英语语法大全
文章目录
- 一、do和does疑问句
- 1.用法规则
- 2.结构公式
- 3.例句说明
- 4.简短回答形式
- 二、don’t / doesn’t否定句
- 1.基本规则
- 2.句子结构
- 3.例句说明
- 三、be动词疑问句
- 1.be动词有哪些
- 2.结构
- 3.be动词 和 do/does 疑问句的区别
- 4.什么时候用 be动词,什么时候用 do/does
- 四、否定疑问句
- 1.什么是“否定疑问句”
- 2.结构和例句
- 🔹 (1) be 动词的否定疑问句
- 🔹 (2) do / does 的否定疑问句
- 🔹 (3) did 的否定疑问句(一般过去时)
- 3.语气和含义举例
- 五、“must”和“have to” 的区别
- 1.共同点
- 2.主要区别
- 3.具体例子对比
- 4.简明记忆口诀
- 六、 have,has, had 的区别
- 1.基本区别(时态 + 主语)
- 2.三者的主要用法
- 🔹(1) 表示“拥有”
- 🔹(2) 表示“吃、喝、做、经历”(动作)
- 🔹(3) 用作“完成时”的助动词(have/has + 过去分词)
- 3.三者的对比总结
- 七、一般现在时
- 1. 一般现在时的基本用法
- 2. 句型结构
- 🔹(1) 肯定句
- 🔹(2) 否定句
- 🔹(3) 疑问句
- 3.动词加 s/es 的规则(第三人称单数)
- 4.时间副词常见搭配
- 5.例句大全(肯定 + 否定 + 疑问)
- 八、现在进行时
- 1.现在进行时的基本用法
- 2.现在进行时的基本结构
- 3.动词变 “–ing” 规则
- 4.否定句结构
- 5.疑问句结构
- 6.常见的时间状语
- 7.例句总结
- 九、一般过去时
- 1.什么是一般过去时
- 2.构成方式
- 🔹(1) 肯定句
- 🔹(2) 否定句
- 🔹(3) 疑问句
- 3.动词过去式变化规则
- 🔹(1) 规则动词(+ed)
- 🔹(2) 不规则动词(变化特别)
- 4.常见时间状语(表示过去)
- 5/例句大全(肯定句 + 否定句 + 疑问句)
- 十、过去完成时 / 现在完成时 / 现在完成进行时
- 1.语法结构回顾
- 2.时态用法对比
- 3.常见的过去分词
- 4.例句
- 十一、将来时
- 1.英语将来时的常见表达方式(重点掌握前两种)
- 2.重点掌握这两个
- 🔹 (1) will + 动词原形
- 🔹 (2) be going to + 动词原形
- 3.will 和 be going to 的区别
- 4.将来时的否定won’t(不会)
- 🔹 (1) "won’t" 的句型结构
- 🔹 (2) 和肯定句对比一下
- 🔹 (3) 用法场景总结
- 十二、将来完成时
- 1.将来完成时的结构
- 2.表示什么意思
- 3.常用过去分词复习(用于将来完成时)
- 十三、名词复数
- 1.什么时候用名词复数
- 🔹 (1) 表示两个或更多事物时
- 🔹 (2) 泛指一类人或事物(常常是复数)
- 🔹 (3) 与数量词、some / many / a few 等连用时
- 2.名词复数的一般规则(常见的加 s 情况)
- 3.特殊变化规则(不是简单加 s)
- 🔹 (1) 以 -s, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾 → 加 -es
- 🔹 (2) 以辅音字母 + y 结尾 → 把 y 改为 i 加 es
- 🔹 (3) 以 -f / -fe 结尾的部分词 → 改 f 为 v 加 es
- 🔹 (4) 不规则名词复数(记住它们)
- 🔹 (5) 不可数名词(没有复数)
- 十四、被动语态
- 1.什么是被动语态
- 2.被动语态的基本结构
- 3.常见例句(中英对照)
- 4.常见 “被” 的表达关键点
- 5.常见 “by + 执行者” 用法
- 十五、the的使用
- 1.the 是什么意思
- 2.什么时候使用 the
- 🔹(1) 说话双方都知道的特定事物
- 🔹(2) 第二次提到的名词
- 🔹(3) 世界上独一无二的事物
- 🔹(4) 限定词后面的名词
- 🔹(5) 表示整个种类的名词(单数)
- 🔹(6) 海洋、河流、山脉、报纸等专有名词前
- 3.什么时候不加 the
- 4.常见对比
- 十六、特殊疑问词:how / what / when / why
- 1.疑问词快速对比表
- 2. 疑问词 + **be动词** 的句型结构
- 🔹 句型:
- 🔹 be动词的用法跟以前学的一样
- 📌 举例:
- 3.疑问词 + **do / does / did** 的句型结构
- 🔹 句型:
- 🔹 用法和之前学的一样
- 📌 举例:
- 3.各个疑问词详细讲解
- 🔹(1) **What** — 询问“什么”
- 🔹(2) **When** — 询问“什么时候”
- 🔹(3) **Why** — 询问“为什么”
- 🔹(4) **How** — 询问“怎么样、如何”
- 十七、特殊疑问词:Who / Which / Whose
- 1.Who 疑问句
- 🔹 含义:谁
- 📌 常见结构:
- 2.Which 疑问句
- 🔹 含义:哪一个
- 📌 常见结构:
- 3.Whose 疑问句
- 🔹 含义:谁的
- 📌 常见结构:
- 4.对比总结表格
- 十八、情态动词疑问句
- 1.情态动词疑问句的通用结构
- 2.基本情态动词的疑问用法(现在时)
- (1) Can – 能力 / 请求 / 许可(口语最常见)
- (2) May – 正式请求许可 / 可能性(更礼貌、更书面)
- (3) Will – 意愿 / 未来动作 / 请求
- (4) Shall – 建议 / 提议(主要用于英式英语,主语常是 I 或 We)
- (5) Must – 强制 / 必要性(疑问句较少用)
- 3.过去时形式的情态动词:**could / might / would / should**
- (1) 它们在疑问句中的使用:
- 🔹 Could – 更委婉的请求、假设能力
- 🔹 Might – 更低可能性,更客气地推测
- 🔹 Would – 更礼貌的请求或假设(虚拟语气)
- 🔹 Should – 表达建议/义务
- 4.情态动词之间的对比总结
- 十九、情态动词完成时
- 1.情态动词完成时结构
- 2.每个情态完成时的含义与用法
- 3.详细对比与例句说明
- (1) might have + 过去分词(表示“可能发生过”,但不确定)
- (2) could have + 过去分词(表示“本来有可能”,但实际上没有)
- (3) should have + 过去分词(表示“本应该”,但没做,带有后悔)
- (4) would have + 过去分词(虚拟语气,表示“要是…就会…”)
- (5) must have + 过去分词(对过去的肯定推测)
- 4.结构总结与语气强弱对比
- 二十、been的使用
- 1.什么是 **been**?
- 2.been 的三种主要用法
- 🔹(1)在完成时中作为助动词 be 的过去分词
- ①现在完成时(have/has + been)
- ②过去完成时(had + been)
- 🔹(2) 与被动语态一起使用:have/has/had + been + 过去分词
- 🔹(3)现在完成进行时(have/has + been + doing)
- 3.总结:been 常出现在哪些结构中
- 二十一、this、that、these、those区别
- 1.含义
- 2. 例句
- 二十二、人称宾格
- 1.什么是“宾格”?
- 2.所有人称代词的宾格一览表
- 3.用法说明
- 4.句子举例汇总
- 二十三、定语从句
- 1.什么是定语从句(Relative Clause)?
- 2.常用关系词及用法总结表
- 🟥 注意:“**what**”不是关系代词,不能用在定语从句中!
- 3.每个关系词用法详解 + 例句
- 1️⃣ **who**:指人,作主语
- 2️⃣ **whom**:指人,作宾语(更书面)
- 3️⃣ **whose**:表示“谁的”,表示所属关系
- 4️⃣ **which**:指物,作主语或宾语
- 5️⃣ **that**:通用代词,可指人或物,语气较口语化
- 6️⃣ **where**:指地点,表示“在……的地方”
- 7️⃣ **when**:指时间,表示“在……何时”
- 4.常见结构口诀记忆:
- 二十四、what 引导的名词性从句
- 1.什么是名词性从句?
- 2.what 在其中扮演什么角色?
- 结构口诀:
- 3.what 引导的名词性从句用法分类
- ① 作主语(整句的主语)
- ② 作宾语(动词的宾语)
- ③ 作表语(用于连系动词be后)
- ④ 作介词宾语(放在介词后)
- 4.口诀对比:what vs that
- 二十五、省略 that 的宾语从句
- 1.什么是宾语从句?
- 2.that 引导的宾语从句结构
- 🔹完整结构:
- 3.什么时候可以省略 that?
- ✅ 省略 that 的条件如下:
- ✅ 省略 that
- 4.什么时候不能省略 that?
- 二十六、虚拟语气
- 1.什么是虚拟语气?
- 2.常见虚拟语气分类(按表达内容)
- 3.三种典型虚拟句型讲解
- 🔹 (1) 与现在事实相反的假设(现在虚拟)
- 🔹 (2) 与过去事实相反的假设(过去虚拟)
- 🔹 (3) 与将来可能不太可能发生的假设(将来虚拟)
- 4.wish 虚拟语气
- 5.特殊用法:It’s time / would rather / as if
- 二十七、不定式 to do 与动名词 doing
- 1.什么是不定式和动名词?
- 2.二者都可作主语 / 宾语 / 表语
- ✅ 作主语
- ✅ 作宾语
- 3.重点:不同动词后面该用 to do 还是 doing?
- ✅ 只能接 **to do** 的常见动词:
- ✅ 只能接 **doing** 的常见动词:
- ✅ 可以接 **to do** 或 **doing**,但意思不同的动词:
- 4.动名词 doing 还能当介词宾语
- 5.误区
- ❌ 误区:to do 表示将来,doing 表示进行时
- ⚠️ ❗to do ≠ 将来时,doing ≠ 正在做
- ✅ 正确理解:
- 🟦 (1) to do:不定式,表示“打算、意图、目的”
- 🟩 (2) doing:动名词,表示“正在做的动作”或“行为本身”
- 🟨 所以总结:
- ✅ 对比例句更清楚:
- 6.小结口诀
- 二十八、比较级 / 最高级
- 1.什么是比较级 / 最高级?
- 2.基本构成规则
- ✅ (1) 单音节/部分双音节词:直接加 **-er / -est**
- ✅ (2) 多音节形容词 / 副词:用 **more / most**
- ✅ (3) 不规则变化
- 3.常用句型表达
- 🔹 (1) A 比 B …
- 🔹 (2) A 没有 B 那么……
- 🔹 (3) 最……
- 🔹 (4) 最……之一
- 🔹 (5) 越来越……
- 🔹 (6) 超过
- 二十九、副词的位置与种类
- 1.副词的常见种类和例词
- 2.副词的位置规则总结
- ✅ (1) 频率副词(always, usually, often, sometimes, never)
- ✅ (2) 方式副词(quickly, carefully, well)
- ✅ (3) 时间副词(today, now, later,already,yet,just)
- ✅ (4) 地点副词(here, there, outside)
- ✅ (5) 程度副词(very, too, enough)
- ✅ (6) 句子副词(actually, probably, fortunately)
- 3.注意副词 vs. 形容词的区别
- 4.常见错误总结
- 三十、倒装句
- 1.什么是倒装句?
- ✅ 例子:
- 2.常见引起倒装的副词类型
- ✅ (1) 否定副词引起的倒装(❗最常考)
- ✅ (2) 条件状语从句省略 if 引起的倒装
- ✅ (3) only + 状语/副词短语开头引起的倒装
- ✅ (4) 表地点/方向的副词(文学倒装)
- 3.倒装句结构小总结表
- 三十一、主谓一致
- 1.主谓一致的基本规则
- 2.常见主谓一致类型
- ✅ (1) and 连接多个主语 → 复数
- ✅ (2) each / every / either / neither / everyone / someone / nobody
- ✅ (3) 集合名词(group, team, family, class)
- ✅ (4) 主语是不可数名词 → 单数动词
- ✅ (5) 主语后有介词短语,不影响动词形式
- 3.常见容易错的主谓一致陷阱
- 4.主谓一致判断口诀(简化记忆):
- 三十二、强调句型
- 1.什么是强调句型?
- 2.It is / was … that / who … 结构详解
- 3.强调句的构造技巧(原句如何变)
- 4.常见强调句的变形形式
- 5.除了 it is/was ... that,还有哪些强调表达方式?
- ✅ (1) 倒装句 → 强调副词引导
- ✅ (2) 助动词 do / does / did 强调谓语
- ✅ (3) 句中重复强调词
- 三十三、省略句 / 连接词
- 1.省略句
- 🔹定义:
- ✅ 常见省略方式:
- (1) 省略主语 + be动词
- (2) 省略重复的动词
- (3) 祈使句中省略主语
- (4) 口语中常见省略
- 2.连接词 and / but / so / because 用法
- ✅ (1) **and**(和,而且)
- ✅ (2) **but**(但是)
- ✅ (3) **so**(所以)
- ✅ (4) **because**(因为)
- 3.表格总结:连接词功能与用法对比
- 三十四、介词短语 & 介词搭配
- 1.什么是介词短语 & 介词搭配?
- 2.常见基本介词:at / in / on / by / for / to 等用法对比
- 3.常见介词短语分类
- (1)📍地点类
- (2) 🕒 时间类
- (3)🧭 方向 / 目的类
- 4.常见固定搭配(介词 + 动词 / 形容词 / 名词)
- ✅ 动词 + 介词
- ✅ 形容词 + 介词
- ✅ 名词 + 介词
- 三十五、高频动词的固定搭配 look / take / get / make / do / give / have / go
- 1.动词 **look** 的常见搭配
- 2.动词 **take** 的常见搭配
- 3.动词 **get** 的常见搭配
- 4.动词 **make** 的常见搭配
- 5.动词 **do** 的常见搭配
- 6.动词 **give / have / go** 等常见搭配(简列)
- 三十六、方位词
- 1.常见方位词列表及含义
- 2.图片记忆法(概念示意)
- 3.常见搭配短语
- 三十七、常见不规则动词过去式 / 过去分词
一、do和does疑问句
“do” 和 “does” 用在一般现在时的疑问句中,帮助构成句子的助动词部分。
1.用法规则
| 主语 | 使用助动词 |
|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | do |
| he / she / it | does |
2.结构公式
Do / Does + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?
3.例句说明
- 主语是 I / you / we / they —— 用 do
- Do you like music? (你喜欢音乐吗?)
- Do they play football every day?(他们每天踢足球吗?)
- Do we need to bring anything?(我们需要带什么东西吗?)
- 主语是 he / she / it —— 用 does
-
Does she speak English?(她会说英语吗?)
-
Does he go to school by bus?(他坐公交车去上学吗?)
-
Does it work well?(它运作得好吗?)
💡 注意:动词要用原形,不要加 -s / -es。
例如:❌ Does she likes music? → ✅ Does she like music?
4.简短回答形式
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
二、don’t / doesn’t否定句
一般现在时的否定句(用 don’t / doesn’t)
1.基本规则
| 主语 | 否定助动词 | 动词 |
|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | don’t(do not) | 动词原形 |
| he / she / it | doesn’t(does not) | 动词原形 |
💡 和疑问句一样,否定句中的动词也要用原形,不能加 -s。
2.句子结构
主语 + don’t / doesn’t + 动词原形 + 其他。
3.例句说明
- 主语是 I / you / we / they —— 用 don’t
- I don’t like bananas.(我不喜欢香蕉。)
- We don’t watch TV.(我们不看电视。)
- They don’t play football.(他们不踢足球。)
- 主语是 he / she / it —— 用 doesn’t
- He doesn’t like bananas.(他不喜欢香蕉。)
- She doesn’t speak Chinese.(她不会说中文。)
- It doesn’t work well.(它不好用。)
三、be动词疑问句
1.be动词有哪些
| 主语 | be动词 |
|---|---|
| I | am |
| he / she / it | is |
| you / we / they | are |
2.结构
be动词 + 主语 + 其他?
例句:
-
Am I late?(我迟到了吗?)
-
Is he at home?(他在家吗?)
-
Are you happy?(你开心吗?)
-
Is it cold today?(今天冷吗?)
-
Are they ready?(他们准备好了吗?)
3.be动词 和 do/does 疑问句的区别
| 比较项 | be动词疑问句 | do/does 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|
| 使用条件 | 句子中主语后是 be动词(am, is, are) | 句子中主语后是普通动词(如 like, go, have) |
| 结构 | be动词 + 主语 + 其他 | do/does + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他 |
| 动词 | 不需要再加别的动词 | 需要和动词原形搭配使用 |
对比例子:
| 正确用法 | 错误用法 |
|---|---|
| Is she your teacher?(她是你的老师吗?)✅ | ❌ Does she your teacher? (错误,"teacher"不是动词) |
| Does she like music?(她喜欢音乐吗?)✅ | ❌ Is she like music? ("like"是动词,不是形容词) |
4.什么时候用 be动词,什么时候用 do/does
| 情况 | 用 be动词 | 用 do/does |
|---|---|---|
| 句子表达“是什么/是谁/在哪/状态/感觉” | ✔️ 是 | ❌ 否 |
| 句子有动作(like, eat, go, play等动词) | ❌ 否 | ✔️ 是 |
举例判断:
He is a doctor. → Is he a doctor? (be动词)
She plays tennis. → Does she play tennis?(do/does)
They are at home. → Are they at home?(be动词)
He eats pizza. → Does he eat pizza?(do/does)
四、否定疑问句
1.什么是“否定疑问句”
就是在疑问句中加入“not”来表示否定,通常是把 助动词 + not 放在句首。
有两种形式:
- 缩写形式(常见)
- 完整形式(正式)
2.结构和例句
Doesn’t / Don’t / Didn’t + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?
🔹 (1) be 动词的否定疑问句
| 原句 | 否定疑问句 |
|---|---|
| She is a teacher. | Isn’t she a teacher? |
| They are at home. | Aren’t they at home? |
| I am late. | Aren’t I late?(特殊!不能说 “Amn’t I”) |
🔹 (2) do / does 的否定疑问句
| 原句 | 否定疑问句 |
|---|---|
| He likes music. | Doesn’t he like music? |
| You go to school. | Don’t you go to school? |
🔹 (3) did 的否定疑问句(一般过去时)
| 原句 | 否定疑问句 |
|---|---|
| She went to the party. | Didn’t she go to the party? |
3.语气和含义举例
-
Don’t you like chocolate?(你不是喜欢巧克力吗?)→ 表示惊讶
-
Isn’t she your sister?(她不是你妹妹吗?)→ 确认
-
Aren’t we meeting at 6?(我们不是六点见吗?)→ 安排确认
-
Aren’t I in the wrong room? (我是不是走错房间了?)
五、“must”和“have to” 的区别
1.共同点
都可以表示“必须、应该做某事”
| 句子 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| You must finish your homework. | 你必须完成作业。 |
| You have to finish your homework. | 你必须完成作业。 |
2.主要区别
| 比较点 | must | have to |
|---|---|---|
| 语气 | 更主观:说话人认为“必须” | 更客观:规则或外部原因要求“必须” |
| 时态 | 只能用于现在或将来 | 可以用于所有时态(现在、过去、将来) |
| 否定形式 | must not(mustn’t):意思是“绝对禁止” | don’t / doesn’t have to:意思是“不必须 / 可以不做” |
| 用法场合 | 通常表示强烈建议、命令、规则 | 更常用于实际生活中的“必须做某事” |
3.具体例子对比
1️⃣ 语气:主观 vs 客观
- You must wear a helmet.(你必须戴头盔。)
→ 说话人觉得这是很重要的安全行为。 - You have to wear a helmet.(你必须戴头盔。)
→ 这是法律规定或单位要求的。
2️⃣ 否定句意义不同!这是重点!
- You must not touch this button.
❗️ 绝对禁止触碰(表示“不能”) - You don’t have to touch this button.
✅ 不需要碰,但你可以碰(表示“不是必须”)
⚠️“must not” ≠ “don’t have to”
一个是禁止,一个是没有义务
3️⃣ 过去时用法
- ❌ I must finish the report yesterday.(错误)
- ✅ I had to finish the report yesterday.
👉 have to 才能变过去时(had to)
4.简明记忆口诀
| 中文语感 | 英文表达 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| “我觉得你一定要…” | must | 主观 |
| “规定/外部要求你要…” | have to | 客观 |
| “你绝对不能…” | must not | 禁止 |
| “你不用非要…” | don’t have to | 不必须 |
六、 have,has, had 的区别
1.基本区别(时态 + 主语)
| 时态 | 主语 | 正确形式 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | I / you / we / they | have |
| 一般现在时 | he / she / it | has |
| 一般过去时 | 所有主语 | had |
2.三者的主要用法
🔹(1) 表示“拥有”
- I have a car.(我有一辆车)
- He has two sisters.(他有两个妹妹)
- We had a big house when I was a child.(我们小时候有一栋大房子)
🔹(2) 表示“吃、喝、做、经历”(动作)
- I have breakfast at 7.(我7点吃早餐)
- She has a shower every morning.(她每天早上洗澡)
- They had a good time yesterday.(他们昨天玩得很开心)
🔹(3) 用作“完成时”的助动词(have/has + 过去分词)
| 时态 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在完成时 | have/has + 过去分词 | I have eaten lunch.(我已经吃过午饭) |
| 过去完成时 | had + 过去分词 | She had gone before I arrived.(我到达前她已经走了) |
3.三者的对比总结
| 项目 | have | has | had |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在时 | ✔️(复数或 I/you) | ✔️(单数 he/she/it) | ❌ |
| 过去时 | ❌ | ❌ | ✔️(所有主语) |
| 完成时助动词 | ✔️ | ✔️ | ✔️ |
| 含义(拥有) | ✔️ | ✔️ | ✔️ |
七、一般现在时
1. 一般现在时的基本用法
| 用法类型 | 说明 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 日常习惯 | 经常做、每天做的事 | I go to school every day. |
| 客观事实 | 永远正确、不变的真理 | Water boils at 100°C. |
| 普遍真理 | 例如地球、自然、生理等 | The sun rises in the east. |
| 计划时间 | 时间表(如飞机、车、课程) | The train leaves at 6 p.m. |
2. 句型结构
🔹(1) 肯定句
| 主语 | 动词形式 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | 动词原形 | They play football. |
| he / she / it | 动词+s/es | She plays the piano. |
🔸 动词加 s/es 的规则会在后面讲。
🔹(2) 否定句
主语 + do/does not + 动词原形
| 主语 | 否定结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | don’t + 原形 | We don’t watch TV. |
| he / she / it | doesn’t + 原形 | He doesn’t like coffee. |
🔹(3) 疑问句
Do/Does + 主语 + 动词原形?
| 主语 | 疑问句结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | Do you + 原形 | Do you like English? |
| he / she / it | Does she + 原形 | Does he go to school? |
3.动词加 s/es 的规则(第三人称单数)
当主语是 he / she / it 时,动词需要加 s 或 es:
| 原形动词 | he/she/it形式 |
|---|---|
| play | plays |
| go | goes |
| watch | watches |
| do | does |
| have | has |
📌 一般规则:
- 一般动词 ➜ 加 s(play → plays)
- 以 ch, sh, s, x, o 结尾 ➜ 加 es(watch → watches)
- 有特殊变化:have → has;do → does
4.时间副词常见搭配
这些词通常表明用一般现在时:
| 时间副词 | 中文含义 |
|---|---|
| always | 总是 |
| often | 经常 |
| usually | 通常 |
| sometimes | 有时 |
| never | 从不 |
| every day | 每天 |
| on Mondays | 每个星期一 |
| in the morning | 在早上 |
5.例句大全(肯定 + 否定 + 疑问)
| 中文 | 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 他每天都喝牛奶。 | He drinks milk every day. | He doesn’t drink milk every day. | Does he drink milk? |
| 我每天读英语。 | I read English every day. | I don’t read English every day. | Do you read English? |
| 她通常七点起床。 | She gets up at 7. | She doesn’t get up at 7. | Does she get up at 7? |
八、现在进行时
1.现在进行时的基本用法
- 正在进行的动作:说话时刻正在发生的事
- I am writing an email right now.(我现在正在写邮件。)
- 临时性行为:当前一段时间内的活动(不一定恰好在此刻)
- She is staying with a friend this week.(她这周暂住在朋友家。)
- 预定的近期计划或安排
- We are meeting them tomorrow.(我们明天要跟他们见面。)
- 带有情绪色彩的重复行为(常用 “always” 表示抱怨)
- He is always borrowing my books!(他总是借我的书,真让人烦!)
2.现在进行时的基本结构
✅ 主语 + am / is / are + 动词-ing
| 主语 | be动词 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I | am | I am eating breakfast. |
| He/She/It | is | She is reading a book. |
| We/You/They | are | They are playing football. |
3.动词变 “–ing” 规则
- 一般动词 直接加 -ing:
- play → playing
- cook → cooking
- 以不发音的 e 结尾 去 e 加 ing:
- make → making
- write → writing
- 重读闭音节单音节动词 双写末辅音字母再加 ing:
- sit → sitting
- run → running
- 以 ie 结尾 改 ie 为 y 再加 ing:
- lie → lying
- die → dying
4.否定句结构
✅ 主语 + am / is / are + not + 动词-ing
| 示例句 |
|---|
| I am not sleeping. |
| She is not watching TV. |
| They are not playing basketball. |
5.疑问句结构
✅ Am / Is / Are + 主语 + 动词-ing + 其他?
| 示例句 |
|---|
| Are you listening? |
| Is he eating lunch now? |
| Am I doing it right? |
6.常见的时间状语
这些词常和现在进行时一起使用:
| 副词 / 短语 | 中文意思 |
|---|---|
| now | 现在 |
| at the moment | 此刻 |
| right now | 正在现在 |
| today | 今天 |
| this week | 这周(短期内) |
7.例句总结
| 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|
| I am studying English now. | I am not studying English. | Am I studying English? |
| She is eating breakfast. | She is not eating breakfast. | Is she eating breakfast? |
| They are playing games. | They are not playing games. | Are they playing games? |
九、一般过去时
1.什么是一般过去时
一般过去时表示:
✅ 过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态
✅ 动作已经结束
2.构成方式
🔹(1) 肯定句
主语 + 动词过去式 + 其他
| 主语 | 示例句 |
|---|---|
| I | I visited my grandma last week. |
| He/She | She watched a movie yesterday. |
| We/They | They played football last Sunday. |
🔹(2) 否定句
主语 + did not (didn’t) + 动词原形 + 其他
❗否定句中动词要变回原形!
| 原句 | 否定句 |
|---|---|
| I watched TV. | I didn’t watch TV. |
| She studied English. | She didn’t study English. |
🔹(3) 疑问句
Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?
疑问句中,无论人称是谁都用Did开头。Did+i/you/he/she/we/they+ 动词原形 + 其他?
| 原句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|
| You went to school. | Did you go to school? |
| He had breakfast. | Did he have breakfast? |
3.动词过去式变化规则
🔹(1) 规则动词(+ed)
| 原形 | 过去式 |
|---|---|
| play | played |
| watch | watched |
| clean | cleaned |
🔸 变化规律:
- 以 e 结尾 ➜ 加 d:like → liked
- 辅音字母+y ➜ 变 y 为 i 加 ed:study → studied
- 重读闭音节结尾双写词尾:stop → stopped
🔹(2) 不规则动词(变化特别)
| 原形 | 过去式 |
|---|---|
| go | went |
| eat | ate |
| see | saw |
| do | did |
| have | had |
| come | came |
📌 不规则动词需要 背诵记忆,常见的会重复出现。
4.常见时间状语(表示过去)
这些词常常和一般过去时连用:
| 时间状语 | 中文意思 |
|---|---|
| yesterday | 昨天 |
| last night/week/month/year | 上一…… |
| two days ago | 两天前 |
| in 2020 | 在2020年 |
| when I was a child | 当我小时候 |
5/例句大全(肯定句 + 否定句 + 疑问句)
| 中文 | 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 我昨天去了图书馆。 | I went to the library yesterday. | I didn’t go to the library. | Did you go to the library? |
| 她上周看了电影。 | She watched a movie last week. | She didn’t watch a movie. | Did she watch a movie? |
| 他们上个月搬家了。 | They moved last month. | They didn’t move last month. | Did they move last month? |
十、过去完成时 / 现在完成时 / 现在完成进行时
1.语法结构回顾
| 时态 | 句型 | 结构 | 示例 | 中文意思 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在完成时 | 陈述句 | 主语 + have/has + 过去分词 | I have eaten breakfast. | 我已经吃过早餐了。 |
| 现在完成时 | 疑问句 | Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + … ? | **Has she finished **her homework? | 她完成作业了吗? |
| 过去完成时 | 陈述句 | 主语 + had + 过去分词 | She had left before 8. | 她在八点前就已经离开了。 |
| 过去完成时 | 疑问句 | Had + 主语 + 过去分词 + … ? | Had she finished the report before the meeting? | 她开会前就写完报告了吗? |
📌 说明:
现在完成时中
- have 用于 I / you / we / they
- has 用于 he / she / it
📌 说明:
过去完成时中,had 用于所有人称,不变。
现在完成进行时
从过去某个时间点开始一直持续到现在
| 时态 | 句型 | 结构 | 示例 | 中文意思 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在完成进行时 | 疑问句 | have/has + been + 动词的现在分词(doing) | Have you been drinking water? | 你一直在喝水吗?(持续行为) |
例句:
Have you been studying English? 你最近一直在学英语吗?
表示“持续的动作”
2.时态用法对比
| 用法 | 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 |
|---|---|---|
| 发生在过去,但与现在有关 | I’ve lost my keys.(我现在找不到) | ❌(不用过去完成时) |
| 表示**“曾经”**的经历 | Have you ever been to Japan? | Had you ever been to Japan before you moved? |
| 用在两个过去动作中,表示先发生的 | ❌ | She had finished dinner before he arrived. |
3.常见的过去分词
| 动词原形 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|
| go | gone |
| eat | eaten |
| see | seen |
| do | done |
| read | read(发音变 /red/) |
| write | written |
| take | taken |
4.例句
- I have already eaten lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了。
- She had left before I arrived. 我到之前,她已经离开了。
- They have never seen a panda. 他们从未见过熊猫。
- We had finished the work before the deadline. 我们在截止日期前完成了工作。
- He has just gone out. 他刚刚出去了。
- I had given up before you came. 在你来之前,我就已经放弃了。
- Have you eaten breakfast? 你吃过早饭了吗?
- Has she finished her homework? 她完成作业了吗?
- Have they arrived yet? 他们到了吗?
- Had you eaten before you left? 你离开之前吃过了吗?
- Had she finished the report before the meeting? 她开会前就写完报告了吗?
十一、将来时
1.英语将来时的常见表达方式(重点掌握前两种)
| 表达方式 | 结构 | 用法说明 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. will + 动词原形 | 主语 + will + 动词原形 | 表示“将要”,快速决定、预测 | I will go tomorrow. |
| 2. be going to + 动词原形 | 主语 + am/is/are going to + 动词 | 表示“打算/计划”,已经决定好了的未来 | She is going to study. |
| 3. 现在进行时(表示近期安排) | am/is/are + doing | 表示已安排好的事情 | We are meeting him tonight. |
| 4. 一般现在时(用于时刻表等) | 主语 + 动词原形 | 固定安排(车次、开课) | The train leaves at 8. |
2.重点掌握这两个
🔹 (1) will + 动词原形
用于:
- 临时决定
- 预测未来
- 承诺、保证
📌 示例:
- I will call you later.(我一会儿打电话给你)
- It will rain tomorrow.(明天会下雨)
🔹 (2) be going to + 动词原形
用于:
- 有计划、有迹象的事情
- 主观意图
📌 示例:
- I am going to study English tonight.(我今晚打算学英语)
- Look at those clouds! It is going to rain.(看那些云,要下雨了)
3.will 和 be going to 的区别
| 情况 | 用 will | 用 be going to |
|---|---|---|
| 临时决定 | ✔️ | ❌ |
| 已经决定好的计划 | ❌ | ✔️ |
| 预测未来(有根据) | ❌ | ✔️ |
| 预测未来(主观判断) | ✔️ | ❌ |
4.将来时的否定won’t(不会)
“won’t” 是 “will not” 的缩写。
| 完整形式 | 缩写形式 |
|---|---|
| will not | won’t |
🔹 (1) “won’t” 的句型结构
主语 + won’t + 动词原形
📌 举例:
- I won’t go to the party.
我不会去参加派对。 - She won’t eat that.
她不会吃那个。 - They won’t help us.
他们不会帮我们。
🔹 (2) 和肯定句对比一下
| 肯定句 | 否定句 |
|---|---|
| I will go to school. | I won’t go to school. |
| He will help you. | He won’t help you. |
🔹 (3) 用法场景总结
| 情况 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 拒绝/否定 | I won’t do that.(我不会那样做) |
| 预测未来不发生 | It won’t rain tomorrow.(明天不会下雨) |
| 命令或劝阻 | You won’t touch that again!(别再碰!) |
十二、将来完成时
1.将来完成时的结构
🔹 will have + 过去分词(Past Participle)
| 主语 | will have | 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|
| I / you / he / she / it / we / they | will have | done / eaten / gone / finished 等 |
2.表示什么意思
表示:“到了未来某个时间点,动作/状态 已经完成。”
🕓 关键词:by, before, by the time, when, in 5 years, by tomorrow, 等。
📘 例句:
- I will have finished my homework by 9 p.m.
👉 到晚上9点,我的作业就完成了。 - She will have left before you arrive.
👉 在你到之前,她就已经离开了。 - They will have built the bridge by next year.
👉 到明年,这座桥就建好了。
3.常用过去分词复习(用于将来完成时)
| 动词原形 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|
| finish | finished |
| go | gone |
| do | done |
| eat | eaten |
| see | seen |
| write | written |
十三、名词复数
1.什么时候用名词复数
🔹 (1) 表示两个或更多事物时
- I have two books.(两本书)
- There are many students in the classroom.
🔹 (2) 泛指一类人或事物(常常是复数)
- Cats are cute.(猫很可爱,泛指所有猫)
- Children need love.
🔹 (3) 与数量词、some / many / a few 等连用时
- Some apples are on the table.
- I saw three people.
2.名词复数的一般规则(常见的加 s 情况)
| 单数名词 | 复数形式 | 规则说明 |
|---|---|---|
| book | books | 直接加 s |
| apple | apples | 元音结尾直接加 s |
| dog | dogs | 辅音后加 s |
3.特殊变化规则(不是简单加 s)
🔹 (1) 以 -s, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾 → 加 -es
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| bus | buses |
| box | boxes |
| watch | watches |
| dish | dishes |
🔹 (2) 以辅音字母 + y 结尾 → 把 y 改为 i 加 es
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| baby | babies |
| city | cities |
| story | stories |
但如果是元音+y(如:toy, boy)→ 直接加 s:toys, boys
🔹 (3) 以 -f / -fe 结尾的部分词 → 改 f 为 v 加 es
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| leaf | leaves |
| knife | knives |
| wife | wives |
注意不是所有 -f/-fe 结尾都变,比如:roof → roofs
🔹 (4) 不规则名词复数(记住它们)
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| man | men |
| woman | women |
| child | children |
| foot | feet |
| tooth | teeth |
| mouse | mice |
| person | people |
🔹 (5) 不可数名词(没有复数)
如:water, rice, money, information, advice 等,不能加 s
✅ 正确说法:some water / a piece of advice
❌ 错误写法:waters / advices
十四、被动语态
1.什么是被动语态
被动语态是用来表达:
“某人/某物被……”
强调的是动作的承受者(被动一方),而不是谁做的这个动作。
📌 举个例子(中英文对比):
| 主动语态(谁做了) | 被动语态(谁被做了) |
|---|---|
| The chef cooked the meal. 厨师烹制了这顿饭。 | The meal was cooked by the chef. 这顿饭是厨师做的。 |
| He broke the window. 他打破了窗户。 | The windows **were broken. ** 窗户被打破了。 |
2.被动语态的基本结构
be动词 + 过去分词(V3)
| 时态 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | He cleans the room. | The room is cleaned. |
| 一般过去时 | He cleaned the room. | The room was cleaned. |
| 现在完成时 | He has cleaned the room. | The room has been cleaned. |
| 一般将来时 | He will clean the room. | The room will be cleaned. |
3.常见例句(中英对照)
-
This book was written by J.K. Rowling.
这本书是 J.K. 罗琳写的。(被写的) -
The windows are cleaned every day.
窗户每天都被擦。 -
The homework will be finished soon.
作业很快会被完成。 -
I was given a gift.
我被给了一个礼物。 -
They **have been criticized **by the teacher.
他们已经被老师批评了
-
They were criticized by the teacher.
他们被老师批评了
-
She has been criticized by the teacher.
她已经被老师批评了
-
She was criticized by the teacher.
她被老师批评了
4.常见 “被” 的表达关键点
| 中文表达 | 英语句型 |
|---|---|
| 被打破 | is/was broken |
| 被吃掉 | is/was eaten |
| 被叫走 | is/was called away |
| 被发现 | is/was found |
5.常见 “by + 执行者” 用法
✅ 表示动作是“被谁”执行的
- The letter was written by her.(信是她写的)
- The cake was eaten by the dog.(蛋糕被狗吃了)
💡 如果执行者不重要,可以省略:
- The cake was eaten.(被吃掉了)
十五、the的使用
1.the 是什么意思
“the” 用来表示:
👉 “特指某个/某些”已知的、独一无二的、或前面已经提到的名词。
中文里可以理解成:
- 这个 / 那个
- 这些 / 那些
2.什么时候使用 the
🔹(1) 说话双方都知道的特定事物
📘 说的是大家都知道是哪一个(上下文清楚)
- The sun is very bright.(太阳——独一无二)
- Please close the door.(说话人知道是哪扇门)
🔹(2) 第二次提到的名词
📘 第一次用 a/an,第二次用 the
- I saw a dog. The dog was very cute.
🔹(3) 世界上独一无二的事物
- The Earth, the sky, the moon, the president
🔹(4) 限定词后面的名词
📘 有限定信息,使它变得具体明确
- I like the book on your desk.(哪一本书?桌上的那本)
- The girl with the red dress is my cousin.
🔹(5) 表示整个种类的名词(单数)
- The elephant is a large animal.(大象是种大型动物)
🔹(6) 海洋、河流、山脉、报纸等专有名词前
- The Pacific Ocean
- The Yangtze River
- The New York Times
- The Great Wall
3.什么时候不加 the
| 不加 the 的情况 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| 讲到泛指的人或物 | I like apples. |
| 职业、身份等名词前 | She is a teacher. |
| 专有名词前(大部分人名、地名) | China, Tom, Mount Fuji |
| 餐食、语言、运动前 | I had breakfast. / I speak English. / He plays tennis. |
4.常见对比
| 正确 | 错误(泛指也加 the) |
|---|---|
| I have a cat. The cat is white. | ❌ I have the cat.(第一次提到不能用 the) |
| I like dogs. | ❌ I like the dogs.(如果不是特指就不能加 the) |
十六、特殊疑问词:how / what / when / why
1.疑问词快速对比表
| 疑问词 | 中文意思 | 询问的内容 | 示例疑问句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| What | 什么 | 事物、职业、行为 | What is this? / What do you want? |
| When | 什么时候 | 时间 | When is your birthday? |
| Why | 为什么 | 原因 | Why are you sad? |
| How | 怎么样/如何 | 方法、方式、状态 | How do you go to school? |
2. 疑问词 + be动词 的句型结构
🔹 句型:
What / When / Why + be动词 + 主语 +(其他)?
🔹 be动词的用法跟以前学的一样
| 主语 | 一般现在时使用的 be动词 |
|---|---|
| I | am |
| he / she / it | is |
| you / we / they | are |
📌 举例:
| 疑问词句子 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| What is your name? | 你叫什么名字? |
| When is your birthday? | 你什么时候生日? |
| Why are you tired? | 你为什么累? |
| Why is she sad? | 她为什么伤心? |
| Why am I here? | 我为什么在这儿? |
| How is she? | 她怎么样? |
3.疑问词 + do / does / did 的句型结构
🔹 句型:
What / When / Why / Who + do / does / did + 主语 + 动词原形 +(其他)?
🔹 用法和之前学的一样
| 时态 | 主语 | 使用的助动词 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在时 | I / you / we / they | do |
| 现在时 | he / she / it | does |
| 过去时 | 所有人称 | did |
📌 举例:
| 疑问句 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| What do you eat for breakfast? | 你早餐吃什么? |
| When does he go to school? | 他什么时候上学? |
| Why do they laugh? | 他们为什么笑? |
| Why did you cry? | 你为什么哭了? |
| What did she say? | 她说了什么? |
| How do you go to school? | 你怎么去学校? |
3.各个疑问词详细讲解
🔹(1) What — 询问“什么”
用于提问事物、名称、行为、职业等
📌 常见句型:
- What + be动词 + 主语?(What is this?)
- What + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?
📎 例句:
- What is this?(这是什么?)
- What do you want?(你想要什么?)
- What does she do?(她是做什么工作的?)
🔹(2) When — 询问“什么时候”
用来询问时间
📌 常见句型:
- When + be动词 + 主语?
- When + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?
📎 例句:
- When is your birthday?(你什么时候过生日?)
- When do you go to bed?(你几点睡觉?)
- When did he arrive?(他什么时候到的?)
🔹(3) Why — 询问“为什么”
询问原因,常搭配回答 “Because…”(因为……)
📌 常见句型:
- Why + be动词 + 主语?
- Why + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?
📎 例句:
- Why are you late?(你为什么迟到了?)
- Why does he look sad?(他为什么看起来难过?)
- Why did they leave early?(他们为什么早走了?)
🔹(4) How — 询问“怎么样、如何”
可表示方式、方法、状态、程度等,使用非常灵活
📌 常见句型:
- How + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?
- How + 形容词(如 old、many、much)+ be动词?
📎 例句:
- How do you go to school?(你怎么去学校?)
- How is she?(她怎么样?)
- How old are you?(你几岁?)
- How much is it?(它多少钱?)
- How many books do you have?(你有几本书?)
十七、特殊疑问词:Who / Which / Whose
1.Who 疑问句
🔹 含义:谁
用来询问人,是关于“人是谁”的问题。
📌 常见结构:
(1)Who + be动词 + 主语?
➡ 问“这个人是谁”
🟢 例:Who is he?(他是谁?)
(2) Who + 动词 +(宾语)?
➡ 问“谁做了这件事”
🟢 例:Who opened the door?(谁开了门?)
(3) Who + do/does/did + 动词原形?
➡ 问“谁做某事”时,主语是别人
🟢 例:Who does she like?(她喜欢谁?)
2.Which 疑问句
🔹 含义:哪一个
用来在几个已知选项中进行选择,询问“哪一个人/物”。
📌 常见结构:
- Which + 名词 + be动词 + 主语?
➡ 哪一个是……
🟢 例:Which book is yours?(哪本书是你的?)
- Which + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?
➡ 哪一个人做了……
🟢 例:Which movie do you like best?(你最喜欢哪部电影?)
3.Whose 疑问句
🔹 含义:谁的
用来询问“所属关系”(某物是谁的)
📌 常见结构:
- Whose + 名词 + is this/that?
🟢 例:Whose pen is this?(这是谁的笔?) - Whose + 名词 + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词?
🟢 例:Whose book did you borrow?(你借了谁的书?)
4.对比总结表格
| 疑问词 | 意思 | 用法举例 |
|---|---|---|
| Who | 谁 | Who is your teacher? / Who helped you? |
| Which | 哪一个 | Which color do you prefer? |
| Whose | 谁的 | Whose bag is this? / Whose phone rang? |
十八、情态动词疑问句
1.情态动词疑问句的通用结构
✅ 情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + …?
| 例句(疑问) | 中文意思 |
|---|---|
| Can you swim? | 你会游泳吗? |
| May I sit here? | 我可以坐这吗? |
| Will she come tomorrow? | 她明天会来吗? |
| Must we wear uniforms? | 我们必须穿制服吗? |
| Shall we begin? | 我们开始吗? |
2.基本情态动词的疑问用法(现在时)
(1) Can – 能力 / 请求 / 许可(口语最常见)
| 疑问句 | 用法 |
|---|---|
| Can you drive? | 询问能力:你会开车吗? |
| Can I use your phone? | 请求许可:我可以用手机吗? |
✅ 后接动词原形,如:Can you help me?
(2) May – 正式请求许可 / 可能性(更礼貌、更书面)
| 疑问句 | 用法 |
|---|---|
| May I leave early? | 请求允许(更正式) |
| May it rain tomorrow? | 表示可能性 |
✅ 更正式,语气比 can 更礼貌
(3) Will – 意愿 / 未来动作 / 请求
| 疑问句 | 用法 |
|---|---|
| Will you help me? | 请求帮助 |
| Will she be here at 5? | 询问未来是否会发生某事 |
(4) Shall – 建议 / 提议(主要用于英式英语,主语常是 I 或 We)
| 疑问句 | 用法 |
|---|---|
| Shall we dance? | 提议、建议(我们跳舞吧?) |
| Shall I open the window? | 我来开窗户好吗? |
(5) Must – 强制 / 必要性(疑问句较少用)
| 疑问句 | 用法 |
|---|---|
| Must I finish this today? | 我今天必须完成这件事吗? |
📌 注意:Must 的疑问句语气较强烈,日常生活中更常用 have to 替代。
3.过去时形式的情态动词:could / might / would / should
这些常被称为“过去式情态动词”,但它们不只用于过去,还可以表示更委婉、更不确定或更假设的语气。
| 情态动词 | 基本含义 | 是否是过去式? | 用法说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| could | can 的过去式 | ✅ 是 | 也用于礼貌请求、假设:Could you help me? |
| might | may 的过去式 | ✅ 是 | 表示更不确定的可能性:It might rain. |
| would | will 的过去式 | ✅ 是 | 表示委婉请求、假设:Would you like tea? |
| should | shall 的过去式 | ✅ 是 | 表示建议/义务(常用于现在或将来):You should rest. |
(1) 它们在疑问句中的使用:
🔹 Could – 更委婉的请求、假设能力
Could + 主语 + 动词原形…?
- Could you help me?(你能帮我吗?)
- Could he come earlier?(他可以早点来吗?)
🔹 Might – 更低可能性,更客气地推测
Might + 主语 + 动词原形…?
- Might it snow tomorrow?(明天可能会下雪吗?)
🔹 Would – 更礼貌的请求或假设(虚拟语气)
Would + 主语 + 动词原形…?
- Would you like some coffee?(你想喝咖啡吗?)
- Would he come if I invited him?(如果我邀请他,他会来吗?)
🔹 Should – 表达建议/义务
Should + 主语 + 动词原形…?
- Should I call her?(我应该打电话给她吗?)
- Should we leave now?(我们现在该走了吗?)
4.情态动词之间的对比总结
| 情态动词 | 表示语气 | 是否现在式? | 是否更礼貌/不确定? | 疑问句常用于… |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| can | 能力、许可、请求 | ✅ 是 | ❌ 比较直接 | 请求、能力 |
| could | 更委婉请求、过去能力 | ✅/过去式 | ✅ 比 can 礼貌 | 请求、假设 |
| may | 正式许可、可能性 | ✅ 是 | ✅ 礼貌 | 许可、推测 |
| might | 更低程度的可能性 | ✅/过去式 | ✅ 比 may 更不确定 | 推测 |
| will | 将来、意愿 | ✅ 是 | ❌ 比 would 强 | 将来动作、承诺 |
| would | 更礼貌请求、假设语气 | ✅/过去式 | ✅ 柔和 | 请求、建议 |
| shall | 建议、提议(英式用法) | ✅ 是 | ✅ | 提议、约定 |
| must | 必须、推断 | ✅ 是 | ❌ 强制 | 义务、推理 |
| should | 应该(建议/道德义务) | ✅/过去式 | ✅ 柔和 | 建议、义务 |
十九、情态动词完成时
情态动词的完成时,它们在英语中用来表达对过去事情的推测、后悔、未实现的可能性等。
1.情态动词完成时结构
结构:
情态动词 + have + 过去分词
常见的情态动词包括:
could / might / should / would / must / may + have + done
2.每个情态完成时的含义与用法
| 结构 | 含义 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| might have done | 过去可能做过某事(表示猜测) | He might have missed the train.(可能错过了) |
| could have done | 过去可能做某事(但未做)或能力 | You could have won.(你本来能赢) |
| should have done | 本应该做但没做(表达后悔、责备) | I should have studied harder.(我本该更努力) |
| would have done | 要是当时……就会……(虚拟) | I would have called you if I had known. |
| must have done | 对过去事情的肯定推测 | She must have left already.(她一定已经走了) |
| may have done | 表示可能性(比 might 更确定) | They may have forgotten the meeting. |
3.详细对比与例句说明
(1) might have + 过去分词(表示“可能发生过”,但不确定)
- He might have lost his phone.(他可能丢了手机。)
- She might have forgotten to call you.(她可能忘记给你打电话了。)
🔸含义:不确定的推测,语气最轻。
(2) could have + 过去分词(表示“本来有可能”,但实际上没有)
- You could have died!(你差点就死了!)
- He could have passed the test if he had studied.(如果他努力,他是有可能通过的。)
🔸含义:过去本来有能力/可能,但事实没发生。
(3) should have + 过去分词(表示“本应该”,但没做,带有后悔)
- I should have told the truth.(我本应该说实话。)
- You shouldn’t have lied.(你不该说谎。)
🔸含义:带有悔意、责备。
(4) would have + 过去分词(虚拟语气,表示“要是…就会…”)
- I would have gone to the party if I hadn’t been sick.
(如果没生病,我就会去派对。)
🔸含义:虚拟语气,表达与过去事实相反的情况。
(5) must have + 过去分词(对过去的肯定推测)
- She must have forgotten.(她肯定是忘了。)
- He must have seen us.(他肯定看到我们了。)
🔸含义:对过去非常确定的推测。
4.结构总结与语气强弱对比
| 表达 | 语气/含义 |
|---|---|
| must have | 肯定推测(非常确定) |
| may have / might have | 不确定的可能性 |
| could have | 有可能但未发生 |
| should have | 应该做但没做(后悔) |
| would have | 要是……就会……(虚拟) |
二十、been的使用
1.什么是 been?
been 是动词 be 的 过去分词形式(be – was/were – been)。
2.been 的三种主要用法
🔹(1)在完成时中作为助动词 be 的过去分词
它常与 have/has/had 连用,构成完成时态。
①现在完成时(have/has + been)
表示:从过去某时一直到现在某状态持续存在,或者去过某地但已回来。
- ✅ I have been sick.
我病过(过去到现在生病的经历或状态)。 - ✅ She has been to Paris.
她去过巴黎(去过,已经回来)。 - ✅ He has been in Japan for 5 years.
他已经在日本五年了(至今仍在)。
📌 特别注意:
- have been to 表示 “曾经去过某地”
- have been in/at 表示 “在某地一段时间”
②过去完成时(had + been)
表示:在过去某一时间之前,某状态已经存在。
- ✅ They had been tired before the trip began.
旅行开始之前他们已经累了。 - ✅ He had been in Canada for 2 years before he moved.
在搬家前他已经在加拿大两年了。
🔹(2) 与被动语态一起使用:have/has/had + been + 过去分词
在完成时中构成 被动语态
- ✅ The house has been cleaned.
房子已经被打扫了。 - ✅ The letter had been sent before he arrived.
在他到达之前信已经被寄出了。 - ✅ All the jobs have been finished.
所有工作都完成了。
🔹(3)现在完成进行时(have/has + been + doing)
表示:某动作从过去开始一直持续到现在,并可能还在继续。
- ✅ I have been working all day.
我一整天都在工作。 - ✅ She has been studying English for two years.
她学英语已经两年了。
📌 结构:have/has + been + 动词ing
3.总结:been 常出现在哪些结构中
| 时态或语态 | 结构 | 示例句子 | 中文意思 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在完成时 | have/has + been | I have been to London. | 我去过伦敦(经历) |
| 过去完成时 | had + been | He had been sick. | 他曾经生过病 |
| 被动完成时态 | have/has/had + been + Vpp | The room has been cleaned. | 房间被打扫了 |
| 现在完成进行时 | have/has + been + 动词ing | She has been working. | 她一直在工作 |
二十一、this、that、these、those区别
1.含义
| 词汇 | 中文意思 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| this | 这个 | 单数,近处的东西 |
| that | 那个 | 单数,远处的东西 |
| these | 这些 | 复数,近处的东西 |
| those | 那些 | 复数,远处的东西 |
2. 例句
-
Those people are my classmates. 那些人是我同学。
-
These are not mine. 这些不是我的。
-
Do you remember those days? 你还记得那些日子吗?
-
I don’t know these people. 我不认识这些人。
二十二、人称宾格
1.什么是“宾格”?
宾格(Objective Case)是指在句中作宾语的代词。宾语是动作的承受者,通常出现在 动词或介词后。
2.所有人称代词的宾格一览表
| 主格(主语用) | 宾格(宾语用) | 中文意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | me | 我 | He called me.(他打电话给我。) |
| you | you | 你 / 你们 | I like you.(我喜欢你。) |
| he | him | 他 | I saw him.(我看到他了。) |
| she | her | 她 | We helped her.(我们帮助了她。) |
| it | it | 它 | I found it.(我找到它了。) |
| we | us | 我们 | She told us a story.(她给我们讲了个故事。) |
| they | them | 他们 / 她们 | I met them at the station.(我在车站见到了他们。) |
3.用法说明
📌 宾格常用于三种场合:
- 作为动词的宾语
→ I love her.(我爱她。) - 作为介词的宾语
→ He gave the book to me.(他把书给了我。) - 强调受影响的人或物
→ Don’t talk to them like that!(别那样对他们说话!)
4.句子举例汇总
| 人称代词 | 宾格 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I | me | Can you help me? |
| you | you | I saw you at the mall. |
| he | him | She invited him to the party. |
| she | her | We’re looking for her. |
| it | it | I can’t find it. |
| we | us | He brought food for us. |
| they | them | The teacher gave them a warning. |
二十三、定语从句
1.什么是定语从句(Relative Clause)?
定语从句是用来修饰一个名词或代词的从句,通常紧跟在它后面。
👉 举个例子:
- The boy who is playing football is my brother.
→ “who is playing football” 是用来修饰“the boy”的,说明这个男孩是谁。
2.常用关系词及用法总结表
| 关系词 | 用来指代 | 作句中成分 | 是否可省略 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 主语 | ❌ | The girl who sings well is my cousin. |
| whom | 人 | 宾语 | ✅(口语常省) | The man whom I met is a teacher. |
| whose | 人或物(表示所属) | 定语 | ❌ | The boy whose bike is broken is crying. |
| which | 物 / 动物 | 主语或宾语 | ✅(作宾语时) | The book which is on the table is mine. |
| that | 人 / 物(通用) | 主语或宾语 | ✅(常省略) | The car that he bought is expensive. |
| where | 地点名词 | 地点状语 | ❌ | The house where I was born is gone. |
| when | 时间名词 | 时间状语 | ❌ | I remember the day when we met. |
🟥 注意:“what”不是关系代词,不能用在定语从句中!
- ❌ The book what I read is interesting.
- ✅ The book that / which I read is interesting.
🔹 what 是连接词,但只能引导名词性从句(主语、宾语从句),不能作定语从句的引导词。
3.每个关系词用法详解 + 例句
1️⃣ who:指人,作主语
✅ The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
(住在隔壁的那个女人是一位医生。)
2️⃣ whom:指人,作宾语(更书面)
✅ The man whom I saw was her father.
(我看到的那个男人是她的父亲。)
👉 通常可以说:The man I saw…
3️⃣ whose:表示“谁的”,表示所属关系
✅ The girl whose dog ran away is crying.
(狗跑了的那个女孩正在哭。)
4️⃣ which:指物,作主语或宾语
✅ The book which is on the table is new.
(桌上的那本书是新的。)
✅ The movie which we watched was great.
(我们看的那部电影很好看。)
5️⃣ that:通用代词,可指人或物,语气较口语化
✅ The boy that helped me is my cousin.
✅ The book that you gave me is great.
📌 一般会在以下情况优先使用 that:
- 指人和物混合(The people and things that…)
- 有“序数词 / 最高级 / all / everything / the only”等词时
如:This is the only book that I like.
6️⃣ where:指地点,表示“在……的地方”
✅ This is the school where I studied.
(这就是我读书的学校。)
7️⃣ when:指时间,表示“在……何时”
✅ Do you remember the time when he was sick?
(你记得他生病的那段时间吗?)
可替换写法:介词 + which
例如:
the day when = the day on which
the year when = the year in which
🔄 所以你也可以这样说:
I remember the day on which we met.(更正式)
4.常见结构口诀记忆:
人用 who / whom / whose
物用 which / whose
都可用 that
地点用 where
时间用 when❌ “what” 不是定语从句的连接词!
二十四、what 引导的名词性从句
1.什么是名词性从句?
名词性从句 = 在句子中起名词作用的从句,它可以作:
| 作用 | 说明 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语 | 作为整句的主语 | What she said is true. |
| 宾语 | 动词的宾语 | I know what he wants. |
| 表语 | 说明主语内容(be之后) | This is what we need. |
| 同位语从句 | 解释说明名词内容 | The idea what he proposed is good.(⚠常用 that 引导) |
2.what 在其中扮演什么角色?
what = the thing(s) that
它同时包含关系代词和先行词的作用
✔ 不需要重复说“the thing”
结构口诀:
what + 主语 + 动词(what引导完整句子)
3.what 引导的名词性从句用法分类
① 作主语(整句的主语)
- ✅ What she said is interesting.
她说的话很有趣。 - ✅ What you did surprised me.
你做的事让我很惊讶。
② 作宾语(动词的宾语)
- ✅ I don’t know what he means.
我不知道他是什么意思。 - ✅ She didn’t hear what I said.
她没有听见我说的内容。
③ 作表语(用于连系动词be后)
- ✅ This is what I want.
这就是我想要的。 - ✅ That’s what matters.
那才是最重要的。
④ 作介词宾语(放在介词后)
- ✅ We are talking about what you mentioned.
我们正在谈论你提到的事。 - ✅ She is interested in what you wrote.
她对你写的东西很感兴趣。
4.口诀对比:what vs that
| 比较 | what | that |
|---|---|---|
| 是否含先行词 | ✅ 自带“the thing(s)”含义 | ❌ 只能连接,先行词在前 |
| 可否作主语 | ✅ 可以 | ❌ 一般不直接作主语 |
| 示例 | I like what he said. | The idea that he proposed is great. |
二十五、省略 that 的宾语从句
1.什么是宾语从句?
宾语从句是作“宾语”的从句,通常接在动词、介词或某些形容词后,用来说明“说了/想了什么内容”。
📌 常用引导词有:that, if, whether, what, who, when, where, why, how
2.that 引导的宾语从句结构
🔹完整结构:
主句 + 动词 + that + 从句
- I think that you are right.
- He said that he would come.
- She believes that it’s true.
3.什么时候可以省略 that?
✅ 省略 that 的条件如下:
| 条件 | 说明 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| ✔️ that 引导的宾语从句是陈述句 | 非疑问句、非强调句 | I think (that) he is kind. |
| ✔️ that 引导的从句位置不在句首 | 若在句首,不可省略 | (That she failed) surprised me. ❌不能省略 |
| ✔️ 不影响句子理解或产生歧义 | 否则不能省略 | He said (that) she left. ✔️ He said that that was wrong. ❌ 省略易混淆 |
✅ 省略 that
举例
| 含 that | 省略 that |
|---|---|
| I think that it’s true. | I think it’s true. ✅ |
| She said that she was tired. | She said she was tired. ✅ |
| They believe that he is right. | They believe he is right. ✅ |
4.什么时候不能省略 that?
- 宾语从句作主语时,不可省略
- That she failed surprised us. ❌ 不能说 She failed surprised us.
- that 是主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时 → 不能省略
- 有歧义或重复 “that” 时,不能省略其中的 that:
- He said that that was wrong. ❌(第一个 that 引导宾语从句,第二个是指示代词)
二十六、虚拟语气
1.什么是虚拟语气?
虚拟语气用于表达:
- 不可能的事情
- 假设的情况
- 建议 / 要求 / 命令
- 愿望 / 后悔 / 想象
2.常见虚拟语气分类(按表达内容)
| 类型 | 关键词 / 结构 | 举例 | 中文意思 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在虚拟 | If + 过去式,主句 + would/could + 原形 | If I were you, I would study. | 如果我是你,我会学习。 |
| 过去虚拟 | If + had + 过去分词,主句 + would have + 过去分词 | If I had known, I would have gone. | 如果我早知道,我就去了。 |
| 将来虚拟 | If + should / were to + 原形 | If I should win, I would travel. | 如果我赢了,我会去旅行。 |
| 建议/命令 | suggest / demand / require + that + 主语 + (should) + 原形 | I suggest that he go now. | 我建议他现在就走。 |
| 愿望 | wish / if only + 虚拟结构 | I wish I were rich. | 我希望我很有钱。 |
| 宁愿 | would rather + 主语 + 虚拟结构 | I’d rather you did it. | 我宁愿你来做这件事。 |
3.三种典型虚拟句型讲解
🔹 (1) 与现在事实相反的假设(现在虚拟)
❗用过去时表示现在不真实的情况
“If + 主语 + 过去式(be动词用 were)”
结构:
If + 主语 + 动词过去式,主语 + would/could/might + 动词原形
例句:
- If I were you, I would talk to him.
如果我是你,我会去和他说。 - If she had more time, she would help us.
如果她有更多时间,她会帮我们。(实际上她没时间)
🔹 (2) 与过去事实相反的假设(过去虚拟)
❗用“过去完成时”表示“过去没有发生但想象的事”
If + 主语 + had + 过去分词
结构:
If + 主语 + had + 过去分词,主语 + would/could/might + have + 过去分词
例句:
- If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test.
如果我更努力学习,我本可以通过考试。(但没努力)
🔹 (3) 与将来可能不太可能发生的假设(将来虚拟)
❗表示对将来的不确定猜测或假设
If + should / were to + 动词原形
结构:
If + 主语 + should/were to + 原形,主语 + would/could + 原形
例句:
- If he should come, I would tell him the truth.
如果他来了,我会告诉他实情。 - If we were to move to Canada, we would start a new life.
如果我们搬到加拿大,我们将开始新生活。
4.wish 虚拟语气
| 表达时态 | 结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 与现在相反 | wish + 主语 + 过去式 | I wish I knew the answer. |
| 与过去相反 | wish + 主语 + had + 过去分词 | I wish I had studied harder. |
| 与将来相反 | wish + would + 原形 | I wish it would stop raining. |
5.特殊用法:It’s time / would rather / as if
| 表达 | 示例 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| It’s time 虚拟 | It’s time we left. | 是时候我们该走了。 |
| would rather 虚拟 | I’d rather you did it. | 我宁愿你来做。 |
| as if 虚拟 | He talks as if he knew everything. | 他讲话就像他什么都懂一样(但其实不懂) |
二十七、不定式 to do 与动名词 doing
1.什么是不定式和动名词?
| 名称 | 形式 | 中文含义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 不定式 | to + 动词原形 | 去做某事 / 要做某事 | I want to eat. |
| 动名词 | 动词 + ing | 做某事(当作名词) | I enjoy eating apples. |
它们都可以在句子中像 名词 一样使用,充当主语、宾语、表语等。
2.二者都可作主语 / 宾语 / 表语
✅ 作主语
- To swim is good for your health.(游泳有益健康)
- Swimming is good for your health.(游泳有益健康)
🟡 两种都可以,意思差不多。口语中更常用 doing。
✅ 作宾语
- He began to study. ✅
- He began studying. ✅
(他开始学习了。)
但并不是所有动词都可以两个都用!👇
3.重点:不同动词后面该用 to do 还是 doing?
✅ 只能接 to do 的常见动词:
| 动词 | 示例句 |
|---|---|
| want | I want to sleep. |
| hope | She hopes to win. |
| decide | We decided to leave. |
| plan | He plans to study abroad. |
| learn | I’m learning to cook. |
| agree | He agreed to help me. |
✅ 只能接 doing 的常见动词:
| 动词 | 示例句 |
|---|---|
| enjoy | I enjoy reading. |
| finish | He finished cleaning. |
| avoid | She avoided talking to me. |
| mind(介意) | Do you mind closing the door? |
| suggest | I suggest waiting a bit. |
| keep | He keeps complaining. |
✅ 可以接 to do 或 doing,但意思不同的动词:
| 动词 | doing 意思 | to do 意思 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| remember | 记得 做过某事(回忆) | 记得去做某事(提醒) | I remember locking the door. Remember to lock the door. |
| forget | 忘了做过某事 | 忘了去做某事 | I forgot meeting her. I forgot to call her. |
| stop | 停止正在做的事 | 停下来去做另一件事 | He stopped smoking. He stopped to smoke. |
| try | 尝试某种方法看看是否有效 | 设法去做一件事 | Try opening the window. Try to open the window. |
4.动名词 doing 还能当介词宾语
因为介词后通常要用“名词”或“名词短语”,所以动词要变成 doing 才能放在介词后。
✅ 例句:
- He is good at drawing.
- She is interested in reading.
- Thank you for helping me.
5.误区
❌ 误区:to do 表示将来,doing 表示进行时
不完全对!虽然有时候确实有“时间倾向”,但:
⚠️ ❗to do ≠ 将来时,doing ≠ 正在做
它们其实是名词化的一种语法形式,不是时态。
✅ 正确理解:
🟦 (1) to do:不定式,表示“打算、意图、目的”
➡️ 强调“去做某事”,还没做,打算做。
例:
- I want to eat.(我想吃)
👉 表示 有意图去吃,而不是“将来时”。 - He decided to leave.(他决定离开)
👉 是决定做某事,时间是由上下文决定的,不一定是“未来”。
🟩 (2) doing:动名词,表示“正在做的动作”或“行为本身”
➡️ 把一个动作当作名词来看。
例:
- I enjoy reading.(我喜欢阅读)
👉 强调这个动作本身带来的快乐,不关心时间。 - She finished cleaning the room.(她打扫完了房间)
👉 “cleaning” 是动作的整体行为,不是“正在做”。
🟨 所以总结:
| 表达 | 正确理解 | 是否表示“正在进行”或“将来” |
|---|---|---|
| to do | 表示意图、目的、打算去做某事 | ❌ 不表示“将来时” |
| doing | 把动作名词化(喜欢、完成等) | ❌ 不等于“正在做” |
✅ 进行时态 是用 be + doing 构成的,例如:
- I am eating.(我正在吃)✔ 是进行时态。
- I like eating.(我喜欢吃)❌ 不是进行时。
✅ 对比例句更清楚:
| 句子 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| I want to sleep. | 想去睡觉(意图) |
| I enjoy sleeping. | 喜欢睡觉(行为) |
| I am sleeping now. | 正在睡觉(进行时,be + doing) |
6.小结口诀
🔹 想做某事:to do(计划、意图)
🔹 喜欢、避免、完成:doing(动作名词化)
🔹 动词记不住?背清单 + 多做题练习!
二十八、比较级 / 最高级
1.什么是比较级 / 最高级?
| 类型 | 用来比较 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 比较级 | 两者之间的比较 | taller(更高) |
| 最高级 | 三者及以上中“最…” | tallest(最高) |
2.基本构成规则
✅ (1) 单音节/部分双音节词:直接加 -er / -est
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| tall | taller | tallest |
| small | smaller | smallest |
| fast | faster | fastest |
✅ (2) 多音节形容词 / 副词:用 more / most
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| beautiful | more beautiful | most beautiful |
| interesting | more interesting | most interesting |
✅ (3) 不规则变化
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| good | better | best |
| bad | worse | worst |
| many / much | more | most |
| little | less | least |
| far | farther/further | farthest/furthest |
3.常用句型表达
🔹 (1) A 比 B …
A + be动词 + 比较级 + than + B
✅ 例句:
- She is taller than her brother.(她比她的兄弟高。)
- This book is more interesting than that one.(这本书比那本更有趣。)
- I get up earlier than before.(我起床比以前早了。)
🔹 (2) A 没有 B 那么……
A + be动词 + not as/so + 形容词原级 + as + B
✅ 例句:
- He is not as tall as his father.(他没有他父亲高)
- This exam is not so difficult as the last one.(这次考试没有上次那么难)
🔹 (3) 最……
A + be动词 + 最高级 + in/of + 范围
✅ 例句:
- He is the tallest in the class.(他是班上最高的)
- This is the most important decision.(这是最重要的决定)
- She runs the fastest of all.(她是跑得最快的)
🔹 (4) 最……之一
one of + the + 最高级 + 名词复数
✅ 例句:
- She is one of the best students in the class.(她是班上最优秀的学生之一)
- This is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.(这是世界上最美丽的城市之一)
🔹 (5) 越来越……
比较级 + and + 比较级
✅ 例句:
- It’s getting colder and colder.(天气变得越来越冷了)
- She is becoming more and more confident.(她变得越来越自信了。)
🔹 (6) 超过
用动词 surpass / exceed / outdo / beat,这些是正式/高级表达“超过”的动词,可以用来替换**“more than”**。
| 动词 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| surpass | 超过(体育比赛中、抽象能力、成就) | He surpassed his teacher.(他超越了老师) |
| exceed | 超过(数量、限度) | Sales exceeded expectations.(销量超过预期) |
| outdo | 超过、胜过(努力或表现) | She outdid herself in that show.(她超常发挥) |
| beat | 打败、超过(竞争) | Our team beat theirs by 10 points.(我们赢了10分) |
二十九、副词的位置与种类
副词能修饰动词、形容词、句子或其他副词,表达时间、频率、程度、方式、地点、原因等
1.副词的常见种类和例词
| 副词种类 | 用途 | 常见副词 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 方式副词 | 表示“怎么做” | quickly, slowly, well, carefully | She runs quickly. |
| 时间副词 | 表示“什么时候” | now, today, soon, later, yesterday | I’ll call you later. |
| 地点副词 | 表示“在哪里” | here, there, inside, outside | He is waiting outside. |
| 频率副词 | 表示“多久一次” | always, often, never, sometimes | She always wakes up early. |
| 程度副词 | 表示“多么……程度” | very, too, quite, almost, enough | This is very good. |
| 句子副词 | 修饰整个句子(态度/连接) | fortunately, actually, certainly | Actually, I didn’t know that. |
2.副词的位置规则总结
不同种类的副词在句中位置不同,下面是常见副词的放置位置规律:
✅ (1) 频率副词(always, usually, often, sometimes, never)
👉 一般放在实义动词前 / be 动词后
| 正确 ✅ | 错误 ❌(仅用于对比) |
|---|---|
| She always gets up early. | |
| He never eats meat. | |
| I am usually tired. |
✅ (2) 方式副词(quickly, carefully, well)
👉 一般放在动词之后
- She sings beautifully.
- He answered the question quickly.
- They play football well.
✅ (3) 时间副词(today, now, later,already,yet,just)
👉 一般放在句首 / 句末(句尾更常见)
- Today, I have a meeting.
- I’ll call you tomorrow.
- We are going shopping now.
- I have already eaten lunch.
- She has finished her work already.
- I have just finished my homework.
- I haven’t finished my homework yet.
✅ (4) 地点副词(here, there, outside)
👉 一般放在句尾或句首(强调)
- He is waiting there.
- Outside, the birds are singing.
✅ (5) 程度副词(very, too, enough)
👉 一般放在被修饰词前(enough 放在后)
- She is very beautiful.
- This coffee is too hot.
- He is tall enough to reach it.
✅ (6) 句子副词(actually, probably, fortunately)
👉 放在句首或主语前后,表达态度或看法
- Fortunately, nobody was hurt.
- Actually, I don’t agree.
- He probably won’t come.
3.注意副词 vs. 形容词的区别
| 形容词 | 副词 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| He is a careful driver. | He drives carefully. | careful 修饰人/名词 carefully 修饰动作 |
4.常见错误总结
❌ 不正确的位置:
- He always is happy. ❌
✅ 应该是:He is always happy. ✔ - She sings well very. ❌
✅ 应该是:She sings very well. ✔
三十、倒装句
1.什么是倒装句?
倒装指的是:正常语序(主语 + 谓语)被改变,把谓语的部分或全部放到主语前。
✅ 例子:
- ✅ 一般语序:She had never seen such a thing.
- ✅ 倒装语序:Never had she seen such a thing.
🔹 倒装主要用于:
- 强调
- 否定副词/短语
- 条件句
- only / not until / hardly 等副词引导的句子
2.常见引起倒装的副词类型
✅ (1) 否定副词引起的倒装(❗最常考)
| 引起倒装的词或短语 | 中文含义 |
|---|---|
| Never | 从不 |
| Hardly / Scarcely / Barely | 几乎不 |
| Rarely / Seldom / Little | 很少/几乎不 |
| Not until | 直到……才…… |
| No sooner … than … | 一……就…… |
| Not only … but also … | 不但……而且…… |
📌 倒装结构:副词 / 短语 + 助动词 / be / 情态动词 + 主语 + 动词
例句:
| 原句(正常语序) | 倒装句(强调句式) |
|---|---|
| I had never seen such a beautiful place. | Never had I seen such a beautiful place. |
| He not only lost his keys, but he also lost his wallet. | Not only did he lose his keys, but he also lost his wallet. |
| She had hardly arrived when it started to rain. | Hardly had she arrived when it started to rain. |
| I did not realize she was angry until she spoke. | Not until she spoke did I realize she was angry. |
✅ (2) 条件状语从句省略 if 引起的倒装
当 if 被省略时,助动词要提前。
| 原句(正常语序) | 倒装结构 |
|---|---|
| If I were you, I would do it. | Were I you, I would do it. |
| If he had known, he would have come. | Had he known, he would have come. |
| If you should need help, call me. | Should you need help, call me. |
✅ (3) only + 状语/副词短语开头引起的倒装
这些副词短语用于句首表示强调时,主句要倒装。
| 结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| Only then / Only in this way / Only when… | Only then did I realize the truth. |
| Only after / Only by / Only if … | Only after he left did I understand. |
| Only with / Only through | Only through practice can we improve. |
✅ (4) 表地点/方向的副词(文学倒装)
为了生动表达或文艺句式,副词在句首,引起部分倒装。
| 正常语序 | 倒装句式 |
|---|---|
| The train came into the station. | Into the station came the train. |
| A dog ran out of the house. | Out of the house ran a dog. |
3.倒装句结构小总结表
| 类型 | 引导词 | 倒装结构 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 否定副词倒装 | never, hardly, seldom, not until | 副词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词 | Never have I seen such a thing. |
| 条件倒装 | 省略 if:had, were, should | 助动词 + 主语 + 动词 | Had I known, I would’ve helped. |
| only 强调倒装 | only + 状语 | only + 状语 + 助动词 + 主语 + 谓语 | Only then did he realize his mistake. |
| 方向/地点副词倒装 | here, there, up, down, out | 副词 + 动词 + 主语 | Here comes the bus. |
三十一、主谓一致
1.主谓一致的基本规则
| 主语 | 动词形式 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | 原形(不加 -s) | I play / You play |
| he / she / it / Tom | 动词 + s/es | She plays / He goes |
| 单数 | 动词 + s/es | The book contains useful knowledge. |
| 复数 | 用原形动词 | The books contain useful knowledge. |
✅ 举例对比:
- I play the guitar.
- She plays the guitar.
- They play football.
- Tom plays chess.
- We play games after school.
- He goes to school by bus.
- Those cars go very fast.
- That car goes fast.
2.常见主谓一致类型
✅ (1) and 连接多个主语 → 复数
- Tom and Jerry are friends. ✅
(汤姆和杰瑞是朋友)
❗注意:如果是**“面包和黄油”这类固定搭配**,看作一个整体,也可能用单数:
- Bread and butter is my breakfast. ✅
(面包和黄油是我早餐)
✅ (2) each / every / either / neither / everyone / someone / nobody
这些看起来是复数意思,其实在语法中是单数!
- Each student has a book. ✅
- Everyone is here. ✅
- Neither answer is correct. ✅
✅ (3) 集合名词(group, team, family, class)
根据上下文语义而定:
- The team is winning.(看作一个整体)✅
- The team are arguing among themselves.(看作个人成员)✅
✅ (4) 主语是不可数名词 → 单数动词
- Water is important. ✅
- Money makes people crazy. ✅
✅ (5) 主语后有介词短语,不影响动词形式
- The color of the flowers is beautiful. ✅
- 主语是 color,不是 flowers!
3.常见容易错的主谓一致陷阱
| 错误句(❌) | 正确句(✅) | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| The students in the class is smart. | The students in the class are smart. | 主语是 students → 复数 |
| Neither of them are ready. | Neither of them is ready. | Neither 是单数 |
| The number of people are big. | The number of people is big. | the number 是单数短语 |
| A lot of water are needed. | A lot of water is needed. | water 是不可数名词 |
4.主谓一致判断口诀(简化记忆):
主语单数动词+s,
主语复数动词原;
either / neither 看单数,
each / every 是重点;
with / of 不看介词后,
量词前看形式变;
family team 看意思,
整体单数成员分;
there / here 要看后,
真正主语别看走。
三十二、强调句型
1.什么是强调句型?
强调句型是用结构:
It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 句子其他部分
来强调句子中的一个成分(如:人、时间、地点、方式、原因等)。
2.It is / was … that / who … 结构详解
| 被强调部分类型 | 强调结构 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 人(主语) | It was + 人 + who … | It was Tom who broke the glass.(是Tom打碎的) |
| 时间 | It was + 时间 + that … | It was yesterday that we met.(是昨天我们见的) |
| 地点 | It was + 地点 + that … | It was in the park that I saw her. |
| 方式 / 工具 | It was + 方式 + that … | It was by bus that he came here. |
| 原因 | It was + 原因 + that … | It was because he was tired that he left early. |
3.强调句的构造技巧(原句如何变)
一个“强调句”一定能还原成正常句子。如果不能,那它就不是强调句型,只是“it 引导的句子”。
👉 将原句拆为三部分:
- 原句:He left the room at 8 o’clock.
- 被强调部分:at 8 o’clock(时间)
- 强调句:It was at 8 o’clock that he left the room.
再看一个例子:
- 原句:She gave me a book.
- 强调人:She → It was she who gave me a book.
- 强调物:a book → It was a book that she gave me.
4.常见强调句的变形形式
| 强调内容 | 强调句 | 还原原句 |
|---|---|---|
| 人(主语) | It was Tom who opened the door. | Tom opened the door. |
| 时间 | It was yesterday that we met. | We met yesterday. |
| 地点 | It is in Beijing that he lives. | He lives in Beijing. |
| 方式/工具 | It was by bike that he came. | He came by bike. |
5.除了 it is/was … that,还有哪些强调表达方式?
✅ (1) 倒装句 → 强调副词引导
- Never have I seen such a scene!(我从未见过这样的场景)
- Only then did I understand the truth.
✅ (2) 助动词 do / does / did 强调谓语
❗ 这种用法用于强调动词动作本身,常见于口语和写作中:
- I do like this song!(我真的喜欢这首歌!)
- She did finish her homework.(她确实做完了作业)
✅ (3) 句中重复强调词
- He himself opened the door.(他亲自开了门)
- She alone can do it.(只有她能做这事)
- This is the very book I was looking for.(这正是我找的那本书)
三十三、省略句 / 连接词
1.省略句
🔹定义:
省略句是在上下文清楚的前提下,把句子中重复或不必要的部分省略,使表达更简洁。
✅ 常见省略方式:
(1) 省略主语 + be动词
- 原句:I am happy, and you are happy.
- 省略:I am happy, and you are.
➡️ 更简:I am happy, and you.
💡意思明确时,省略“you are”。
(2) 省略重复的动词
- 原句:He likes music, and she likes music too.
- 省略:He likes music, and so does she. ✅
或:He likes music, and she does too.
(3) 祈使句中省略主语
- Sit down, please. ✅
(省略了 You)
(4) 口语中常见省略
- “Going out?”(= Are you going out?)
- “Sure.”(= Yes, I am sure.)
2.连接词 and / but / so / because 用法
这四个是最基础也最常用的连接词,用来把两个句子连接成一个完整句子。
✅ (1) and(和,而且)
➡️ 表示并列、顺承或同时发生的动作。
- I like apples, and I like bananas.
- She got up early and went to school.
✅ (2) but(但是)
➡️ 表示转折、对比。
- He is rich, but he is not happy.
- She studies hard, but she fails sometimes.
✅ (3) so(所以)
➡️ 表示结果,因果关系的“结果”。
- It was raining, so we stayed at home.
- He was tired, so he went to bed. ✅
✅ (4) because(因为)
➡️ 表示原因,是因果关系的“原因”。
- She studies hard because she wants to succeed. ✅
- He stayed home because he was sick.
3.表格总结:连接词功能与用法对比
| 连接词 | 中文含义 | 表达关系 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | 和/而且 | 并列 | I sing and dance. |
| but | 但是 | 转折 | He is old but strong. |
| so | 所以 | 结果 | It’s cold, so wear a coat. |
| because | 因为 | 原因 | I left early because I was tired. |
三十四、介词短语 & 介词搭配
1.什么是介词短语 & 介词搭配?
- 介词短语:由“介词 + 名词 / 代词 / 动名词”构成的短语。
例如:at home, in the morning, on Monday - 介词搭配:介词和特定动词 / 形容词 / 名词固定搭配。
例如:good at, listen to, interested in
2.常见基本介词:at / in / on / by / for / to 等用法对比
| 介词 | 用法分类 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| at | 时间 / 地点(具体点) | at 6 o’clock, at the bus stop |
| in | 时间(大范围)/ 地点(范围内) | in July, in China, in a box |
| on | 时间(具体日)/ 表面 | on Monday, on the wall |
| by | 方式 / 近旁 / 截止时间 | come by bus, by 5 p.m., sit by me |
| for | 目的 / 对象 / 持续时间 | a gift for you, for two hours |
| to | 方向 / 动作对象 | go to school, say to him |
3.常见介词短语分类
(1)📍地点类
| 介词短语 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| at home | 在家 | I’m at home now. |
| in the room | 在房间里 | She’s in the room. |
| on the table | 在桌子上 | The book is on the table. |
| by the river | 在河边 | They live by the river. |
(2) 🕒 时间类
| 介词短语 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| in the morning | 在早上 | He gets up in the morning. |
| at night | 在晚上 | I sleep at night. |
| on Monday | 在周一 | The test is on Monday. |
| for two days | 持续两天 | I stayed there for two days. |
| by 5 p.m. | 不晚于5点 | Finish it by 5 p.m. |
(3)🧭 方向 / 目的类
| 介词短语 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| go to school | 去学校 | He goes to school every day. |
| come from China | 来自中国 | She comes from China. |
| run into the room | 跑进房间 | The boy ran into the room. |
4.常见固定搭配(介词 + 动词 / 形容词 / 名词)
✅ 动词 + 介词
| 搭配 | 意思 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| listen to | 听 | Listen to the teacher. |
| look at | 看 | Look at the blackboard. |
| depend on | 依赖 | I depend on my friends. |
| agree with | 同意 | I agree with you. |
✅ 形容词 + 介词
| 搭配 | 意思 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| good at | 擅长 | She is good at dancing. |
| interested in | 对…感兴趣 | I’m interested in music. |
| afraid of | 害怕 | He’s afraid of dogs. |
✅ 名词 + 介词
| 搭配 | 意思 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| reason for | …的原因 | The reason for his absence is unclear. |
| answer to | …的答案 | What’s the answer to this question? |
| key to | …的钥匙/关键 | This is the key to success. |
三十五、高频动词的固定搭配 look / take / get / make / do / give / have / go
1.动词 look 的常见搭配
| 搭配 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| look at | 看(具体方向) | Look at the sky.(看天空) |
| look for | 寻找 | I’m looking for my keys. |
| look after | 照顾 | She looks after her grandma. |
| look like | 看起来像 | You look like your sister. |
| look forward to + 名词/doing | 期待 | I look forward to meeting you. |
2.动词 take 的常见搭配
| 搭配 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| take a photo | 拍照 | He took a photo of the sunset. |
| take a break | 休息 | Let’s take a break. |
| take care of | 照顾 | Please take care of the baby. |
| take a bus/train | 乘车/坐火车 | I take the bus to school. |
| take your time | 慢慢来,不着急 | Take your time, no rush. |
3.动词 get 的常见搭配
| 搭配 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| get up | 起床 | I get up at 7 a.m. |
| get on / off (bus/train) | 上/下车 | Get on the bus quickly. |
| get to + 地点 | 到达 | I got to the station late. |
| get married | 结婚 | They got married last year. |
| get ready | 准备好 | Get ready for class! |
4.动词 make 的常见搭配
| 搭配 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| make a decision | 做决定 | I need to make a decision. |
| make money | 赚钱 | He makes a lot of money. |
| make a mistake | 犯错误 | I made a big mistake. |
| make a phone call | 打电话 | She made a phone call. |
| make friends | 交朋友 | It’s hard to make friends here. |
5.动词 do 的常见搭配
| 搭配 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| do homework | 做作业 | I have to do my homework. |
| do the dishes | 洗碗 | She did the dishes after dinner. |
| do your best | 尽最大努力 | Just do your best! |
| do business | 做生意 | He does business in China. |
| do sports | 做运动 | I like to do sports every day. |
6.动词 give / have / go 等常见搭配(简列)
| 动词 | 搭配 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| give | give a gift, give a smile | He gave me a book. |
| have | have breakfast, have fun | We had a great time. |
| go | go shopping, go swimming | Let’s go hiking tomorrow. |
三十六、方位词
1.常见方位词列表及含义
| 方位词 | 中文含义 | 示例句(英语 + 中文) |
|---|---|---|
| in | 在……里面 | The book is in the bag.(书在包里。) |
| on | 在……上面 | The phone is on the table.(手机在桌子上。) |
| under | 在……下面 | The cat is under the bed.(猫在床下。) |
| behind | 在……后面 | The car is behind the house.(车在房子后面。) |
| in front of | 在……前面 | He is in front of the building.(他在楼前。) |
| next to | 紧挨着 | She sits next to me.(她坐在我旁边。) |
| beside | 在……旁边 | The lamp is beside the sofa.(灯在沙发边。) |
| between | 在……之间 | The bank is between the school and the park.(银行在学校和公园之间。) |
| above | 在……上方(不接触) | There’s a clock above the door.(门上方有个钟。) |
| below | 在……下方 | The temperature is below zero.(气温在零度以下。) |
| over | 在……正上方(覆盖/跨越) | The plane flew over the city.(飞机飞过城市上空。) |
| across from | 在……对面 | The library is across from the bank.(图书馆在银行对面。) |
2.图片记忆法(概念示意)
你可以这样记忆:
-
🔼 on → 表面上
-
🔽 under → 正下方
-
⬅️➡️ next to / beside / between → 靠边 or 中间
-
🔄 in front of / behind → 前面 / 后面
-
🌁 above / below → 空间上下(但不一定接触)
-
🌍 in / out of → 进来 / 出去
-
↔️ across / over → 横跨、越过
3.常见搭配短语
| 搭配 | 中文含义 |
|---|---|
| at the corner of the room | 在房间的角落 |
| in the middle of the road | 在路的中间 |
| next to the door | 靠近门 |
| behind the curtain | 在窗帘后面 |
| in front of the TV | 在电视前 |
三十七、常见不规则动词过去式 / 过去分词
| 原形 (V1) | 过去式 (V2) | 过去分词 (V3) |
|---|---|---|
| begin | began | begun |
| break | broke | broken |
| write | wrote | written |
| lose | lost | lost |
| go | went | gone |
| come | came | come |
| take | took | taken |
| make | made | made |
| see | saw | seen |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| give | gave | given |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| sing | sang | sung |
| swim | swam | swum |
| sit | sat | sat |
| get | got | gotten / got(英式) |
| do | did | done |
| have | had | had |
| be | was / were | been |
- ✅ 例句:
- I ate pizza yesterday.(过去式)
- I have eaten pizza already.(现在完成时)
- ✅ 经常用 V3(过去分词)的是:
- 完成时(have/has/had + V3)
- 被动语态(is/was + V3)
- 情态完成(should have + V3)
