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Qt调用Miniconda的python方法

news 来源：原创 2025/5/1 15:24:56

1、 Win 64环境下载及安装 Miniconda

首先下载Windows 版Miniconda，https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/miniconda.html或

https://repo.anaconda.com/miniconda/

安装界面及选择如下图所示：

安装完python3.12版报错如下。

说明：python3.11版本以后都不支持Py_SetPythonHome函数为此，下载了python3.10版本。

版本问题是程序员的硬伤！！！

2、创建虚拟环境

新建Qt工程pythondemo，在pro文件中添加程序生成目录 DESTDIR及添加头文件和库文件内容如下：

QT       += core gui

greaterThan(QT_MAJOR_VERSION, 4): QT += widgets

TARGET = PythonDemo
TEMPLATE = app
DESTDIR = $$PWD/bin  #Added By LZY

# The following define makes your compiler emit warnings if you use
# any feature of Qt which has been marked as deprecated (the exact warnings
# depend on your compiler). Please consult the documentation of the
# deprecated API in order to know how to port your code away from it.
DEFINES += QT_DEPRECATED_WARNINGS

# You can also make your code fail to compile if you use deprecated APIs.
# In order to do so, uncomment the following line.
# You can also select to disable deprecated APIs only up to a certain version of Qt.
#DEFINES += QT_DISABLE_DEPRECATED_BEFORE=0x060000    # disables all the APIs deprecated before Qt 6.0.0

CONFIG += c++11

SOURCES += \
        main.cpp \
        mainwindow.cpp

HEADERS += \
        mainwindow.h

FORMS += \
        mainwindow.ui

INCLUDEPATH += $$PWD/bin/python/env/include #Added By LZY
LIBS += -L$$PWD/bin/python/env/libs \
        -lpython310 -lpython3

# Default rules for deployment.
qnx: target.path = /tmp/$${TARGET}/bin
else: unix:!android: target.path = /opt/$${TARGET}/bin
!isEmpty(target.path): INSTALLS += target

编译并运行程序，可以看到在bin目录下生成了可执行程序。在bin目录下新建python目录，然后在开始菜单中找到 **Anaconda Prompt（miniconda3）**打开一个Python终端，默认激活的是base虚拟环境。使用如下命令创建指定路径，指定Python版本的虚拟环境：

#1）指定Python版本的虚拟环境：并按照提示选择Y
conda create --prefix  D:\LZY\SelfSearch\Src\PythonDemo\bin\python\env python=3.10
#2）激活虚拟环境：
conda activate D:\LZY\SelfSearch\Src\PythonDemo\bin\python\env

3、配置C++调用python环境

初始化 Python 环境，并在程序中设置 PythonHome 环境变量，如何知道PythonHome环境变量需要设置哪些路径呢？这里需要参考虚拟环境的环境变量值。在激活的 bin\python\env 虚拟环境下运行Python解释器，打印虚拟环境的path值，如下所示：

(D:\LZY\SelfSearch\Src\PythonDemo\bin\python\env) D:\LZY\SelfSearch\Src\PythonDemo>python
Python 3.10.16 | packaged by Anaconda, Inc. | (main, Dec 11 2024, 16:19:12) [MSC v.1929 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sys
>>> print(sys.path)
['', 'D:\\LZY\\SelfSearch\\Src\\PythonDemo\\bin\\python\\env\\python310.zip', 'D:\\LZY\\SelfSearch\\Src\\PythonDemo\\bin\\python\\env\\DLLs', 'D:\\LZY\\SelfSearch\\Src\\PythonDemo\\bin\\python\\env\\lib', 'D:\\LZY\\SelfSearch\\Src\\PythonDemo\\bin\\python\\env', 'D:\\LZY\\SelfSearch\\Src\\PythonDemo\\bin\\python\\env\\lib\\site-packages']
>>>

在代码中设置PythonHome 并初始化Python环境，代码如下：

    QString pythonHome = qApp->applicationDirPath() + "/python/env";
    pythonHome.append(";");
    pythonHome.append(qApp->applicationDirPath() + "/python/env/python38.zip");
    pythonHome.append(";");
    pythonHome.append(qApp->applicationDirPath() + "/python/env/DLLs");
    pythonHome.append(";");
    pythonHome.append(qApp->applicationDirPath() + "/python/env/lib");
    pythonHome.append(";");
    pythonHome.append(qApp->applicationDirPath() + "/python/env/lib/site-packages");
    
    wchar_t pythonHomeWchar[1500];
    memset(pythonHomeWchar, 0, sizeof(pythonHomeWchar));
    pythonHome.toWCharArray(pythonHomeWchar);
    //设置PythonHome环境变量
    Py_SetPythonHome(pythonHomeWchar);
    //初始化Python C API
    Py_Initialize();
    if(Py_IsInitialized())
    {
        qDebug() << "python env init !";
    }

编译问题：

在配置好pro文件编译qt工程时遇到如下图所示的错误，原因是object中定义的slots与qt的slots定义冲突，解决方法是在头文件python.h声明前先取消slots宏定义，包含python.h后再重新define，可解决这个问题。如下图所示：

#include <QDebug>
#include <qtextcodec.h>

#include "mainwindow.h"
#include "ui_mainwindow.h"
//--
#undef slots  //Added By Lzy
#include "Python.h"
#define slots Q_SLOTS

4、 C++调用Python带参函数

创建testPython.py文件，并添加一个带参数的测试函数，如下

def writeData(data):
	print(data)

下面的代码演示了如何设置应用程序python脚本路径，导入Python模块，获取模块中定义的函数，设置函数参数及调用函数。

 //应用程序python脚本路径
    QString pyfilePath = QString::fromLocal8Bit("sys.path.append('%1')").arg(qApp->applicationDirPath() + "/python");
    PyRun_SimpleString(pyfilePath.toLocal8Bit().data());

    //导入python模块
    PyObject* pWriteWordModule = PyImport_ImportModule("testPython");
    if(!pWriteWordModule)
    {
        qDebug() << "import module faild!";
        PyErr_Print();
    }
    //获取testPython模块中的函数
    PyObject *pFunc = PyObject_GetAttrString(pWriteWordModule, "writeData");
    if(!pFunc)
    {
        qDebug() << "get func faild!";
    }
    
    //设置函数参数
    PyObject *pTuple = PyTuple_New(1);
    PyTuple_SetItem(pTuple, 0, Py_BuildValue("s", "hello python !"));

    //调用函数
    PyObject_CallObject(pFunc, pTuple);

5、问题处理

1）调用python模块出错如下：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "D:\LZY/SelfSearch/Src/PythonDemo/bin/python\testPython.py", line 2, in writeData
    print(data)
UnicodeEncodeError: 'gbk' codec can't encode character '\ufffd' in position 0: illegal multibyte sequence

解决方法：在头文件中加入#pragma execution_character_set("utf-8")就可以；