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前言

TypeScript作为JavaScript的超集，为开发者提供了强大的类型系统和现代编程特性。本教程将详细演示如何从零开始搭建TypeScript开发环境。

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环境准备

1. 安装Node.js

参考文章：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_45793745/article/details/146941979

TypeScript需要Node.js的npm包管理器进行安装：

• 访问 Node.js官网 下载LTS版本
• 验证安装（终端执行）：

node -v  # 应显示v22.x或更高
npm -v   # 应显示10.x或更高

2. 安装TypeScript编译器

全局安装（适合快速体验）：

npm install -g typescript

项目本地安装（推荐方式）：

mkdir ts-project && cd ts-project
npm init -y
npm install typescript --save-dev

验证安装：

tsc --version  # 应显示Version 5.x或更高

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项目配置

1. 初始化TS配置

npx tsc --init

这会生成tsconfig.json文件，关键配置项：

{"compilerOptions": {/* Visit https://aka.ms/tsconfig to read more about this file *//* Projects */// "incremental": true,                              /* Save .tsbuildinfo files to allow for incremental compilation of projects. */// "composite": true,                                /* Enable constraints that allow a TypeScript project to be used with project references. */// "tsBuildInfoFile": "./.tsbuildinfo",              /* Specify the path to .tsbuildinfo incremental compilation file. */// "disableSourceOfProjectReferenceRedirect": true,  /* Disable preferring source files instead of declaration files when referencing composite projects. */// "disableSolutionSearching": true,                 /* Opt a project out of multi-project reference checking when editing. */// "disableReferencedProjectLoad": true,             /* Reduce the number of projects loaded automatically by TypeScript. *//* Language and Environment */"target": "es2016",                                  /* Set the JavaScript language version for emitted JavaScript and include compatible library declarations. */// "lib": [],                                        /* Specify a set of bundled library declaration files that describe the target runtime environment. */// "jsx": "preserve",                                /* Specify what JSX code is generated. */// "libReplacement": true,                           /* Enable lib replacement. */// "experimentalDecorators": true,                   /* Enable experimental support for legacy experimental decorators. */// "emitDecoratorMetadata": true,                    /* Emit design-type metadata for decorated declarations in source files. */// "jsxFactory": "",                                 /* Specify the JSX factory function used when targeting React JSX emit, e.g. 'React.createElement' or 'h'. */// "jsxFragmentFactory": "",                         /* Specify the JSX Fragment reference used for fragments when targeting React JSX emit e.g. 'React.Fragment' or 'Fragment'. */// "jsxImportSource": "",                            /* Specify module specifier used to import the JSX factory functions when using 'jsx: react-jsx*'. */// "reactNamespace": "",                             /* Specify the object invoked for 'createElement'. This only applies when targeting 'react' JSX emit. */// "noLib": true,                                    /* Disable including any library files, including the default lib.d.ts. */// "useDefineForClassFields": true,                  /* Emit ECMAScript-standard-compliant class fields. */// "moduleDetection": "auto",                        /* Control what method is used to detect module-format JS files. *//* Modules */"module": "commonjs",                                /* Specify what module code is generated. */// "rootDir": "./",                                  /* Specify the root folder within your source files. */// "moduleResolution": "node10",                     /* Specify how TypeScript looks up a file from a given module specifier. */// "baseUrl": "./",                                  /* Specify the base directory to resolve non-relative module names. */// "paths": {},                                      /* Specify a set of entries that re-map imports to additional lookup locations. */// "rootDirs": [],                                   /* Allow multiple folders to be treated as one when resolving modules. */// "typeRoots": [],                                  /* Specify multiple folders that act like './node_modules/@types'. */// "types": [],                                      /* Specify type package names to be included without being referenced in a source file. */// "allowUmdGlobalAccess": true,                     /* Allow accessing UMD globals from modules. */// "moduleSuffixes": [],                             /* List of file name suffixes to search when resolving a module. */// "allowImportingTsExtensions": true,               /* Allow imports to include TypeScript file extensions. Requires '--moduleResolution bundler' and either '--noEmit' or '--emitDeclarationOnly' to be set. */// "rewriteRelativeImportExtensions": true,          /* Rewrite '.ts', '.tsx', '.mts', and '.cts' file extensions in relative import paths to their JavaScript equivalent in output files. */// "resolvePackageJsonExports": true,                /* Use the package.json 'exports' field when resolving package imports. */// "resolvePackageJsonImports": true,                /* Use the package.json 'imports' field when resolving imports. */// "customConditions": [],                           /* Conditions to set in addition to the resolver-specific defaults when resolving imports. */// "noUncheckedSideEffectImports": true,             /* Check side effect imports. */// "resolveJsonModule": true,                        /* Enable importing .json files. */// "allowArbitraryExtensions": true,                 /* Enable importing files with any extension, provided a declaration file is present. */// "noResolve": true,                                /* Disallow 'import's, 'require's or '<reference>'s from expanding the number of files TypeScript should add to a project. *//* JavaScript Support */// "allowJs": true,                                  /* Allow JavaScript files to be a part of your program. Use the 'checkJS' option to get errors from these files. */// "checkJs": true,                                  /* Enable error reporting in type-checked JavaScript files. */// "maxNodeModuleJsDepth": 1,                        /* Specify the maximum folder depth used for checking JavaScript files from 'node_modules'. Only applicable with 'allowJs'. *//* Emit */// "declaration": true,                              /* Generate .d.ts files from TypeScript and JavaScript files in your project. */// "declarationMap": true,                           /* Create sourcemaps for d.ts files. */// "emitDeclarationOnly": true,                      /* Only output d.ts files and not JavaScript files. */// "sourceMap": true,                                /* Create source map files for emitted JavaScript files. */// "inlineSourceMap": true,                          /* Include sourcemap files inside the emitted JavaScript. */// "noEmit": true,                                   /* Disable emitting files from a compilation. */// "outFile": "./",                                  /* Specify a file that bundles all outputs into one JavaScript file. If 'declaration' is true, also designates a file that bundles all .d.ts output. */// "outDir": "./",                                   /* Specify an output folder for all emitted files. */// "removeComments": true,                           /* Disable emitting comments. */// "importHelpers": true,                            /* Allow importing helper functions from tslib once per project, instead of including them per-file. */// "downlevelIteration": true,                       /* Emit more compliant, but verbose and less performant JavaScript for iteration. */// "sourceRoot": "",                                 /* Specify the root path for debuggers to find the reference source code. */// "mapRoot": "",                                    /* Specify the location where debugger should locate map files instead of generated locations. */// "inlineSources": true,                            /* Include source code in the sourcemaps inside the emitted JavaScript. */// "emitBOM": true,                                  /* Emit a UTF-8 Byte Order Mark (BOM) in the beginning of output files. */// "newLine": "crlf",                                /* Set the newline character for emitting files. */// "stripInternal": true,                            /* Disable emitting declarations that have '@internal' in their JSDoc comments. */// "noEmitHelpers": true,                            /* Disable generating custom helper functions like '__extends' in compiled output. */// "noEmitOnError": true,                            /* Disable emitting files if any type checking errors are reported. */// "preserveConstEnums": true,                       /* Disable erasing 'const enum' declarations in generated code. */// "declarationDir": "./",                           /* Specify the output directory for generated declaration files. *//* Interop Constraints */// "isolatedModules": true,                          /* Ensure that each file can be safely transpiled without relying on other imports. */// "verbatimModuleSyntax": true,                     /* Do not transform or elide any imports or exports not marked as type-only, ensuring they are written in the output file's format based on the 'module' setting. */// "isolatedDeclarations": true,                     /* Require sufficient annotation on exports so other tools can trivially generate declaration files. */// "erasableSyntaxOnly": true,                       /* Do not allow runtime constructs that are not part of ECMAScript. */// "allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true,             /* Allow 'import x from y' when a module doesn't have a default export. */"esModuleInterop": true,                             /* Emit additional JavaScript to ease support for importing CommonJS modules. This enables 'allowSyntheticDefaultImports' for type compatibility. */// "preserveSymlinks": true,                         /* Disable resolving symlinks to their realpath. This correlates to the same flag in node. */"forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,            /* Ensure that casing is correct in imports. *//* Type Checking */"strict": true,                                      /* Enable all strict type-checking options. */// "noImplicitAny": true,                            /* Enable error reporting for expressions and declarations with an implied 'any' type. */// "strictNullChecks": true,                         /* When type checking, take into account 'null' and 'undefined'. */// "strictFunctionTypes": true,                      /* When assigning functions, check to ensure parameters and the return values are subtype-compatible. */// "strictBindCallApply": true,                      /* Check that the arguments for 'bind', 'call', and 'apply' methods match the original function. */// "strictPropertyInitialization": true,             /* Check for class properties that are declared but not set in the constructor. */// "strictBuiltinIteratorReturn": true,              /* Built-in iterators are instantiated with a 'TReturn' type of 'undefined' instead of 'any'. */// "noImplicitThis": true,                           /* Enable error reporting when 'this' is given the type 'any'. */// "useUnknownInCatchVariables": true,               /* Default catch clause variables as 'unknown' instead of 'any'. */// "alwaysStrict": true,                             /* Ensure 'use strict' is always emitted. */// "noUnusedLocals": true,                           /* Enable error reporting when local variables aren't read. */// "noUnusedParameters": true,                       /* Raise an error when a function parameter isn't read. */// "exactOptionalPropertyTypes": true,               /* Interpret optional property types as written, rather than adding 'undefined'. */// "noImplicitReturns": true,                        /* Enable error reporting for codepaths that do not explicitly return in a function. */// "noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true,               /* Enable error reporting for fallthrough cases in switch statements. */// "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,                 /* Add 'undefined' to a type when accessed using an index. */// "noImplicitOverride": true,                       /* Ensure overriding members in derived classes are marked with an override modifier. */// "noPropertyAccessFromIndexSignature": true,       /* Enforces using indexed accessors for keys declared using an indexed type. */// "allowUnusedLabels": true,                        /* Disable error reporting for unused labels. */// "allowUnreachableCode": true,                     /* Disable error reporting for unreachable code. *//* Completeness */// "skipDefaultLibCheck": true,                      /* Skip type checking .d.ts files that are included with TypeScript. */"skipLibCheck": true                                 /* Skip type checking all .d.ts files. */}
}

2. 目录结构建议

├── src/
│   └── index.ts
├── dist/
├── package.json
└── tsconfig.json

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开发流程示例

1. 编写测试文件

创建src/index.ts：

type User = {id: numbername: string
}function greet(user: User): string {return `Hello, ${user.name}!`
}console.log(greet({ id: 1, name: "TypeScript" }))

2. 编译执行

单次编译：

npx tsc

监听模式（实时编译）：

npx tsc --watch

运行编译后的JS：

node dist/index.js

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测试案例

1. 目录结构

├── index.html
├── index.ts
├── index.js
└── tsconfig.json

2. index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><title>TypeScript install Test</title></head><body><h1>TypeScript</h1></body>
</html>
<script src="./index.js"></script>

3. index.ts

console.log("success");

4. index.js

运行命令：tsc index

生成index.js文件

tsc  index

5. 运行index.html

进阶配置

1. 结合Webpack

安装必要依赖：

npm install webpack webpack-cli ts-loader --save-dev

webpack.config.js配置示例：

module.exports = {entry: './src/index.ts',module: {rules: [{test: /\.ts$/,use: 'ts-loader',exclude: /node_modules/}]},resolve: {extensions: ['.ts', '.js']},output: {filename: 'bundle.js',path: __dirname + '/dist'}
};

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常见问题解决

1. 类型声明缺失

安装@types包：

npm install @types/node --save-dev

2. 路径别名配置

在tsconfig.json中添加：

{"compilerOptions": {"baseUrl": ".","paths": {"@/*": ["src/*"]}}
}

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开发工具推荐

1. Visual Studio Code - 内置TS支持
2. WebStorm - 强大的IDE支持
3. 安装扩展：
   • ESLint
   • Prettier
   • Code Spell Checker

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学习资源

• TypeScript官方文档
• TypeScript Playground
• DefinitelyTyped类型仓库

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通过本教程，您已完成TypeScript开发环境的搭建，现在可以开始享受类型安全的JavaScript开发体验了！建议从简单的类型注解开始，逐步探索泛型、装饰器等高级特性。

// Happy coding!