 00:00:00	1
2.0	李四	lisi456	[e-mail]	13900139002	2022-01-05 00:00:00	1
3.0	王五	wangwu789	[e-mail]	13700137003	2022-01-10 00:00:00	1
*/I now understand the tables related to orders and their relationships. Here's the description:1. **orders** table: - Contains core order information (order_id, order_no, user_id, address_id, amounts, statuses, timestamps)- Relates to:- users table via user_id (foreign key)- user_addresses table via address_id (foreign key, though we didn't see its schema)2. **order_items** table:- Contains individual items within each order (product details, quantities, prices)- Relates to:- orders table via order_id (foreign key)- products table via product_id (foreign key)3. **payment_info** table:- Contains payment details for orders- Relates to:- orders table via order_id (foreign key)The relationships form a hierarchy:
- A user can have multiple orders (one-to-many)
- An order can have multiple items (one-to-many)
- An order has one payment record (one-to-one)Final Answer: 与订单相关的表主要有orders(订单主表)、order_items(订单商品明细)和payment_info(支付信息)。orders表通过user_id关联users表，通过address_id关联user_addresses表；order_items表通过order_id关联orders表，通过product_id关联products表；payment_info表通过order_id关联orders表。这些表共同构成了订单系统的核心数据结构。> Finished chain.

{'input': '描述与订单相关的表及其关系','output': '与订单相关的表主要有orders(订单主表)、order_items(订单商品明细)和payment_info(支付信息)。orders表通过user_id关联users表，通过address_id关联user_addresses表；order_items表通过order_id关联orders表，通过product_id关联products表；payment_info表通过order_id关联orders表。这些表共同构成了订单系统的核心数据结构。'}

# 这个任务，实际上数据库中 没有categories表
agent_executor.run("描述categories表")

回答

> Entering new SQL Agent Executor chain...
Action: sql_db_list_tables
Action Input: order_items, orders, payment_info, product_categories, product_images, product_reviews, products, shopping_cart, user_addresses, usersI notice that there isn't a table called "categories" in the database, but there is a table called "product_categories" which might be related. I should check the schema of this table to understand its structure.Action: sql_db_schema
Action Input: product_categories
CREATE TABLE product_categories (category_id NUMBER NOT NULL, category_name VARCHAR(50 CHAR) NOT NULL, parent_id NUMBER, category_level NUMBER(1, 0) NOT NULL, sort_order NUMBER DEFAULT 0, CONSTRAINT sys_c008434 PRIMARY KEY (category_id), CONSTRAINT sys_c008435 FOREIGN KEY(parent_id) REFERENCES product_categories (category_id)
)TABLESPACE "TESTDBSPACE"/*
3 rows from product_categories table:
category_id	category_name	parent_id	category_level	sort_order
1001.0	电子产品	None	1	1.0
1002.0	服装	None	1	2.0
1003.0	家居用品	None	1	3.0
*/I now understand the structure of the product_categories table. It appears to be the table that stores category information for products, even though it's not exactly named "categories". Here's the description:Final Answer: 
The product_categories table (which serves as the categories table) contains product category information with the following structure:
- category_id: A unique numeric identifier for each category (primary key)
- category_name: The name of the category (up to 50 characters)
- parent_id: References another category as its parent (foreign key to category_id)
- category_level: A numeric value indicating the category's level in the hierarchy
- sort_order: A numeric value used for ordering categories (defaults to 0)Sample categories include:
- Electronics (category_id: 1001)
- Clothing (category_id: 1002)
- Home Goods (category_id: 1003)The table supports hierarchical relationships between categories through the parent_id field.> Finished chain.

"The product_categories table (which serves as the categories table) contains product category information with the following structure:\n- category_id: A unique numeric identifier for each category (primary key)\n- category_name: The name of the category (up to 50 characters)\n- parent_id: References another category as its parent (foreign key to category_id)\n- category_level: A numeric value indicating the category's level in the hierarchy\n- sort_order: A numeric value used for ordering categories (defaults to 0)\n\nSample categories include:\n- Electronics (category_id: 1001)\n- Clothing (category_id: 1002)\n- Home Goods (category_id: 1003)\n\nThe table supports hierarchical relationships between categories through the parent_id field."

注意事项

1. 确保你的网络可以访问远程Oracle服务器
2. 确保Oracle客户端库已正确安装并配置
3. 对于较新的Oracle版本，可能需要使用service_name而不是SID
4. 如果使用TNS名称，连接字符串格式会有所不同
5. 考虑使用环境变量存储敏感信息，而不是硬编码在代码中