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C# 应用进程间通信(IPC)技术方案

进程间通信(Inter-Process Communication, IPC)是不同进程之间交换数据和消息的机制。以下是C#中常用的IPC技术方案：

1. 命名管道(Named Pipes)

适用于本地机器上的进程通信，支持双向通信。

​​服务端示例​​：

csharp

using System.IO.Pipes;var server = new NamedPipeServerStream("MyPipe", PipeDirection.InOut);
server.WaitForConnection();using (StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(server))
using (StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(server))
{string message = reader.ReadLine();Console.WriteLine($"Received: {message}");writer.WriteLine("Hello from server!");writer.Flush();
}

​​客户端示例​​：

csharp

using System.IO.Pipes;var client = new NamedPipeClientStream(".", "MyPipe", PipeDirection.InOut);
client.Connect();using (StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(client))
using (StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(client))
{writer.WriteLine("Hello from client!");writer.Flush();string response = reader.ReadLine();Console.WriteLine($"Server response: {response}");
}

2. 内存映射文件(Memory-Mapped Files)

允许不同进程通过共享内存进行通信。

​​写入进程​​：

csharp

using System.IO.MemoryMappedFiles;using (var mmf = MemoryMappedFile.CreateOrOpen("MySharedMemory", 1024))
using (var accessor = mmf.CreateViewAccessor())
{byte[] message = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("Hello from Process 1!");accessor.WriteArray(0, message, 0, message.Length);
}

​​读取进程​​：

csharp

using (var mmf = MemoryMappedFile.OpenExisting("MySharedMemory"))
using (var accessor = mmf.CreateViewAccessor())
{byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];accessor.ReadArray(0, buffer, 0, buffer.Length);string message = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(buffer).TrimEnd('\0');Console.WriteLine($"Received: {message}");
}

3. WCF (Windows Communication Foundation)

.NET框架提供的强大通信框架，支持多种协议。

​​服务端​​：

csharp

using System.ServiceModel;[ServiceContract]
public interface IMyService
{[OperationContract]string GetMessage();
}public class MyService : IMyService
{public string GetMessage() => "Hello from WCF service!";
}var host = new ServiceHost(typeof(MyService), new Uri("net.pipe://localhost"));
host.AddServiceEndpoint(typeof(IMyService), new NetNamedPipeBinding(), "MyService");
host.Open();

​​客户端​​：

csharp

var factory = new ChannelFactory<IMyService>(new NetNamedPipeBinding(),new EndpointAddress("net.pipe://localhost/MyService"));IMyService proxy = factory.CreateChannel();
string message = proxy.GetMessage();
Console.WriteLine($"Service response: {message}");

4. 套接字(Sockets)

适用于网络通信，也可用于本地进程间通信。

​​TCP服务端​​：

csharp

var listener = new TcpListener(IPAddress.Loopback, 12345);
listener.Start();var client = listener.AcceptTcpClient();
using (var stream = client.GetStream())
using (var reader = new StreamReader(stream))
using (var writer = new StreamWriter(stream))
{string request = reader.ReadLine();writer.WriteLine($"Echo: {request}");writer.Flush();
}

​​TCP客户端​​：

csharp

var client = new TcpClient("localhost", 12345);
using (var stream = client.GetStream())
using (var reader = new StreamReader(stream))
using (var writer = new StreamWriter(stream))
{writer.WriteLine("Hello from client!");writer.Flush();string response = reader.ReadLine();Console.WriteLine(response);
}

5. 消息队列(MSMQ)

适用于异步、可靠的进程间通信。

​​发送消息​​：

csharp

using System.Messaging;if (!MessageQueue.Exists(@".\Private$\MyQueue"))MessageQueue.Create(@".\Private$\MyQueue");var queue = new MessageQueue(@".\Private$\MyQueue");
queue.Send("Hello from sender process!", "Test Message");

​​接收消息​​：

csharp

var queue = new MessageQueue(@".\Private$\MyQueue");
queue.Formatter = new XmlMessageFormatter(new[] { typeof(string) });Message message = queue.Receive();
Console.WriteLine($"Received: {message.Body}");

6. 文件监视(File System Watcher)

通过共享文件和文件系统事件进行通信。

​​写入进程​​：

csharp

File.WriteAllText("shared.txt", "Hello from Process 1!");

​​监视进程​​：

csharp

var watcher = new FileSystemWatcher
{Path = Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(),Filter = "shared.txt",NotifyFilter = NotifyFilters.LastWrite
};watcher.Changed += (s, e) => 
{string content = File.ReadAllText(e.FullPath);Console.WriteLine($"File changed: {content}");
};watcher.EnableRaisingEvents = true;

7. COM/DCOM

适用于与遗留系统或非.NET应用程序通信。

​​COM服务器示例​​：

csharp

[ComVisible(true)]
[Guid("...")]
[ClassInterface(ClassInterfaceType.AutoDual)]
public class MyComServer
{public string GetMessage() => "Hello from COM server!";
}

​​COM客户端​​：

csharp

Type comType = Type.GetTypeFromProgID("MyComServer");
dynamic comObject = Activator.CreateInstance(comType);
string message = comObject.GetMessage();

选择建议

1. ​​高性能需求​​：内存映射文件或命名管道
2. ​​跨机器通信​​：WCF或套接字
3. ​​可靠异步通信​​：MSMQ
4. ​​简单临时通信​​：文件监视
5. ​​与旧系统集成​​：COM/DCOM

每种方案都有其适用场景，应根据具体需求选择最合适的IPC技术。