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前言

一、代码分析及流程讲解

（一）初始化模块

import numpy as np
import cv2
import os

正确答案映射字典（题目序号: 正确选项索引）

ANSWER_KEY = {0:1, 1:4, 2:0, 3:3, 4:1}  

图像显示工具函数

def cv_show(name, value):"""可视化显示图像，按任意键继续"""cv2.imshow(name, value)cv2.waitKey(0)

（二）轮廓处理工具模块

轮廓定向排序函数
参数：
cnts: 轮廓列表
method: 排序方向（left-to-right/right-to-left/top-to-bottom/bottom-to-top）
返回值：
排序后的轮廓及边界框

def sort_contours(cnts, method='left-to-right'):reverse = Falsei = 0if method == 'right-to-left' or method == 'bottom-to-top':reverse = Trueif method == 'top-to-bottom' or method == 'bottom-to-top':i = 1# 获取轮廓边界框并排序boundingBoxes = [cv2.boundingRect(c) for c in cnts](cnts, boundingBoxes) = zip(*sorted(zip(cnts, boundingBoxes),key=lambda b: b[1][i], reverse=reverse))return cnts, boundingBoxes

保持宽高比的图像缩放函数
参数：
width: 目标宽度
height: 目标高度
inter: 插值方法

def resize(image, width=None, height=None, inter=cv2.INTER_AREA):dim = None(h, w) = image.shape[:2]if width is None and height is None:return imageif width is None:r = height / float(h)dim = (int(w * r), height)else:r = width / float(w)dim = (width, int(h * r))return cv2.resize(image, dim, interpolation=inter)

（三）几何变换核心模块

坐标点规范化排序（左上、右上、右下、左下）
实现方法：
1. 计算各点坐标和，最小值为左上，最大值为右下
2. 计算坐标差值，最小值为右上，最大值为左下

def order_points(pts):rect = np.zeros((4, 2), dtype='float32')s = pts.sum(axis=1)rect[0] = pts[np.argmin(s)]  # 左上点rect[2] = pts[np.argmax(s)]  # 右下点diff = np.diff(pts, axis=1)rect[1] = pts[np.argmin(diff)]  # 右上点rect[3] = pts[np.argmax(diff)]  # 左下点return rect

透视变换函数
参数：
image: 原始图像
pts: 源图像四个坐标点
处理流程： 1. 坐标点规范化排序。2. 计算变换后图像尺寸。 3. 生成透视变换矩阵。 4. 执行透视变换

def four_point_transform(image, pts):rect = order_points(pts)(tl, tr, br, bl) = rect# 计算目标图像尺寸（取最大宽高）widthA = np.sqrt(((br[0]-bl[0])**2) + (br[1]-bl[1])**2)widthB = np.sqrt(((tr[0]-tl[0])**2) + (tr[1]-tl[1])**2)maxWidth = max(int(widthA), int(widthB))heightA = np.sqrt(((tr[0]-br[0])**2) + (tr[1]-br[1])**2)heightB = np.sqrt(((tl[0]-bl[0])**2) + (tl[1]-bl[1])**2)maxHeight = max(int(heightA), int(heightB))# 构建目标坐标矩阵dst = np.array([[0, 0],[maxWidth-1, 0],[maxWidth-1, maxHeight-1],[0, maxHeight-1]], dtype="float32")# 执行透视变换M = cv2.getPerspectiveTransform(rect, dst)warped = cv2.warpPerspective(image, M, (maxWidth, maxHeight))return warped

二、主处理流程

图像读取

image = cv2.imread('../data/images/test_01.png')
contours_img = image.copy()

>>> 阶段1：图像预处理 <<<

1、灰度转换（注意：COLOR_BGRA2GRAY适用于含alpha通道图像，通常使用COLOR_BGR2GRAY）

gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGRA2GRAY)  

2、高斯滤波（5x5卷积核去噪）

blurred = cv2.GaussianBlur(gray, (5,5), 0)
cv_show('blurred', blurred)

3、Canny边缘检测（双阈值设置）

edged = cv2.Canny(blurred, 75, 200)  
cv_show('edged', edged)

>>> 阶段2：答题卡定位 <<<

1、轮廓检测（仅检测最外层轮廓）

cnts = cv2.findContours(edged.copy(), cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)[-2]

2、绘制所有轮廓（红色，3px线宽）

cv2.drawContours(contours_img, cnts, -1, (0,0,255), 3)  
cv_show('contours_img', contours_img)

3、轮廓筛选（按面积降序排列）

cnts = sorted(cnts, key=cv2.contourArea, reverse=True)
for c in cnts:# 多边形近似（精度=2%周长）peri = cv2.arcLength(c, True)approx = cv2.approxPolyDP(c, 0.02*peri, True)if len(approx) == 4:  # 识别四边形轮廓doCnt = approxbreak

4、执行透视变换

warped_t = four_point_transform(image, doCnt.reshape(4, 2))
warped_new = warped_t.copy()
cv_show('warped', warped_t)

>>> 阶段3：选项识别 <<<

1、灰度转换与二值化

warped_gray = cv2.cvtColor(warped_t, cv2.COLOR_BGRA2GRAY)

2、自适应阈值处理（反色二值化+OTSU算法）

thresh = cv2.threshold(warped_gray, 0, 255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV | cv2.THRESH_OTSU)[1]
cv_show('thresh', thresh)

3、选项轮廓检测

cnts = cv2.findContours(thresh.copy(), cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)[-2]

4、绘制绿色轮廓（1px线宽）

warped_contours = cv2.drawContours(warped_t.copy(), cnts, -1, (0,255,0), 1)
cv_show('warped_contours', warped_contours)

5、选项筛选条件（宽高>20px，宽高比0.9-1.1）

questionCnts = []
for c in cnts:(x, y, w, h) = cv2.boundingRect(c)ar = w / float(h)if w >= 20 and h >= 20 and 0.9 <= ar <= 1.1:questionCnts.append(c)

6、轮廓排序（从上到下）

questionCnts = sort_contours(questionCnts, method="top-to-bottom")[0]

>>> 阶段4：评分系统 <<<

correct = 0

1、遍历每道题（每5个选项为一题）

for (q, i) in enumerate(np.arange(0, len(questionCnts), 5)):# 当前题目选项排序（左到右）cnts = sort_contours(questionCnts[i:i+5])[0]bubbled = None# 遍历每个选项for (j, c) in enumerate(cnts):# 创建选项掩膜mask = np.zeros(thresh.shape, dtype="uint8")cv_show('mask',mask)cv2.drawContours(mask, [c], -1, 255, -1)  # 填充式绘制# 应用掩膜统计像素thresh_mask_and = cv2.bitwise_and(thresh, thresh, mask=mask)cv_show('thresh_mask_and',thresh_mask_and)total = cv2.countNonZero(thresh_mask)# 记录最大填涂区域if bubbled is None or total > bubbled[0]:bubbled = (total, j)# 答案比对color = (0, 0, 255)  # 默认红色（错误）k = ANSWER_KEY[q]if k == bubbled[1]:color = (0, 255, 0)  # 绿色（正确）correct += 1# 绘制结果轮廓cv2.drawContours(warped_new, [cnts[k]], -1, color, 3)

通过掩膜的方法依次遍历每个选项。

2、分数计算与显示

score = (correct / 5.0) * 100
print("[INFO] score: {:.2f}%".format(score))

3、在图像左上角添加红色分数文本

cv2.putText(warped_new, "{:.2f}%".format(score), (10, 20),cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.9, (0, 0, 255), 2)

4、结果展示

cv_show('Original', image)        # 显示原始图像
cv_show("Exas", warped_new)     # 显示评分结果
cv2.waitKey(0)                    # 等待退出

总结

完整代码展示

import numpy as np
import cv2
import osANSWER_KEY={0:1,1:4,2:0,3:3,4:1}def cv_show(name,value):cv2.imshow(name,value)cv2.waitKey(0)def sort_contours(cnts,method='left-to-right'):reverse=Falsei=0if method=='right-to-left' or method=='bottom-to-top':reverse=Trueif method=='top-to-bottom' or method=='bottom-to-top':i=1boundingBoxes=[cv2.boundingRect(c) for c in cnts](cnts,boundingBoxes)=zip(*sorted(zip(cnts,boundingBoxes),key=lambda b:b[1][i],reverse=reverse))return cnts,boundingBoxesdef resize(image,width=None,height=None,inter=cv2.INTER_AREA):dim=None(h,w)=image.shape[:2]if width is None and height is None:return imageif width is None:r=height/float(h)dim=(int(w*r),height)else:r=width/float(w)dim=(width,int(h*r))resized=cv2.resize(image,dim,interpolation=inter)return resizeddef order_points(pts):#一共四个坐标点rect=np.zeros((4,2),dtype='float32')#按顺序找到对应的坐标0123，分别是左上右上右下、左下s=pts.sum(axis=1)   #对矩阵的每一行进行求和操作rect[0]=pts[np.argmin(s)]rect[2]=pts[np.argmax(s)]diff=np.diff(pts,axis=1)rect[1]=pts[np.argmin(diff)]rect[3]=pts[np.argmax(diff)]return rectdef four_point_transform(image,pts):#获取输入的坐标点rect=order_points(pts)(tl,tr,br,bl)=rect#计算输入的w和h值widthA=np.sqrt(((br[0]-bl[0])**2) +( br[1] - bl[1])**2)widthB = np.sqrt(((tr[0] - tl[0]) ** 2) + (tr[1] - tl[1]) ** 2)maxwidth=max(int(widthA),int(widthB))heightA=np.sqrt(((tr[0]-br[0])**2) +( tr[1] - br[1])**2)heightB=np.sqrt(((tl[0]-bl[0])**2) +( tl[1] - bl[1])**2)maxheight=max(int(heightA),int(heightB))dst=np.array([[0,0],[maxwidth,0],[maxwidth,maxheight],[0,maxheight]],dtype='float32')M=cv2.getPerspectiveTransform(rect,dst)warped=cv2.warpPerspective(image,M,(maxwidth,maxheight))return warped#预处理
image=cv2.imread('../data/images/test_01.png')
contours_img=image.copy()"灰度处理、做高斯滤波、边缘检测"
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGRA2GRAY)
blurred = cv2.GaussianBlur(gray,(5,5),0)
cv_show('blurred',blurred)
edged = cv2.Canny(blurred, 75, 200)
cv_show('edged',edged)#轮廓检测
cnts=cv2.findContours(edged,cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL,cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)[-2]
cv2.drawContours(contours_img,cnts,-1,(0,0,255),3)
cv_show('contours_img',contours_img)
doCnt=None#根据轮廓大小进行排序，准备透视变换
cnts=sorted(cnts,key=cv2.contourArea,reverse=True)
for c in cnts:peri=cv2.arcLength(c,True)approx=cv2.approxPolyDP(c,0.02*peri,True)if len(approx)==4:doCnt=approxbreak#执行透视变换
warped_t=four_point_transform(image,doCnt.reshape(4,2))
warped_new=warped_t.copy()
cv_show('warped',warped_t)
warped=cv2.cvtColor(warped_t,cv2.COLOR_BGRA2GRAY)#阈值处理
thresh=cv2.threshold(warped,0,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV | cv2.THRESH_OTSU)[1]
cv_show('thresh',thresh)
thresh_contours=thresh.copy()cnts=cv2.findContours(thresh,cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL,cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)[-2]
warped_contours=cv2.drawContours(warped_t,cnts,-1,(0,255,0),1)
cv_show('warped_contours',warped_contours)questionCnts=[]
for c in cnts:(x,y,w,h)=cv2.boundingRect(c)ar=w/float(h)#根据实际情况指定标准if w>20 and h >20 and 0.9<ar<=1.1:questionCnts.append(c)#按照从上到下的顺序排序
questionCnts=sort_contours(questionCnts,method="top-to-bottom")[0]
correct=0   #计算正确率#依次取出每行的数据
for (q,i) in enumerate(np.arange(0,len(questionCnts),5)):cnts=sort_contours(questionCnts[i:i+5])[0]bubbled=None#遍历每一个结果for (j,c) in enumerate(cnts):mask=np.zeros(thresh.shape,dtype='uint8')cv2.drawContours(mask,[c],-1,255,-1)#-1代表填充cv_show('mask',mask)thresh_mask_and=cv2.bitwise_and(thresh,thresh,mask=mask)cv_show('thresh_mask_and',thresh_mask_and)total=cv2.countNonZero(thresh_mask_and)if bubbled is None or total>bubbled[0]:bubbled=(total,j)color=(0,0,255)k=ANSWER_KEY[q]if k==bubbled[1]:color=(0,255,0)correct+=1cv2.drawContours(warped_new,[cnts[k]],-1,color,3)cv_show('warped',warped_new)score=(correct/5.0)*100
print("[INFO] score:{:.2f}%".format(score))
cv2.putText(warped_new,"{:.2f}%".format(score),(10,20),cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,0.9,(0,0,255),2)cv_show('Oringinal',image)
cv_show("Exas",warped_new)
cv2.waitKey(0)

该代码通过经典的OpenCV图像处理技术，构建了一个完整的答题卡自动评分系统，展现了计算机视觉在自动化领域的典型应用。其模块化设计、清晰的代码结构和可调参数，为二次开发提供了良好的基础，具备较高的实用价值和扩展潜力。