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英语语法大全

文章目录

  • 一、do和does疑问句
    • 1.用法规则
    • 2.结构公式
    • 3.例句说明
    • 4.简短回答形式
  • 二、don’t / doesn’t否定句
    • 1.基本规则
    • 2.句子结构
    • 3.例句说明
  • 三、be动词疑问句
    • 1.be动词有哪些
    • 2.结构
    • 3.be动词 和 do/does 疑问句的区别
    • 4.什么时候用 be动词,什么时候用 do/does
  • 四、否定疑问句
    • 1.什么是“否定疑问句”
    • 2.结构和例句
      • 🔹 (1) be 动词的否定疑问句
      • 🔹 (2) do / does 的否定疑问句
      • 🔹 (3) did 的否定疑问句(一般过去时)
    • 3.语气和含义举例
  • 五、“must”和“have to” 的区别
    • 1.共同点
    • 2.主要区别
    • 3.具体例子对比
    • 4.简明记忆口诀
  • 六、 have,has, had 的区别
    • 1.基本区别(时态 + 主语)
    • 2.三者的主要用法
      • 🔹(1) 表示“拥有”
      • 🔹(2) 表示“吃、喝、做、经历”(动作)
      • 🔹(3) 用作“完成时”的助动词(have/has + 过去分词)
    • 3.三者的对比总结
  • 七、一般现在时
    • 1. 一般现在时的基本用法
    • 2. 句型结构
      • 🔹(1) 肯定句
      • 🔹(2) 否定句
      • 🔹(3) 疑问句
    • 3.动词加 s/es 的规则(第三人称单数)
    • 4.时间副词常见搭配
    • 5.例句大全(肯定 + 否定 + 疑问)
  • 八、现在进行时
    • 1.现在进行时的基本用法
    • 2.现在进行时的基本结构
    • 3.动词变 “–ing” 规则
    • 4.否定句结构
    • 5.疑问句结构
    • 6.常见的时间状语
    • 7.例句总结
  • 九、一般过去时
    • 1.什么是一般过去时
    • 2.构成方式
      • 🔹(1) 肯定句
      • 🔹(2) 否定句
      • 🔹(3) 疑问句
    • 3.动词过去式变化规则
      • 🔹(1) 规则动词(+ed)
      • 🔹(2) 不规则动词(变化特别)
    • 4.常见时间状语(表示过去)
    • 5/例句大全(肯定句 + 否定句 + 疑问句)
  • 十、过去完成时 / 现在完成时 / 现在完成进行时
    • 1.语法结构回顾
    • 2.时态用法对比
    • 3.常见的过去分词
    • 4.例句
  • 十一、将来时
    • 1.英语将来时的常见表达方式(重点掌握前两种)
    • 2.重点掌握这两个
      • 🔹 (1) will + 动词原形
      • 🔹 (2) be going to + 动词原形
    • 3.will 和 be going to 的区别
    • 4.将来时的否定won’t(不会)
      • 🔹 (1) "won’t" 的句型结构
      • 🔹 (2) 和肯定句对比一下
      • 🔹 (3) 用法场景总结
  • 十二、将来完成时
    • 1.将来完成时的结构
    • 2.表示什么意思
    • 3.常用过去分词复习(用于将来完成时)
  • 十三、名词复数
    • 1.什么时候用名词复数
      • 🔹 (1) 表示两个或更多事物时
      • 🔹 (2) 泛指一类人或事物(常常是复数)
      • 🔹 (3) 与数量词、some / many / a few 等连用时
    • 2.名词复数的一般规则(常见的加 s 情况)
    • 3.特殊变化规则(不是简单加 s)
      • 🔹 (1) 以 -s, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾 → 加 -es
      • 🔹 (2) 以辅音字母 + y 结尾 → 把 y 改为 i 加 es
      • 🔹 (3) 以 -f / -fe 结尾的部分词 → 改 f 为 v 加 es
      • 🔹 (4) 不规则名词复数(记住它们)
      • 🔹 (5) 不可数名词(没有复数)
  • 十四、被动语态
    • 1.什么是被动语态
    • 2.被动语态的基本结构
    • 3.常见例句(中英对照)
    • 4.常见 “被” 的表达关键点
    • 5.常见 “by + 执行者” 用法
  • 十五、the的使用
    • 1.the 是什么意思
    • 2.什么时候使用 the
      • 🔹(1) 说话双方都知道的特定事物
      • 🔹(2) 第二次提到的名词
      • 🔹(3) 世界上独一无二的事物
      • 🔹(4) 限定词后面的名词
      • 🔹(5) 表示整个种类的名词(单数)
      • 🔹(6) 海洋、河流、山脉、报纸等专有名词前
    • 3.什么时候不加 the
    • 4.常见对比
  • 十六、特殊疑问词:how / what / when / why
    • 1.疑问词快速对比表
    • 2. 疑问词 + **be动词** 的句型结构
      • 🔹 句型:
      • 🔹 be动词的用法跟以前学的一样
      • 📌 举例:
    • 3.疑问词 + **do / does / did** 的句型结构
      • 🔹 句型:
      • 🔹 用法和之前学的一样
      • 📌 举例:
    • 3.各个疑问词详细讲解
      • 🔹(1) **What** — 询问“什么”
      • 🔹(2) **When** — 询问“什么时候”
      • 🔹(3) **Why** — 询问“为什么”
      • 🔹(4) **How** — 询问“怎么样、如何”
  • 十七、特殊疑问词:Who / Which / Whose
    • 1.Who 疑问句
      • 🔹 含义:谁
      • 📌 常见结构:
    • 2.Which 疑问句
      • 🔹 含义:哪一个
      • 📌 常见结构:
    • 3.Whose 疑问句
      • 🔹 含义:谁的
      • 📌 常见结构:
    • 4.对比总结表格
  • 十八、情态动词疑问句
    • 1.情态动词疑问句的通用结构
    • 2.基本情态动词的疑问用法(现在时)
      • (1) Can – 能力 / 请求 / 许可(口语最常见)
      • (2) May – 正式请求许可 / 可能性(更礼貌、更书面)
      • (3) Will – 意愿 / 未来动作 / 请求
      • (4) Shall – 建议 / 提议(主要用于英式英语,主语常是 I 或 We)
      • (5) Must – 强制 / 必要性(疑问句较少用)
    • 3.过去时形式的情态动词:**could / might / would / should**
      • (1) 它们在疑问句中的使用:
        • 🔹 Could – 更委婉的请求、假设能力
        • 🔹 Might – 更低可能性,更客气地推测
        • 🔹 Would – 更礼貌的请求或假设(虚拟语气)
        • 🔹 Should – 表达建议/义务
    • 4.情态动词之间的对比总结
  • 十九、情态动词完成时
    • 1.情态动词完成时结构
    • 2.每个情态完成时的含义与用法
    • 3.详细对比与例句说明
      • (1) might have + 过去分词(表示“可能发生过”,但不确定)
      • (2) could have + 过去分词(表示“本来有可能”,但实际上没有)
      • (3) should have + 过去分词(表示“本应该”,但没做,带有后悔)
      • (4) would have + 过去分词(虚拟语气,表示“要是…就会…”)
      • (5) must have + 过去分词(对过去的肯定推测)
    • 4.结构总结与语气强弱对比
  • 二十、been的使用
    • 1.什么是 **been**?
    • 2.been 的三种主要用法
      • 🔹(1)在完成时中作为助动词 be 的过去分词
        • ①现在完成时(have/has + been)
        • ②过去完成时(had + been)
      • 🔹(2) 与被动语态一起使用:have/has/had + been + 过去分词
      • 🔹(3)现在完成进行时(have/has + been + doing)
    • 3.总结:been 常出现在哪些结构中
  • 二十一、this、that、these、those区别
    • 1.含义
    • 2. 例句
  • 二十二、人称宾格
    • 1.什么是“宾格”?
    • 2.所有人称代词的宾格一览表
    • 3.用法说明
    • 4.句子举例汇总
  • 二十三、定语从句
    • 1.什么是定语从句(Relative Clause)?
    • 2.常用关系词及用法总结表
      • 🟥 注意:“**what**”不是关系代词,不能用在定语从句中!
    • 3.每个关系词用法详解 + 例句
      • 1️⃣ **who**:指人,作主语
      • 2️⃣ **whom**:指人,作宾语(更书面)
      • 3️⃣ **whose**:表示“谁的”,表示所属关系
      • 4️⃣ **which**:指物,作主语或宾语
      • 5️⃣ **that**:通用代词,可指人或物,语气较口语化
      • 6️⃣ **where**:指地点,表示“在……的地方”
      • 7️⃣ **when**:指时间,表示“在……何时”
    • 4.常见结构口诀记忆:
  • 二十四、what 引导的名词性从句
    • 1.什么是名词性从句?
    • 2.what 在其中扮演什么角色?
      • 结构口诀:
    • 3.what 引导的名词性从句用法分类
      • ① 作主语(整句的主语)
      • ② 作宾语(动词的宾语)
      • ③ 作表语(用于连系动词be后)
      • ④ 作介词宾语(放在介词后)
    • 4.口诀对比:what vs that
  • 二十五、省略 that 的宾语从句
    • 1.什么是宾语从句?
    • 2.that 引导的宾语从句结构
      • 🔹完整结构:
    • 3.什么时候可以省略 that?
      • ✅ 省略 that 的条件如下:
      • ✅ 省略 that
    • 4.什么时候不能省略 that?
  • 二十六、虚拟语气
    • 1.什么是虚拟语气?
    • 2.常见虚拟语气分类(按表达内容)
    • 3.三种典型虚拟句型讲解
      • 🔹 (1) 与现在事实相反的假设(现在虚拟)
      • 🔹 (2) 与过去事实相反的假设(过去虚拟)
      • 🔹 (3) 与将来可能不太可能发生的假设(将来虚拟)
    • 4.wish 虚拟语气
    • 5.特殊用法:It’s time / would rather / as if
  • 二十七、不定式 to do 与动名词 doing
    • 1.什么是不定式和动名词?
    • 2.二者都可作主语 / 宾语 / 表语
      • ✅ 作主语
      • ✅ 作宾语
    • 3.重点:不同动词后面该用 to do 还是 doing?
      • ✅ 只能接 **to do** 的常见动词:
      • ✅ 只能接 **doing** 的常见动词:
      • ✅ 可以接 **to do** 或 **doing**,但意思不同的动词:
    • 4.动名词 doing 还能当介词宾语
    • 5.误区
      • ❌ 误区:to do 表示将来,doing 表示进行时
      • ⚠️ ❗to do ≠ 将来时,doing ≠ 正在做
      • ✅ 正确理解:
      • 🟦 (1) to do:不定式,表示“打算、意图、目的”
      • 🟩 (2) doing:动名词,表示“正在做的动作”或“行为本身”
      • 🟨 所以总结:
      • ✅ 对比例句更清楚:
    • 6.小结口诀
  • 二十八、比较级 / 最高级
    • 1.什么是比较级 / 最高级?
    • 2.基本构成规则
      • ✅ (1) 单音节/部分双音节词:直接加 **-er / -est**
      • ✅ (2) 多音节形容词 / 副词:用 **more / most**
      • ✅ (3) 不规则变化
    • 3.常用句型表达
      • 🔹 (1) A 比 B …
      • 🔹 (2) A 没有 B 那么……
      • 🔹 (3) 最……
      • 🔹 (4) 最……之一
      • 🔹 (5) 越来越……
      • 🔹 (6) 超过
  • 二十九、副词的位置与种类
    • 1.副词的常见种类和例词
    • 2.副词的位置规则总结
      • ✅ (1) 频率副词(always, usually, often, sometimes, never)
      • ✅ (2) 方式副词(quickly, carefully, well)
      • ✅ (3) 时间副词(today, now, later,already,yet,just)
      • ✅ (4) 地点副词(here, there, outside)
      • ✅ (5) 程度副词(very, too, enough)
      • ✅ (6) 句子副词(actually, probably, fortunately)
    • 3.注意副词 vs. 形容词的区别
    • 4.常见错误总结
  • 三十、倒装句
    • 1.什么是倒装句?
      • ✅ 例子:
    • 2.常见引起倒装的副词类型
      • ✅ (1) 否定副词引起的倒装(❗最常考)
      • ✅ (2) 条件状语从句省略 if 引起的倒装
      • ✅ (3) only + 状语/副词短语开头引起的倒装
      • ✅ (4) 表地点/方向的副词(文学倒装)
    • 3.倒装句结构小总结表
  • 三十一、主谓一致
    • 1.主谓一致的基本规则
    • 2.常见主谓一致类型
      • ✅ (1) and 连接多个主语 → 复数
      • ✅ (2) each / every / either / neither / everyone / someone / nobody
      • ✅ (3) 集合名词(group, team, family, class)
      • ✅ (4) 主语是不可数名词 → 单数动词
      • ✅ (5) 主语后有介词短语,不影响动词形式
    • 3.常见容易错的主谓一致陷阱
    • 4.主谓一致判断口诀(简化记忆):
  • 三十二、强调句型
    • 1.什么是强调句型?
    • 2.It is / was … that / who … 结构详解
    • 3.强调句的构造技巧(原句如何变)
    • 4.常见强调句的变形形式
    • 5.除了 it is/was ... that,还有哪些强调表达方式?
      • ✅ (1) 倒装句 → 强调副词引导
      • ✅ (2) 助动词 do / does / did 强调谓语
      • ✅ (3) 句中重复强调词
  • 三十三、省略句 / 连接词
    • 1.省略句
      • 🔹定义:
      • ✅ 常见省略方式:
        • (1) 省略主语 + be动词
        • (2) 省略重复的动词
        • (3) 祈使句中省略主语
        • (4) 口语中常见省略
    • 2.连接词 and / but / so / because 用法
      • ✅ (1) **and**(和,而且)
      • ✅ (2) **but**(但是)
      • ✅ (3) **so**(所以)
      • ✅ (4) **because**(因为)
    • 3.表格总结:连接词功能与用法对比
  • 三十四、介词短语 & 介词搭配
    • 1.什么是介词短语 & 介词搭配?
    • 2.常见基本介词:at / in / on / by / for / to 等用法对比
    • 3.常见介词短语分类
      • (1)📍地点类
      • (2) 🕒 时间类
      • (3)🧭 方向 / 目的类
    • 4.常见固定搭配(介词 + 动词 / 形容词 / 名词)
      • ✅ 动词 + 介词
      • ✅ 形容词 + 介词
      • ✅ 名词 + 介词
  • 三十五、高频动词的固定搭配 look / take / get / make / do / give / have / go
    • 1.动词 **look** 的常见搭配
    • 2.动词 **take** 的常见搭配
    • 3.动词 **get** 的常见搭配
    • 4.动词 **make** 的常见搭配
    • 5.动词 **do** 的常见搭配
    • 6.动词 **give / have / go** 等常见搭配(简列)
  • 三十六、方位词
    • 1.常见方位词列表及含义
    • 2.图片记忆法(概念示意)
    • 3.常见搭配短语
  • 三十七、常见不规则动词过去式 / 过去分词

一、do和does疑问句

“do” 和 “does” 用在一般现在时的疑问句中,帮助构成句子的助动词部分。

1.用法规则

主语使用助动词
I / you / we / theydo
he / she / itdoes

2.结构公式

Do / Does + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?

3.例句说明

  1. 主语是 I / you / we / they —— 用 do
  • Do you like music? (你喜欢音乐吗?)
  • Do they play football every day?(他们每天踢足球吗?)
  • Do we need to bring anything?(我们需要带什么东西吗?)
  1. 主语是 he / she / it —— 用 does
  • Does she speak English?(她会说英语吗?)

  • Does he go to school by bus?(他坐公交车去上学吗?)

  • Does it work well?(它运作得好吗?)

💡 注意:动词要用原形,不要加 -s / -es
例如:❌ Does she likes music? → ✅ Does she like music?

4.简短回答形式

Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.

二、don’t / doesn’t否定句

一般现在时的否定句(用 don’t / doesn’t

1.基本规则

主语否定助动词动词
I / you / we / theydon’t(do not)动词原形
he / she / itdoesn’t(does not)动词原形

💡 和疑问句一样,否定句中的动词也要用原形,不能加 -s

2.句子结构

主语 + don’t / doesn’t + 动词原形 + 其他。

3.例句说明

  1. 主语是 I / you / we / they —— 用 don’t
  • I don’t like bananas.(我不喜欢香蕉。)
  • We don’t watch TV.(我们不看电视。)
  • They don’t play football.(他们不踢足球。)
  1. 主语是 he / she / it —— 用 doesn’t
  • He doesn’t like bananas.(他不喜欢香蕉。)
  • She doesn’t speak Chinese.(她不会说中文。)
  • It doesn’t work well.(它不好用。)

三、be动词疑问句

1.be动词有哪些

主语be动词
Iam
he / she / itis
you / we / theyare

2.结构

be动词 + 主语 + 其他?

例句:

  • Am I late?(我迟到了吗?)

  • Is he at home?(他在家吗?)

  • Are you happy?(你开心吗?)

  • Is it cold today?(今天冷吗?)

  • Are they ready?(他们准备好了吗?)

3.be动词 和 do/does 疑问句的区别

比较项be动词疑问句do/does 疑问句
使用条件句子中主语后是 be动词(am, is, are)句子中主语后是普通动词(如 like, go, have)
结构be动词 + 主语 + 其他do/does + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他
动词不需要再加别的动词需要和动词原形搭配使用

对比例子:

正确用法错误用法
Is she your teacher?(她是你的老师吗?)✅Does she your teacher? (错误,"teacher"不是动词)
Does she like music?(她喜欢音乐吗?)✅Is she like music? ("like"是动词,不是形容词)

4.什么时候用 be动词,什么时候用 do/does

情况用 be动词用 do/does
句子表达“是什么/是谁/在哪/状态/感觉”✔️ 是❌ 否
句子有动作(like, eat, go, play等动词)❌ 否✔️ 是

举例判断:

He is a doctor.Is he a doctor? (be动词)

She plays tennis.Does she play tennis?(do/does)

They are at home.Are they at home?(be动词)

He eats pizza.Does he eat pizza?(do/does)

四、否定疑问句

1.什么是“否定疑问句”

就是在疑问句中加入“not”来表示否定,通常是把 助动词 + not 放在句首。

有两种形式:

  1. 缩写形式(常见)
  2. 完整形式(正式)

2.结构和例句

Doesn’t / Don’t / Didn’t + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?

🔹 (1) be 动词的否定疑问句

原句否定疑问句
She is a teacher.Isn’t she a teacher?
They are at home.Aren’t they at home?
I am late.Aren’t I late?(特殊!不能说 “Amn’t I”

🔹 (2) do / does 的否定疑问句

原句否定疑问句
He likes music.Doesn’t he like music?
You go to school.Don’t you go to school?

🔹 (3) did 的否定疑问句(一般过去时)

原句否定疑问句
She went to the party.Didn’t she go to the party?

3.语气和含义举例

  • Don’t you like chocolate?(你不是喜欢巧克力吗?)→ 表示惊讶

  • Isn’t she your sister?(她不是你妹妹吗?)→ 确认

  • Aren’t we meeting at 6?(我们不是六点见吗?)→ 安排确认

  • Aren’t I in the wrong room? (我是不是走错房间了?)

五、“must”和“have to” 的区别

1.共同点

都可以表示“必须、应该做某事”

句子含义
You must finish your homework.你必须完成作业。
You have to finish your homework.你必须完成作业。

2.主要区别

比较点musthave to
语气主观:说话人认为“必须”客观:规则或外部原因要求“必须”
时态只能用于现在或将来可以用于所有时态(现在、过去、将来)
否定形式must not(mustn’t):意思是“绝对禁止”don’t / doesn’t have to:意思是“不必须 / 可以不做”
用法场合通常表示强烈建议、命令、规则更常用于实际生活中的“必须做某事”

3.具体例子对比

1️⃣ 语气:主观 vs 客观

  • You must wear a helmet.(你必须戴头盔。)
    → 说话人觉得这是很重要的安全行为
  • You have to wear a helmet.(你必须戴头盔。)
    → 这是法律规定或单位要求的。

2️⃣ 否定句意义不同!这是重点!

  • You must not touch this button.
    ❗️ 绝对禁止触碰(表示“不能”)
  • You don’t have to touch this button.
    ✅ 不需要碰,但你可以碰(表示“不是必须”)

⚠️“must not” ≠ “don’t have to”
一个是禁止,一个是没有义务


3️⃣ 过去时用法

  • I must finish the report yesterday.(错误)
  • I had to finish the report yesterday.

👉 have to 才能变过去时(had to)

4.简明记忆口诀

中文语感英文表达含义
“我觉得你一定要…”must主观
“规定/外部要求你要…”have to客观
“你绝对不能…”must not禁止
“你不用非要…”don’t have to不必须

六、 have,has, had 的区别

1.基本区别(时态 + 主语)

时态主语正确形式
一般现在时I / you / we / theyhave
一般现在时he / she / ithas
一般过去时所有主语had

2.三者的主要用法

🔹(1) 表示“拥有”

  • I have a car.(我有一辆车)
  • He has two sisters.(他有两个妹妹)
  • We had a big house when I was a child.(我们小时候有一栋大房子)

🔹(2) 表示“吃、喝、做、经历”(动作)

  • I have breakfast at 7.(我7点吃早餐)
  • She has a shower every morning.(她每天早上洗澡)
  • They had a good time yesterday.(他们昨天玩得很开心)

🔹(3) 用作“完成时”的助动词(have/has + 过去分词)

时态结构例句
现在完成时have/has + 过去分词I have eaten lunch.(我已经吃过午饭)
过去完成时had + 过去分词She had gone before I arrived.(我到达前她已经走了)

3.三者的对比总结

项目havehashad
现在时✔️(复数或 I/you)✔️(单数 he/she/it)
过去时✔️(所有主语)
完成时助动词✔️✔️✔️
含义(拥有)✔️✔️✔️

七、一般现在时

1. 一般现在时的基本用法

用法类型说明示例
日常习惯经常做、每天做的事I go to school every day.
客观事实永远正确、不变的真理Water boils at 100°C.
普遍真理例如地球、自然、生理等The sun rises in the east.
计划时间时间表(如飞机、车、课程)The train leaves at 6 p.m.

2. 句型结构

🔹(1) 肯定句

主语动词形式例句
I / you / we / they动词原形They play football.
he / she / it动词+s/esShe plays the piano.

🔸 动词加 s/es 的规则会在后面讲。

🔹(2) 否定句

主语 + do/does not + 动词原形

主语否定结构例句
I / you / we / theydon’t + 原形We don’t watch TV.
he / she / itdoesn’t + 原形He doesn’t like coffee.

🔹(3) 疑问句

Do/Does + 主语 + 动词原形?

主语疑问句结构例句
I / you / we / theyDo you + 原形Do you like English?
he / she / itDoes she + 原形Does he go to school?

3.动词加 s/es 的规则(第三人称单数)

当主语是 he / she / it 时,动词需要加 ses

原形动词he/she/it形式
playplays
gogoes
watchwatches
dodoes
havehas

📌 一般规则:

  • 一般动词 ➜ 加 s(play → plays)
  • ch, sh, s, x, o 结尾 ➜ 加 es(watch → watches)
  • 有特殊变化:have → has;do → does

4.时间副词常见搭配

这些词通常表明用一般现在时:

时间副词中文含义
always总是
often经常
usually通常
sometimes有时
never从不
every day每天
on Mondays每个星期一
in the morning在早上

5.例句大全(肯定 + 否定 + 疑问)

中文肯定句否定句疑问句
他每天都喝牛奶。He drinks milk every day.He doesn’t drink milk every day.Does he drink milk?
我每天读英语。I read English every day.I don’t read English every day.Do you read English?
她通常七点起床。She gets up at 7.She doesn’t get up at 7.Does she get up at 7?

八、现在进行时

1.现在进行时的基本用法

  1. 正在进行的动作:说话时刻正在发生的事
    • I am writing an email right now.(我现在正在写邮件。)
  2. 临时性行为:当前一段时间内的活动(不一定恰好在此刻)
    • She is staying with a friend this week.(她这周暂住在朋友家。)
  3. 预定的近期计划或安排
    • We are meeting them tomorrow.(我们明天要跟他们见面。)
  4. 带有情绪色彩的重复行为(常用 “always” 表示抱怨)
    • He is always borrowing my books!(他总是借我的书,真让人烦!)

2.现在进行时的基本结构

主语 + am / is / are + 动词-ing

主语be动词示例句
IamI am eating breakfast.
He/She/ItisShe is reading a book.
We/You/TheyareThey are playing football.

3.动词变 “–ing” 规则

  1. 一般动词 直接加 -ing
    • play → playing
    • cook → cooking
  2. 以不发音的 e 结尾 去 e 加 ing:
    • make → making
    • write → writing
  3. 重读闭音节单音节动词 双写末辅音字母再加 ing:
    • sit → sitting
    • run → running
  4. 以 ie 结尾 改 ie 为 y 再加 ing:
    • lie → lying
    • die → dying

4.否定句结构

主语 + am / is / are + not + 动词-ing

示例句
I am not sleeping.
She is not watching TV.
They are not playing basketball.

5.疑问句结构

Am / Is / Are + 主语 + 动词-ing + 其他?

示例句
Are you listening?
Is he eating lunch now?
Am I doing it right?

6.常见的时间状语

这些词常和现在进行时一起使用:

副词 / 短语中文意思
now现在
at the moment此刻
right now正在现在
today今天
this week这周(短期内)

7.例句总结

肯定句否定句疑问句
I am studying English now.I am not studying English.Am I studying English?
She is eating breakfast.She is not eating breakfast.Is she eating breakfast?
They are playing games.They are not playing games.Are they playing games?

九、一般过去时

1.什么是一般过去时

一般过去时表示:

过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态
✅ 动作已经结束

2.构成方式

🔹(1) 肯定句

主语 + 动词过去式 + 其他

主语示例句
II visited my grandma last week.
He/SheShe watched a movie yesterday.
We/TheyThey played football last Sunday.

🔹(2) 否定句

主语 + did not (didn’t) + 动词原形 + 其他

❗否定句中动词要变回原形

原句否定句
I watched TV.I didn’t watch TV.
She studied English.She didn’t study English.

🔹(3) 疑问句

Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?

疑问句中,无论人称是谁都用Did开头。Did+i/you/he/she/we/they+ 动词原形 + 其他?

原句疑问句
You went to school.Did you go to school?
He had breakfast.Did he have breakfast?

3.动词过去式变化规则

🔹(1) 规则动词(+ed)

原形过去式
playplayed
watchwatched
cleancleaned

🔸 变化规律:

  • 以 e 结尾 ➜ 加 d:like → liked
  • 辅音字母+y ➜ 变 y 为 i 加 ed:study → studied
  • 重读闭音节结尾双写词尾:stop → stopped

🔹(2) 不规则动词(变化特别)

原形过去式
gowent
eatate
seesaw
dodid
havehad
comecame

📌 不规则动词需要 背诵记忆,常见的会重复出现。

4.常见时间状语(表示过去)

这些词常常和一般过去时连用:

时间状语中文意思
yesterday昨天
last night/week/month/year上一……
two days ago两天前
in 2020在2020年
when I was a child当我小时候

5/例句大全(肯定句 + 否定句 + 疑问句)

中文肯定句否定句疑问句
我昨天去了图书馆。I went to the library yesterday.I didn’t go to the library.Did you go to the library?
她上周看了电影。She watched a movie last week.She didn’t watch a movie.Did she watch a movie?
他们上个月搬家了。They moved last month.They didn’t move last month.Did they move last month?

十、过去完成时 / 现在完成时 / 现在完成进行时

1.语法结构回顾

时态句型结构示例中文意思
现在完成时陈述句主语 + have/has + 过去分词I have eaten breakfast.我已经吃过早餐了。
现在完成时疑问句Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + … ?**Has she finished **her homework?她完成作业了吗?
过去完成时陈述句主语 + had + 过去分词She had left before 8.她在八点前就已经离开了。
过去完成时疑问句Had + 主语 + 过去分词 + … ?Had she finished the report before the meeting?她开会前就写完报告了吗?

📌 说明:

现在完成时中

  • have 用于 I / you / we / they
  • has 用于 he / she / it

📌 说明:

过去完成时中,had 用于所有人称,不变。

现在完成进行时

从过去某个时间点开始一直持续到现在

时态句型结构示例中文意思
现在完成进行时疑问句have/has + been + 动词的现在分词(doing)Have you been drinking water?你一直在喝水吗?(持续行为)

例句:

Have you been studying English? 你最近一直在学英语吗?
表示“持续的动作”

2.时态用法对比

用法现在完成时过去完成时
发生在过去,但与现在有关I’ve lost my keys.(我现在找不到)❌(不用过去完成时)
表示**“曾经”**的经历Have you ever been to Japan?Had you ever been to Japan before you moved?
用在两个过去动作中,表示先发生的She had finished dinner before he arrived.

3.常见的过去分词

动词原形过去分词
gogone
eateaten
seeseen
dodone
readread(发音变 /red/)
writewritten
taketaken

4.例句

  • I have already eaten lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了。
  • She had left before I arrived. 我到之前,她已经离开了。
  • They have never seen a panda. 他们从未见过熊猫。
  • We had finished the work before the deadline. 我们在截止日期前完成了工作。
  • He has just gone out. 他刚刚出去了。
  • I had given up before you came. 在你来之前,我就已经放弃了。
  • Have you eaten breakfast? 你吃过早饭了吗?
  • Has she finished her homework? 她完成作业了吗?
  • Have they arrived yet? 他们到了吗?
  • Had you eaten before you left? 你离开之前吃过了吗?
  • Had she finished the report before the meeting? 她开会前就写完报告了吗?

十一、将来时

1.英语将来时的常见表达方式(重点掌握前两种)

表达方式结构用法说明例句
1. will + 动词原形主语 + will + 动词原形表示“将要”,快速决定、预测I will go tomorrow.
2. be going to + 动词原形主语 + am/is/are going to + 动词表示“打算/计划”,已经决定好了的未来She is going to study.
3. 现在进行时(表示近期安排)am/is/are + doing表示已安排好的事情We are meeting him tonight.
4. 一般现在时(用于时刻表等)主语 + 动词原形固定安排(车次、开课)The train leaves at 8.

2.重点掌握这两个

🔹 (1) will + 动词原形

用于:

  • 临时决定
  • 预测未来
  • 承诺、保证

📌 示例:

  • I will call you later.(我一会儿打电话给你)
  • It will rain tomorrow.(明天会下雨)

🔹 (2) be going to + 动词原形

用于:

  • 有计划、有迹象的事情
  • 主观意图

📌 示例:

  • I am going to study English tonight.(我今晚打算学英语)
  • Look at those clouds! It is going to rain.(看那些云,要下雨了)

3.will 和 be going to 的区别

情况用 will用 be going to
临时决定✔️
已经决定好的计划✔️
预测未来(有根据)✔️
预测未来(主观判断)✔️

4.将来时的否定won’t(不会)

“won’t”“will not” 的缩写。

完整形式缩写形式
will notwon’t

🔹 (1) “won’t” 的句型结构

主语 + won’t + 动词原形

📌 举例:

  • I won’t go to the party.
    不会去参加派对。
  • She won’t eat that.
    不会吃那个。
  • They won’t help us.
    他们不会帮我们。

🔹 (2) 和肯定句对比一下

肯定句否定句
I will go to school.I won’t go to school.
He will help you.He won’t help you.

🔹 (3) 用法场景总结

情况示例
拒绝/否定I won’t do that.(我不会那样做)
预测未来不发生It won’t rain tomorrow.(明天不会下雨)
命令或劝阻You won’t touch that again!(别再碰!)

十二、将来完成时

1.将来完成时的结构

🔹 will have + 过去分词(Past Participle)

主语will have过去分词
I / you / he / she / it / we / theywill havedone / eaten / gone / finished 等

2.表示什么意思

表示:“到了未来某个时间点,动作/状态 已经完成。”

🕓 关键词:by, before, by the time, when, in 5 years, by tomorrow, 等。

📘 例句:

  1. I will have finished my homework by 9 p.m.
    👉 到晚上9点,我的作业就完成了
  2. She will have left before you arrive.
    👉 在你到之前,她就已经离开了
  3. They will have built the bridge by next year.
    👉 到明年,这座桥就建好了

3.常用过去分词复习(用于将来完成时)

动词原形过去分词
finishfinished
gogone
dodone
eateaten
seeseen
writewritten

十三、名词复数

1.什么时候用名词复数

🔹 (1) 表示两个或更多事物时

  • I have two books.(两本书)
  • There are many students in the classroom.

🔹 (2) 泛指一类人或事物(常常是复数)

  • Cats are cute.(猫很可爱,泛指所有猫)
  • Children need love.

🔹 (3) 与数量词、some / many / a few 等连用时

  • Some apples are on the table.
  • I saw three people.

2.名词复数的一般规则(常见的加 s 情况)

单数名词复数形式规则说明
bookbooks直接加 s
appleapples元音结尾直接加 s
dogdogs辅音后加 s

3.特殊变化规则(不是简单加 s)

🔹 (1) 以 -s, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾 → 加 -es

单数复数
busbuses
boxboxes
watchwatches
dishdishes

🔹 (2) 以辅音字母 + y 结尾 → 把 y 改为 i 加 es

单数复数
babybabies
citycities
storystories

但如果是元音+y(如:toy, boy)→ 直接加 s:toys, boys


🔹 (3) 以 -f / -fe 结尾的部分词 → 改 f 为 v 加 es

单数复数
leafleaves
knifeknives
wifewives

注意不是所有 -f/-fe 结尾都变,比如:roof → roofs


🔹 (4) 不规则名词复数(记住它们)

单数复数
manmen
womanwomen
childchildren
footfeet
toothteeth
mousemice
personpeople

🔹 (5) 不可数名词(没有复数)

如:water, rice, money, information, advice 等,不能加 s
✅ 正确说法:some water / a piece of advice
❌ 错误写法:waters / advices

十四、被动语态

1.什么是被动语态

被动语态是用来表达:

“某人/某物被……”
强调的是动作的承受者(被动一方),而不是谁做的这个动作。


📌 举个例子(中英文对比):

主动语态(谁做了)被动语态(谁被做了)
The chef cooked the meal. 厨师烹制了这顿饭。The meal was cooked by the chef. 这顿饭是厨师做的。
He broke the window. 他打破了窗户。The windows **were broken. ** 窗户被打破了。

2.被动语态的基本结构

be动词 + 过去分词(V3)

时态主动语态被动语态
一般现在时He cleans the room.The room is cleaned.
一般过去时He cleaned the room.The room was cleaned.
现在完成时He has cleaned the room.The room has been cleaned.
一般将来时He will clean the room.The room will be cleaned.

3.常见例句(中英对照)

  1. This book was written by J.K. Rowling.
    这本书是 J.K. 罗琳写的。(被写的)

  2. The windows are cleaned every day.
    窗户每天都被擦

  3. The homework will be finished soon.
    作业很快会被完成

  4. I was given a gift.
    被给了一个礼物。

  5. They **have been criticized **by the teacher.

    他们已经被老师批评了

  6. They were criticized by the teacher.

    他们老师批评了

  7. She has been criticized by the teacher.

    已经被老师批评了

  8. She was criticized by the teacher.

    老师批评了

4.常见 “被” 的表达关键点

中文表达英语句型
被打破is/was broken
被吃掉is/was eaten
被叫走is/was called away
被发现is/was found

5.常见 “by + 执行者” 用法

✅ 表示动作是“被谁”执行的

  • The letter was written by her.(信是她写的)
  • The cake was eaten by the dog.(蛋糕被狗吃了)

💡 如果执行者不重要,可以省略:

  • The cake was eaten.(被吃掉了)

十五、the的使用

1.the 是什么意思

“the” 用来表示:

👉 “特指某个/某些”已知的、独一无二的、或前面已经提到的名词

中文里可以理解成:

  • 这个 / 那个
  • 这些 / 那些

2.什么时候使用 the

🔹(1) 说话双方都知道的特定事物

📘 说的是大家都知道是哪一个(上下文清楚)

  • The sun is very bright.(太阳——独一无二)
  • Please close the door.(说话人知道是哪扇门)

🔹(2) 第二次提到的名词

📘 第一次用 a/an,第二次用 the

  • I saw a dog. The dog was very cute.

🔹(3) 世界上独一无二的事物

  • The Earth, the sky, the moon, the president

🔹(4) 限定词后面的名词

📘 有限定信息,使它变得具体明确

  • I like the book on your desk.(哪一本书?桌上的那本)
  • The girl with the red dress is my cousin.

🔹(5) 表示整个种类的名词(单数)

  • The elephant is a large animal.(大象是种大型动物)

🔹(6) 海洋、河流、山脉、报纸等专有名词前

  • The Pacific Ocean
  • The Yangtze River
  • The New York Times
  • The Great Wall

3.什么时候不加 the

不加 the 的情况例子
讲到泛指的人或物I like apples.
职业、身份等名词前She is a teacher.
专有名词前(大部分人名、地名)China, Tom, Mount Fuji
餐食语言运动I had breakfast. / I speak English. / He plays tennis.

4.常见对比

正确错误(泛指也加 the)
I have a cat. The cat is white.❌ I have the cat.(第一次提到不能用 the)
I like dogs.❌ I like the dogs.(如果不是特指就不能加 the)

十六、特殊疑问词:how / what / when / why

1.疑问词快速对比表

疑问词中文意思询问的内容示例疑问句
What什么事物、职业、行为What is this? / What do you want?
When什么时候时间When is your birthday?
Why为什么原因Why are you sad?
How怎么样/如何方法、方式、状态How do you go to school?

2. 疑问词 + be动词 的句型结构

🔹 句型:

What / When / Why + be动词 + 主语 +(其他)?

🔹 be动词的用法跟以前学的一样

主语一般现在时使用的 be动词
Iam
he / she / itis
you / we / theyare

📌 举例:

疑问词句子中文
What is your name?你叫什么名字?
When is your birthday?你什么时候生日?
Why are you tired?你为什么累?
Why is she sad?她为什么伤心?
Why am I here?我为什么在这儿?
How is she?她怎么样?

3.疑问词 + do / does / did 的句型结构

🔹 句型:

What / When / Why / Who + do / does / did + 主语 + 动词原形 +(其他)?

🔹 用法和之前学的一样

时态主语使用的助动词
现在时I / you / we / theydo
现在时he / she / itdoes
过去时所有人称did

📌 举例:

疑问句中文
What do you eat for breakfast?你早餐吃什么?
When does he go to school?他什么时候上学?
Why do they laugh?他们为什么笑?
Why did you cry?你为什么哭了?
What did she say?她说了什么?
How do you go to school?你怎么去学校?

3.各个疑问词详细讲解

🔹(1) What — 询问“什么”

用于提问事物、名称、行为、职业等

📌 常见句型:

  • What + be动词 + 主语?(What is this?)
  • What + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?

📎 例句:

  • What is this?(这是什么?)
  • What do you want?(你想要什么?)
  • What does she do?(她是做什么工作的?)

🔹(2) When — 询问“什么时候”

用来询问时间

📌 常见句型:

  • When + be动词 + 主语?
  • When + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?

📎 例句:

  • When is your birthday?(你什么时候过生日?)
  • When do you go to bed?(你几点睡觉?)
  • When did he arrive?(他什么时候到的?)

🔹(3) Why — 询问“为什么”

询问原因,常搭配回答 “Because…”(因为……)

📌 常见句型:

  • Why + be动词 + 主语?
  • Why + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?

📎 例句:

  • Why are you late?(你为什么迟到了?)
  • Why does he look sad?(他为什么看起来难过?)
  • Why did they leave early?(他们为什么早走了?)

🔹(4) How — 询问“怎么样、如何”

可表示方式、方法、状态、程度等,使用非常灵活

📌 常见句型:

  • How + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?
  • How + 形容词(如 old、many、much)+ be动词?

📎 例句:

  • How do you go to school?(你怎么去学校?)
  • How is she?(她怎么样?)
  • How old are you?(你几岁?)
  • How much is it?(它多少钱?)
  • How many books do you have?(你有几本书?)

十七、特殊疑问词:Who / Which / Whose

1.Who 疑问句

🔹 含义:谁

用来询问人,是关于“人是谁”的问题。

📌 常见结构:

(1)Who + be动词 + 主语?
➡ 问“这个人是谁”

🟢 例:Who is he?(他是谁?)

(2) Who + 动词 +(宾语)?
➡ 问“谁做了这件事”

🟢 例:Who opened the door?(谁开了门?)

(3) Who + do/does/did + 动词原形?
➡ 问“谁做某事”时,主语是别人

🟢 例:Who does she like?(她喜欢谁?)

2.Which 疑问句

🔹 含义:哪一个

用来在几个已知选项中进行选择,询问“哪一个人/物”。

📌 常见结构:

  1. Which + 名词 + be动词 + 主语?
    ➡ 哪一个是……

🟢 例:Which book is yours?(哪本书是你的?)

  1. Which + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?
    ➡ 哪一个人做了……

🟢 例:Which movie do you like best?(你最喜欢哪部电影?)

3.Whose 疑问句

🔹 含义:谁的

用来询问“所属关系”(某物是谁的)

📌 常见结构:

  1. Whose + 名词 + is this/that?
    🟢 例:Whose pen is this?(这是谁的笔?)
  2. Whose + 名词 + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词?
    🟢 例:Whose book did you borrow?(你借了谁的书?)

4.对比总结表格

疑问词意思用法举例
WhoWho is your teacher? / Who helped you?
Which哪一个Which color do you prefer?
Whose谁的Whose bag is this? / Whose phone rang?

十八、情态动词疑问句

1.情态动词疑问句的通用结构

情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + …?

例句(疑问)中文意思
Can you swim?你会游泳吗?
May I sit here?我可以坐这吗?
Will she come tomorrow?她明天会来吗?
Must we wear uniforms?我们必须穿制服吗?
Shall we begin?我们开始吗?

2.基本情态动词的疑问用法(现在时)

(1) Can – 能力 / 请求 / 许可(口语最常见)

疑问句用法
Can you drive?询问能力:你会开车吗?
Can I use your phone?请求许可:我可以用手机吗?

✅ 后接动词原形,如:Can you help me?


(2) May – 正式请求许可 / 可能性(更礼貌、更书面)

疑问句用法
May I leave early?请求允许(更正式)
May it rain tomorrow?表示可能性

✅ 更正式,语气比 can 更礼貌


(3) Will – 意愿 / 未来动作 / 请求

疑问句用法
Will you help me?请求帮助
Will she be here at 5?询问未来是否会发生某事

(4) Shall – 建议 / 提议(主要用于英式英语,主语常是 I 或 We)

疑问句用法
Shall we dance?提议、建议(我们跳舞吧?)
Shall I open the window?我来开窗户好吗?

(5) Must – 强制 / 必要性(疑问句较少用)

疑问句用法
Must I finish this today?我今天必须完成这件事吗?

📌 注意:Must 的疑问句语气较强烈,日常生活中更常用 have to 替代。

3.过去时形式的情态动词:could / might / would / should

这些常被称为“过去式情态动词”,但它们不只用于过去,还可以表示更委婉、更不确定或更假设的语气。

情态动词基本含义是否是过去式?用法说明
couldcan 的过去式✅ 是也用于礼貌请求、假设:Could you help me?
mightmay 的过去式✅ 是表示更不确定的可能性:It might rain.
wouldwill 的过去式✅ 是表示委婉请求、假设:Would you like tea?
shouldshall 的过去式✅ 是表示建议/义务(常用于现在或将来):You should rest.

(1) 它们在疑问句中的使用:

🔹 Could – 更委婉的请求、假设能力

Could + 主语 + 动词原形…?

  • Could you help me?(你能帮我吗?)
  • Could he come earlier?(他可以早点来吗?)

🔹 Might – 更低可能性,更客气地推测

Might + 主语 + 动词原形…?

  • Might it snow tomorrow?(明天可能会下雪吗?)

🔹 Would – 更礼貌的请求或假设(虚拟语气)

Would + 主语 + 动词原形…?

  • Would you like some coffee?(你想喝咖啡吗?)
  • Would he come if I invited him?(如果我邀请他,他会来吗?)

🔹 Should – 表达建议/义务

Should + 主语 + 动词原形…?

  • Should I call her?(我应该打电话给她吗?)
  • Should we leave now?(我们现在该走了吗?)

4.情态动词之间的对比总结

情态动词表示语气是否现在式?是否更礼貌/不确定?疑问句常用于…
can能力、许可、请求✅ 是❌ 比较直接请求、能力
could更委婉请求、过去能力✅/过去式✅ 比 can 礼貌请求、假设
may正式许可、可能性✅ 是✅ 礼貌许可、推测
might更低程度的可能性✅/过去式✅ 比 may 更不确定推测
will将来、意愿✅ 是❌ 比 would 强将来动作、承诺
would更礼貌请求、假设语气✅/过去式✅ 柔和请求、建议
shall建议、提议(英式用法)✅ 是提议、约定
must必须、推断✅ 是❌ 强制义务、推理
should应该(建议/道德义务)✅/过去式✅ 柔和建议、义务

十九、情态动词完成时

情态动词的完成时,它们在英语中用来表达对过去事情的推测、后悔、未实现的可能性等。

1.情态动词完成时结构

结构:

情态动词 + have + 过去分词

常见的情态动词包括:

could / might / should / would / must / may + have + done

2.每个情态完成时的含义与用法

结构含义示例句
might have done过去可能做过某事(表示猜测)He might have missed the train.(可能错过了)
could have done过去可能做某事(但未做)或能力You could have won.(你本来能赢)
should have done本应该做但没做(表达后悔、责备)I should have studied harder.(我本该更努力)
would have done要是当时……就会……(虚拟)I would have called you if I had known.
must have done对过去事情的肯定推测She must have left already.(她一定已经走了)
may have done表示可能性(比 might 更确定)They may have forgotten the meeting.

3.详细对比与例句说明

(1) might have + 过去分词(表示“可能发生过”,但不确定)

  • He might have lost his phone.(他可能丢了手机。)
  • She might have forgotten to call you.(她可能忘记给你打电话了。)

🔸含义:不确定的推测,语气最轻。


(2) could have + 过去分词(表示“本来有可能”,但实际上没有)

  • You could have died!(你差点就死了!)
  • He could have passed the test if he had studied.(如果他努力,他是有可能通过的。)

🔸含义:过去本来有能力/可能,但事实没发生。


(3) should have + 过去分词(表示“本应该”,但没做,带有后悔)

  • I should have told the truth.(我本应该说实话。)
  • You shouldn’t have lied.(你不该说谎。)

🔸含义:带有悔意、责备。


(4) would have + 过去分词(虚拟语气,表示“要是…就会…”)

  • I would have gone to the party if I hadn’t been sick.
    (如果没生病,我就会去派对。)

🔸含义:虚拟语气,表达与过去事实相反的情况。


(5) must have + 过去分词(对过去的肯定推测)

  • She must have forgotten.(她肯定是忘了。)
  • He must have seen us.(他肯定看到我们了。)

🔸含义:对过去非常确定的推测。

4.结构总结与语气强弱对比

表达语气/含义
must have肯定推测(非常确定)
may have / might have不确定的可能性
could have有可能但未发生
should have应该做但没做(后悔)
would have要是……就会……(虚拟)

二十、been的使用

1.什么是 been

been 是动词 be过去分词形式(be – was/were – been)。

2.been 的三种主要用法

🔹(1)在完成时中作为助动词 be 的过去分词

它常与 have/has/had 连用,构成完成时态。


①现在完成时(have/has + been)

表示:从过去某时一直到现在某状态持续存在,或者去过某地但已回来

  • I have been sick.
    我病过(过去到现在生病的经历或状态)。
  • She has been to Paris.
    她去过巴黎(去过,已经回来)。
  • He has been in Japan for 5 years.
    他已经在日本五年了(至今仍在)。

📌 特别注意:

  • have been to 表示 “曾经去过某地”
  • have been in/at 表示 “在某地一段时间”

②过去完成时(had + been)

表示:在过去某一时间之前,某状态已经存在。

  • They had been tired before the trip began.
    旅行开始之前他们已经累了。
  • He had been in Canada for 2 years before he moved.
    在搬家前他已经在加拿大两年了。

🔹(2) 与被动语态一起使用:have/has/had + been + 过去分词

在完成时中构成 被动语态

  • The house has been cleaned.
    房子已经被打扫了。
  • The letter had been sent before he arrived.
    在他到达之前信已经被寄出了。
  • All the jobs have been finished.
    所有工作都完成了。

🔹(3)现在完成进行时(have/has + been + doing)

表示:某动作从过去开始一直持续到现在,并可能还在继续。

  • I have been working all day.
    我一整天都在工作。
  • She has been studying English for two years.
    她学英语已经两年了。

📌 结构:have/has + been + 动词ing

3.总结:been 常出现在哪些结构中

时态或语态结构示例句子中文意思
现在完成时have/has + beenI have been to London.我去过伦敦(经历)
过去完成时had + beenHe had been sick.他曾经生过病
被动完成时态have/has/had + been + VppThe room has been cleaned.房间被打扫了
现在完成进行时have/has + been + 动词ingShe has been working.她一直在工作

二十一、this、that、these、those区别

1.含义

词汇中文意思说明
this这个单数,近处的东西
that那个单数,远处的东西
these这些复数,近处的东西
those那些复数,远处的东西

2. 例句

  • Those people are my classmates. 那些人是我同学。

  • These are not mine. 这些不是我的。

  • Do you remember those days? 你还记得那些日子吗?

  • I don’t know these people. 我不认识这些人。

二十二、人称宾格

1.什么是“宾格”?

宾格(Objective Case)是指在句中作宾语的代词。宾语是动作的承受者,通常出现在 动词或介词后

2.所有人称代词的宾格一览表

主格(主语用)宾格(宾语用)中文意思例句
ImeHe called me.(他打电话给我。)
youyou你 / 你们I like you.(我喜欢你。)
hehimI saw him.(我看到他了。)
sheherWe helped her.(我们帮助了她。)
ititI found it.(我找到它了。)
weus我们She told us a story.(她给我们讲了个故事。)
theythem他们 / 她们I met them at the station.(我在车站见到了他们。)

3.用法说明

📌 宾格常用于三种场合:

  1. 作为动词的宾语
    → I love her.(我爱她。)
  2. 作为介词的宾语
    → He gave the book to me.(他把书给了我。)
  3. 强调受影响的人或物
    → Don’t talk to them like that!(别那样对他们说话!)

4.句子举例汇总

人称代词宾格例句
ImeCan you help me?
youyouI saw you at the mall.
hehimShe invited him to the party.
sheherWe’re looking for her.
ititI can’t find it.
weusHe brought food for us.
theythemThe teacher gave them a warning.

二十三、定语从句

1.什么是定语从句(Relative Clause)?

定语从句是用来修饰一个名词或代词的从句,通常紧跟在它后面。

👉 举个例子:

  • The boy who is playing football is my brother.
    → “who is playing football” 是用来修饰“the boy”的,说明这个男孩是谁。

2.常用关系词及用法总结表

关系词用来指代作句中成分是否可省略示例句
who主语The girl who sings well is my cousin.
whom宾语✅(口语常省)The man whom I met is a teacher.
whose人或物(表示所属)定语The boy whose bike is broken is crying.
which物 / 动物主语或宾语✅(作宾语时)The book which is on the table is mine.
that人 / 物(通用)主语或宾语✅(常省略)The car that he bought is expensive.
where地点名词地点状语The house where I was born is gone.
when时间名词时间状语I remember the day when we met.

🟥 注意:“what”不是关系代词,不能用在定语从句中!

  • ❌ The book what I read is interesting.
  • ✅ The book that / which I read is interesting.

🔹 what 是连接词,但只能引导名词性从句(主语、宾语从句),不能作定语从句的引导词。

3.每个关系词用法详解 + 例句

1️⃣ who:指人,作主语

✅ The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
(住在隔壁的那个女人是一位医生。)


2️⃣ whom:指人,作宾语(更书面)

✅ The man whom I saw was her father.
(我看到的那个男人是她的父亲。)
👉 通常可以说:The man I saw…


3️⃣ whose:表示“谁的”,表示所属关系

✅ The girl whose dog ran away is crying.
(狗跑了的那个女孩正在哭。)


4️⃣ which:指物,作主语或宾语

✅ The book which is on the table is new.
(桌上的那本书是新的。)
✅ The movie which we watched was great.
(我们看的那部电影很好看。)


5️⃣ that:通用代词,可指人或物,语气较口语化

✅ The boy that helped me is my cousin.
✅ The book that you gave me is great.

📌 一般会在以下情况优先使用 that

  • 指人和物混合(The people and things that…)
  • 有“序数词 / 最高级 / all / everything / the only”等词时
    如:This is the only book that I like.

6️⃣ where:指地点,表示“在……的地方”

✅ This is the school where I studied.
(这就是我读书的学校。)


7️⃣ when:指时间,表示“在……何时”

✅ Do you remember the time when he was sick?
(你记得他生病的那段时间吗?)

可替换写法:介词 + which
例如:

the day when = the day on which

the year when = the year in which

🔄 所以你也可以这样说:
I remember the day on which we met.(更正式)

4.常见结构口诀记忆:

人用 who / whom / whose
物用 which / whose
都可用 that
地点用 where
时间用 when

❌ “what” 不是定语从句的连接词!

二十四、what 引导的名词性从句

1.什么是名词性从句?

名词性从句 = 在句子中起名词作用的从句,它可以作:

作用说明示例
主语作为整句的主语What she said is true.
宾语动词的宾语I know what he wants.
表语说明主语内容(be之后)This is what we need.
同位语从句解释说明名词内容The idea what he proposed is good.(⚠常用 that 引导)

2.what 在其中扮演什么角色?

what = the thing(s) that
它同时包含关系代词和先行词的作用
✔ 不需要重复说“the thing”

结构口诀:

what + 主语 + 动词(what引导完整句子)

3.what 引导的名词性从句用法分类


① 作主语(整句的主语)

  • What she said is interesting.
    她说的话很有趣。
  • What you did surprised me.
    你做的事让我很惊讶。

② 作宾语(动词的宾语)

  • ✅ I don’t know what he means.
    我不知道他是什么意思。
  • ✅ She didn’t hear what I said.
    她没有听见我说的内容。

③ 作表语(用于连系动词be后)

  • ✅ This is what I want.
    这就是我想要的。
  • ✅ That’s what matters.
    那才是最重要的。

④ 作介词宾语(放在介词后)

  • ✅ We are talking about what you mentioned.
    我们正在谈论你提到的事。
  • ✅ She is interested in what you wrote.
    她对你写的东西很感兴趣。

4.口诀对比:what vs that

比较whatthat
是否含先行词✅ 自带“the thing(s)”含义❌ 只能连接,先行词在前
可否作主语✅ 可以❌ 一般不直接作主语
示例I like what he said.The idea that he proposed is great.

二十五、省略 that 的宾语从句

1.什么是宾语从句?

宾语从句是作“宾语”的从句,通常接在动词、介词或某些形容词后,用来说明“说了/想了什么内容”。

📌 常用引导词有:that, if, whether, what, who, when, where, why, how

2.that 引导的宾语从句结构

🔹完整结构:

主句 + 动词 + that + 从句

  • I think that you are right.
  • He said that he would come.
  • She believes that it’s true.

3.什么时候可以省略 that?

✅ 省略 that 的条件如下:

条件说明示例
✔️ that 引导的宾语从句是陈述句非疑问句、非强调句I think (that) he is kind.
✔️ that 引导的从句位置不在句首若在句首,不可省略(That she failed) surprised me. ❌不能省略
✔️ 不影响句子理解或产生歧义否则不能省略He said (that) she left. ✔️ He said that that was wrong. ❌ 省略易混淆

✅ 省略 that

举例

含 that省略 that
I think that it’s true.I think it’s true. ✅
She said that she was tired.She said she was tired. ✅
They believe that he is right.They believe he is right. ✅

4.什么时候不能省略 that?

  1. 宾语从句作主语时,不可省略
  • That she failed surprised us. ❌ 不能说 She failed surprised us.
  1. that 是主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时 → 不能省略
  2. 有歧义或重复 “that” 时,不能省略其中的 that:
  • He said that that was wrong. ❌(第一个 that 引导宾语从句,第二个是指示代词)

二十六、虚拟语气

1.什么是虚拟语气?

虚拟语气用于表达:

  • 不可能的事情
  • 假设的情况
  • 建议 / 要求 / 命令
  • 愿望 / 后悔 / 想象

2.常见虚拟语气分类(按表达内容)

类型关键词 / 结构举例中文意思
现在虚拟If + 过去式,主句 + would/could + 原形If I were you, I would study.如果我是你,我会学习。
过去虚拟If + had + 过去分词,主句 + would have + 过去分词If I had known, I would have gone.如果我早知道,我就去了。
将来虚拟If + should / were to + 原形If I should win, I would travel.如果我赢了,我会去旅行。
建议/命令suggest / demand / require + that + 主语 + (should) + 原形I suggest that he go now.我建议他现在就走。
愿望wish / if only + 虚拟结构I wish I were rich.我希望我很有钱。
宁愿would rather + 主语 + 虚拟结构I’d rather you did it.我宁愿你来做这件事。

3.三种典型虚拟句型讲解


🔹 (1) 与现在事实相反的假设(现在虚拟)

❗用过去时表示现在不真实的情况
“If + 主语 + 过去式(be动词用 were)”

结构:
If + 主语 + 动词过去式,主语 + would/could/might + 动词原形

例句:

  • If I were you, I would talk to him.
    如果我是你,我会去和他说。
  • If she had more time, she would help us.
    如果她有更多时间,她会帮我们。(实际上她没时间)

🔹 (2) 与过去事实相反的假设(过去虚拟)

❗用“过去完成时”表示“过去没有发生但想象的事”
If + 主语 + had + 过去分词

结构:
If + 主语 + had + 过去分词,主语 + would/could/might + have + 过去分词

例句:

  • If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test.
    如果我更努力学习,我本可以通过考试。(但没努力)

🔹 (3) 与将来可能不太可能发生的假设(将来虚拟)

❗表示对将来的不确定猜测或假设
If + should / were to + 动词原形

结构:
If + 主语 + should/were to + 原形,主语 + would/could + 原形

例句:

  • If he should come, I would tell him the truth.
    如果他来了,我会告诉他实情。
  • If we were to move to Canada, we would start a new life.
    如果我们搬到加拿大,我们将开始新生活。

4.wish 虚拟语气

表达时态结构示例
与现在相反wish + 主语 + 过去式I wish I knew the answer.
与过去相反wish + 主语 + had + 过去分词I wish I had studied harder.
与将来相反wish + would + 原形I wish it would stop raining.

5.特殊用法:It’s time / would rather / as if

表达示例含义
It’s time 虚拟It’s time we left.是时候我们该走了。
would rather 虚拟I’d rather you did it.我宁愿你来做。
as if 虚拟He talks as if he knew everything.他讲话就像他什么都懂一样(但其实不懂)

二十七、不定式 to do 与动名词 doing

1.什么是不定式和动名词?

名称形式中文含义示例
不定式to + 动词原形去做某事 / 要做某事I want to eat.
动名词动词 + ing做某事(当作名词)I enjoy eating apples.

它们都可以在句子中像 名词 一样使用,充当主语、宾语、表语等。

2.二者都可作主语 / 宾语 / 表语

✅ 作主语

  • To swim is good for your health.(游泳有益健康)
  • Swimming is good for your health.(游泳有益健康)

🟡 两种都可以,意思差不多。口语中更常用 doing


✅ 作宾语

  • He began to study. ✅
  • He began studying. ✅
    (他开始学习了。)

但并不是所有动词都可以两个都用!👇

3.重点:不同动词后面该用 to do 还是 doing?


✅ 只能接 to do 的常见动词:

动词示例句
wantI want to sleep.
hopeShe hopes to win.
decideWe decided to leave.
planHe plans to study abroad.
learnI’m learning to cook.
agreeHe agreed to help me.

✅ 只能接 doing 的常见动词:

动词示例句
enjoyI enjoy reading.
finishHe finished cleaning.
avoidShe avoided talking to me.
mind(介意)Do you mind closing the door?
suggestI suggest waiting a bit.
keepHe keeps complaining.

✅ 可以接 to dodoing,但意思不同的动词:

动词doing 意思to do 意思示例
remember记得 做过某事(回忆)记得去做某事(提醒)I remember locking the door. Remember to lock the door.
forget忘了做过某事忘了去做某事I forgot meeting her. I forgot to call her.
stop停止正在做的事停下来去做另一件事He stopped smoking. He stopped to smoke.
try尝试某种方法看看是否有效设法去做一件事Try opening the window. Try to open the window.

4.动名词 doing 还能当介词宾语

因为介词后通常要用“名词”或“名词短语”,所以动词要变成 doing 才能放在介词后。

✅ 例句:

  • He is good at drawing.
  • She is interested in reading.
  • Thank you for helping me.

5.误区

❌ 误区:to do 表示将来,doing 表示进行时

不完全对!虽然有时候确实有“时间倾向”,但:

⚠️ ❗to do ≠ 将来时,doing ≠ 正在做

它们其实是名词化的一种语法形式,不是时态。


✅ 正确理解:

🟦 (1) to do:不定式,表示“打算、意图、目的”

➡️ 强调“去做某事”,还没做,打算做

例:

  • I want to eat.(我想吃)
    👉 表示 有意图去吃,而不是“将来时”。
  • He decided to leave.(他决定离开)
    👉 是决定做某事,时间是由上下文决定的,不一定是“未来”。

🟩 (2) doing:动名词,表示“正在做的动作”或“行为本身”

➡️ 把一个动作当作名词来看。

例:

  • I enjoy reading.(我喜欢阅读)
    👉 强调这个动作本身带来的快乐,不关心时间。
  • She finished cleaning the room.(她打扫完了房间)
    👉 “cleaning” 是动作的整体行为,不是“正在做”。

🟨 所以总结:

表达正确理解是否表示“正在进行”或“将来”
to do表示意图、目的、打算去做某事❌ 不表示“将来时”
doing把动作名词化(喜欢、完成等)❌ 不等于“正在做”

进行时态 是用 be + doing 构成的,例如:

  • I am eating.(我正在吃)✔ 是进行时态。
  • I like eating.(我喜欢吃)❌ 不是进行时。

✅ 对比例句更清楚:

句子说明
I want to sleep.想去睡觉(意图)
I enjoy sleeping.喜欢睡觉(行为)
I am sleeping now.正在睡觉(进行时,be + doing)

6.小结口诀

🔹 想做某事:to do(计划、意图)
🔹 喜欢、避免、完成:doing(动作名词化)
🔹 动词记不住?背清单 + 多做题练习!

二十八、比较级 / 最高级

1.什么是比较级 / 最高级?

类型用来比较示例
比较级两者之间的比较taller(更高)
最高级三者及以上中“最…”tallest(最高)

2.基本构成规则

✅ (1) 单音节/部分双音节词:直接加 -er / -est

原级比较级最高级
talltallertallest
smallsmallersmallest
fastfasterfastest

✅ (2) 多音节形容词 / 副词:用 more / most

原级比较级最高级
beautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful
interestingmore interestingmost interesting

✅ (3) 不规则变化

原级比较级最高级
goodbetterbest
badworseworst
many / muchmoremost
littlelessleast
farfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest

3.常用句型表达

🔹 (1) A 比 B …

A + be动词 + 比较级 + than + B

✅ 例句:

  • She is taller than her brother.(她比她的兄弟高。)
  • This book is more interesting than that one.(这本书比那本更有趣。)
  • I get up earlier than before.(我起床比以前早了。)

🔹 (2) A 没有 B 那么……

A + be动词 + not as/so + 形容词原级 + as + B

✅ 例句:

  • He is not as tall as his father.(他没有他父亲高)
  • This exam is not so difficult as the last one.(这次考试没有上次那么难)

🔹 (3) 最……

A + be动词 + 最高级 + in/of + 范围

✅ 例句:

  • He is the tallest in the class.(他是班上最高的)
  • This is the most important decision.(这是最重要的决定)
  • She runs the fastest of all.(她是跑得最快的)

🔹 (4) 最……之一

one of + the + 最高级 + 名词复数

✅ 例句:

  • She is one of the best students in the class.(她是班上最优秀的学生之一)
  • This is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.(这是世界上最美丽的城市之一)

🔹 (5) 越来越……

比较级 + and + 比较级

✅ 例句:

  • It’s getting colder and colder.(天气变得越来越冷了)
  • She is becoming more and more confident.(她变得越来越自信了。)

🔹 (6) 超过

用动词 surpass / exceed / outdo / beat,这些是正式/高级表达“超过”的动词,可以用来替换**“more than”**。

动词含义示例
surpass超过(体育比赛中、抽象能力、成就)He surpassed his teacher.(他超越了老师)
exceed超过(数量、限度)Sales exceeded expectations.(销量超过预期)
outdo超过、胜过(努力或表现)She outdid herself in that show.(她超常发挥)
beat打败、超过(竞争)Our team beat theirs by 10 points.(我们赢了10分)

二十九、副词的位置与种类

副词能修饰动词、形容词、句子或其他副词,表达时间、频率、程度、方式、地点、原因等

1.副词的常见种类和例词

副词种类用途常见副词示例句
方式副词表示“怎么做”quickly, slowly, well, carefullyShe runs quickly.
时间副词表示“什么时候”now, today, soon, later, yesterdayI’ll call you later.
地点副词表示“在哪里”here, there, inside, outsideHe is waiting outside.
频率副词表示“多久一次”always, often, never, sometimesShe always wakes up early.
程度副词表示“多么……程度”very, too, quite, almost, enoughThis is very good.
句子副词修饰整个句子(态度/连接)fortunately, actually, certainlyActually, I didn’t know that.

2.副词的位置规则总结

不同种类的副词在句中位置不同,下面是常见副词的放置位置规律


✅ (1) 频率副词(always, usually, often, sometimes, never)

👉 一般放在实义动词前 / be 动词后

正确 ✅错误 ❌(仅用于对比)
She always gets up early.She gets up always early.
He never eats meat.He eats never meat.
I am usually tired.I usually am tired. ❌(Be 动词前)

✅ (2) 方式副词(quickly, carefully, well)

👉 一般放在动词之后

  • She sings beautifully.
  • He answered the question quickly.
  • They play football well.

✅ (3) 时间副词(today, now, later,already,yet,just)

👉 一般放在句首 / 句末(句尾更常见)

  • Today, I have a meeting.
  • I’ll call you tomorrow.
  • We are going shopping now.
  • I have already eaten lunch.
  • She has finished her work already.
  • I have just finished my homework.
  • I haven’t finished my homework yet.

✅ (4) 地点副词(here, there, outside)

👉 一般放在句尾句首(强调)

  • He is waiting there.
  • Outside, the birds are singing.

✅ (5) 程度副词(very, too, enough)

👉 一般放在被修饰词前(enough 放在后)

  • She is very beautiful.
  • This coffee is too hot.
  • He is tall enough to reach it.

✅ (6) 句子副词(actually, probably, fortunately)

👉 放在句首或主语前后,表达态度或看法

  • Fortunately, nobody was hurt.
  • Actually, I don’t agree.
  • He probably won’t come.

3.注意副词 vs. 形容词的区别

形容词副词说明
He is a careful driver.He drives carefully.careful 修饰人/名词 carefully 修饰动作

4.常见错误总结

❌ 不正确的位置:

  • He always is happy. ❌
    ✅ 应该是:He is always happy. ✔
  • She sings well very. ❌
    ✅ 应该是:She sings very well. ✔

三十、倒装句

1.什么是倒装句?

倒装指的是:正常语序(主语 + 谓语)被改变,把谓语的部分或全部放到主语前。

✅ 例子:

  • ✅ 一般语序:She had never seen such a thing.
  • ✅ 倒装语序:Never had she seen such a thing.

🔹 倒装主要用于:

  • 强调
  • 否定副词/短语
  • 条件句
  • only / not until / hardly 等副词引导的句子

2.常见引起倒装的副词类型

✅ (1) 否定副词引起的倒装(❗最常考)

引起倒装的词或短语中文含义
Never从不
Hardly / Scarcely / Barely几乎不
Rarely / Seldom / Little很少/几乎不
Not until直到……才……
No sooner … than …一……就……
Not only … but also …不但……而且……

📌 倒装结构:副词 / 短语 + 助动词 / be / 情态动词 + 主语 + 动词

例句:

原句(正常语序)倒装句(强调句式)
I had never seen such a beautiful place.Never had I seen such a beautiful place.
He not only lost his keys, but he also lost his wallet.Not only did he lose his keys, but he also lost his wallet.
She had hardly arrived when it started to rain.Hardly had she arrived when it started to rain.
I did not realize she was angry until she spoke.Not until she spoke did I realize she was angry.

✅ (2) 条件状语从句省略 if 引起的倒装

if 被省略时,助动词要提前。

原句(正常语序)倒装结构
If I were you, I would do it.Were I you, I would do it.
If he had known, he would have come.Had he known, he would have come.
If you should need help, call me.Should you need help, call me.

✅ (3) only + 状语/副词短语开头引起的倒装

这些副词短语用于句首表示强调时,主句要倒装。

结构示例
Only then / Only in this way / Only when…Only then did I realize the truth.
Only after / Only by / Only if …Only after he left did I understand.
Only with / Only throughOnly through practice can we improve.

✅ (4) 表地点/方向的副词(文学倒装)

为了生动表达或文艺句式,副词在句首,引起部分倒装。

正常语序倒装句式
The train came into the station.Into the station came the train.
A dog ran out of the house.Out of the house ran a dog.

3.倒装句结构小总结表

类型引导词倒装结构示例句
否定副词倒装never, hardly, seldom, not until副词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词Never have I seen such a thing.
条件倒装省略 if:had, were, should助动词 + 主语 + 动词Had I known, I would’ve helped.
only 强调倒装only + 状语only + 状语 + 助动词 + 主语 + 谓语Only then did he realize his mistake.
方向/地点副词倒装here, there, up, down, out副词 + 动词 + 主语Here comes the bus.

三十一、主谓一致

1.主谓一致的基本规则

主语动词形式示例
I / you / we / they原形(不加 -s)I play / You play
he / she / it / Tom动词 + s/esShe plays / He goes
单数动词 + s/esThe book contains useful knowledge.
复数用原形动词The books contain useful knowledge.

✅ 举例对比:

  • I play the guitar.
  • She plays the guitar.
  • They play football.
  • Tom plays chess.
  • We play games after school.
  • He goes to school by bus.
  • Those cars go very fast.
  • That car goes fast.

2.常见主谓一致类型

✅ (1) and 连接多个主语 → 复数

  • Tom and Jerry are friends.
    (汤姆和杰瑞是朋友)

❗注意:如果是**“面包和黄油”这类固定搭配**,看作一个整体,也可能用单数:

  • Bread and butter is my breakfast.
    (面包和黄油是我早餐)

✅ (2) each / every / either / neither / everyone / someone / nobody

这些看起来是复数意思,其实在语法中是单数

  • Each student has a book.
  • Everyone is here.
  • Neither answer is correct.

✅ (3) 集合名词(group, team, family, class)

根据上下文语义而定:

  • The team is winning.(看作一个整体)✅
  • The team are arguing among themselves.(看作个人成员)✅

✅ (4) 主语是不可数名词 → 单数动词

  • Water is important.
  • Money makes people crazy.

✅ (5) 主语后有介词短语,不影响动词形式

  • The color of the flowers is beautiful.
  • 主语是 color,不是 flowers!

3.常见容易错的主谓一致陷阱

错误句(❌)正确句(✅)说明
The students in the class is smart.The students in the class are smart.主语是 students → 复数
Neither of them are ready.Neither of them is ready.Neither 是单数
The number of people are big.The number of people is big.the number 是单数短语
A lot of water are needed.A lot of water is needed.water 是不可数名词

4.主谓一致判断口诀(简化记忆):

主语单数动词+s,
主语复数动词原;
either / neither 看单数,
each / every 是重点;
with / of 不看介词后,
量词前看形式变;
family team 看意思,
整体单数成员分;
there / here 要看后,
真正主语别看走。

三十二、强调句型

1.什么是强调句型?

强调句型是用结构:

It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 句子其他部分

强调句子中的一个成分(如:人、时间、地点、方式、原因等)。

2.It is / was … that / who … 结构详解

被强调部分类型强调结构示例句
人(主语)It was + 人 + whoIt was Tom who broke the glass.(是Tom打碎的)
时间It was + 时间 + thatIt was yesterday that we met.(是昨天我们见的)
地点It was + 地点 + thatIt was in the park that I saw her.
方式 / 工具It was + 方式 + thatIt was by bus that he came here.
原因It was + 原因 + thatIt was because he was tired that he left early.

3.强调句的构造技巧(原句如何变)

一个“强调句”一定能还原成正常句子。如果不能,那它就不是强调句型,只是“it 引导的句子”。

👉 将原句拆为三部分:

  • 原句:He left the room at 8 o’clock.
  • 被强调部分:at 8 o’clock(时间)
  • 强调句:It was at 8 o’clock that he left the room.

再看一个例子:

  • 原句:She gave me a book.
  • 强调人:She → It was she who gave me a book.
  • 强调物:a book → It was a book that she gave me.

4.常见强调句的变形形式

强调内容强调句还原原句
人(主语)It was Tom who opened the door.Tom opened the door.
时间It was yesterday that we met.We met yesterday.
地点It is in Beijing that he lives.He lives in Beijing.
方式/工具It was by bike that he came.He came by bike.

5.除了 it is/was … that,还有哪些强调表达方式?

✅ (1) 倒装句 → 强调副词引导

  • Never have I seen such a scene!(我从未见过这样的场景)
  • Only then did I understand the truth.

✅ (2) 助动词 do / does / did 强调谓语

❗ 这种用法用于强调动词动作本身,常见于口语和写作中:

  • I do like this song!(我真的喜欢这首歌!)
  • She did finish her homework.(她确实做完了作业)

✅ (3) 句中重复强调词

  • He himself opened the door.(他亲自开了门)
  • She alone can do it.(只有她能做这事)
  • This is the very book I was looking for.(这正是我找的那本书)

三十三、省略句 / 连接词

1.省略句

🔹定义:

省略句是在上下文清楚的前提下,把句子中重复或不必要的部分省略,使表达更简洁。


✅ 常见省略方式:

(1) 省略主语 + be动词
  • 原句:I am happy, and you are happy.
  • 省略:I am happy, and you are.

➡️ 更简:I am happy, and you.

💡意思明确时,省略“you are”。


(2) 省略重复的动词
  • 原句:He likes music, and she likes music too.
  • 省略:He likes music, and so does she. ✅
    或:He likes music, and she does too.

(3) 祈使句中省略主语
  • Sit down, please. ✅
    (省略了 You)

(4) 口语中常见省略
  • “Going out?”(= Are you going out?)
  • “Sure.”(= Yes, I am sure.)

2.连接词 and / but / so / because 用法

这四个是最基础也最常用的连接词,用来把两个句子连接成一个完整句子


✅ (1) and(和,而且)

➡️ 表示并列、顺承或同时发生的动作。

  • I like apples, and I like bananas.
  • She got up early and went to school.

✅ (2) but(但是)

➡️ 表示转折、对比。

  • He is rich, but he is not happy.
  • She studies hard, but she fails sometimes.

✅ (3) so(所以)

➡️ 表示结果,因果关系的“结果”。

  • It was raining, so we stayed at home.
  • He was tired, so he went to bed. ✅

✅ (4) because(因为)

➡️ 表示原因,是因果关系的“原因”。

  • She studies hard because she wants to succeed. ✅
  • He stayed home because he was sick.

3.表格总结:连接词功能与用法对比

连接词中文含义表达关系例句
and和/而且并列I sing and dance.
but但是转折He is old but strong.
so所以结果It’s cold, so wear a coat.
because因为原因I left early because I was tired.

三十四、介词短语 & 介词搭配

1.什么是介词短语 & 介词搭配?

  • 介词短语:由“介词 + 名词 / 代词 / 动名词”构成的短语。
    例如:at home, in the morning, on Monday
  • 介词搭配:介词和特定动词 / 形容词 / 名词固定搭配。
    例如:good at, listen to, interested in

2.常见基本介词:at / in / on / by / for / to 等用法对比

介词用法分类示例
at时间 / 地点(具体点)at 6 o’clock, at the bus stop
in时间(大范围)/ 地点(范围内)in July, in China, in a box
on时间(具体日)/ 表面on Monday, on the wall
by方式 / 近旁 / 截止时间come by bus, by 5 p.m., sit by me
for目的 / 对象 / 持续时间a gift for you, for two hours
to方向 / 动作对象go to school, say to him

3.常见介词短语分类

(1)📍地点类

介词短语意思例句
at home在家I’m at home now.
in the room在房间里She’s in the room.
on the table在桌子上The book is on the table.
by the river在河边They live by the river.

(2) 🕒 时间类

介词短语意思例句
in the morning在早上He gets up in the morning.
at night在晚上I sleep at night.
on Monday在周一The test is on Monday.
for two days持续两天I stayed there for two days.
by 5 p.m.不晚于5点Finish it by 5 p.m.

(3)🧭 方向 / 目的类

介词短语意思例句
go to school去学校He goes to school every day.
come from China来自中国She comes from China.
run into the room跑进房间The boy ran into the room.

4.常见固定搭配(介词 + 动词 / 形容词 / 名词)

✅ 动词 + 介词

搭配意思示例句
listen toListen to the teacher.
look atLook at the blackboard.
depend on依赖I depend on my friends.
agree with同意I agree with you.

✅ 形容词 + 介词

搭配意思示例句
good at擅长She is good at dancing.
interested in对…感兴趣I’m interested in music.
afraid of害怕He’s afraid of dogs.

✅ 名词 + 介词

搭配意思示例句
reason for…的原因The reason for his absence is unclear.
answer to…的答案What’s the answer to this question?
key to…的钥匙/关键This is the key to success.

三十五、高频动词的固定搭配 look / take / get / make / do / give / have / go

1.动词 look 的常见搭配

搭配意思例句
look at看(具体方向)Look at the sky.(看天空)
look for寻找I’m looking for my keys.
look after照顾She looks after her grandma.
look like看起来像You look like your sister.
look forward to + 名词/doing期待I look forward to meeting you.

2.动词 take 的常见搭配

搭配意思例句
take a photo拍照He took a photo of the sunset.
take a break休息Let’s take a break.
take care of照顾Please take care of the baby.
take a bus/train乘车/坐火车I take the bus to school.
take your time慢慢来,不着急Take your time, no rush.

3.动词 get 的常见搭配

搭配意思例句
get up起床I get up at 7 a.m.
get on / off (bus/train)上/下车Get on the bus quickly.
get to + 地点到达I got to the station late.
get married结婚They got married last year.
get ready准备好Get ready for class!

4.动词 make 的常见搭配

搭配意思例句
make a decision做决定I need to make a decision.
make money赚钱He makes a lot of money.
make a mistake犯错误I made a big mistake.
make a phone call打电话She made a phone call.
make friends交朋友It’s hard to make friends here.

5.动词 do 的常见搭配

搭配意思例句
do homework做作业I have to do my homework.
do the dishes洗碗She did the dishes after dinner.
do your best尽最大努力Just do your best!
do business做生意He does business in China.
do sports做运动I like to do sports every day.

6.动词 give / have / go 等常见搭配(简列)

动词搭配例句
givegive a gift, give a smileHe gave me a book.
havehave breakfast, have funWe had a great time.
gogo shopping, go swimmingLet’s go hiking tomorrow.

三十六、方位词

1.常见方位词列表及含义

方位词中文含义示例句(英语 + 中文)
in在……里面The book is in the bag.(书在包里。)
on在……上面The phone is on the table.(手机在桌子上。)
under在……下面The cat is under the bed.(猫在床下。)
behind在……后面The car is behind the house.(车在房子后面。)
in front of在……前面He is in front of the building.(他在楼前。)
next to紧挨着She sits next to me.(她坐在我旁边。)
beside在……旁边The lamp is beside the sofa.(灯在沙发边。)
between在……之间The bank is between the school and the park.(银行在学校和公园之间。)
above在……上方(不接触)There’s a clock above the door.(门上方有个钟。)
below在……下方The temperature is below zero.(气温在零度以下。)
over在……正上方(覆盖/跨越)The plane flew over the city.(飞机飞过城市上空。)
across from在……对面The library is across from the bank.(图书馆在银行对面。)

2.图片记忆法(概念示意)

你可以这样记忆:

  • 🔼 on → 表面上

  • 🔽 under → 正下方

  • ⬅️➡️ next to / beside / between → 靠边 or 中间

  • 🔄 in front of / behind → 前面 / 后面

  • 🌁 above / below → 空间上下(但不一定接触)

  • 🌍 in / out of → 进来 / 出去

  • ↔️ across / over → 横跨、越过


3.常见搭配短语

搭配中文含义
at the corner of the room在房间的角落
in the middle of the road在路的中间
next to the door靠近门
behind the curtain在窗帘后面
in front of the TV在电视前

三十七、常见不规则动词过去式 / 过去分词

原形 (V1)过去式 (V2)过去分词 (V3)
beginbeganbegun
breakbrokebroken
writewrotewritten
loselostlost
gowentgone
comecamecome
taketooktaken
makemademade
seesawseen
eatateeaten
runranrun
saysaidsaid
givegavegiven
rideroderidden
singsangsung
swimswamswum
sitsatsat
getgotgotten / got(英式)
dodiddone
havehadhad
bewas / werebeen
  • ✅ 例句:
    • I ate pizza yesterday.(过去式)
    • I have eaten pizza already.(现在完成时)
  • ✅ 经常用 V3(过去分词)的是:
    • 完成时(have/has/had + V3)
    • 被动语态(is/was + V3)
    • 情态完成(should have + V3)
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