【11408学习记录】考研数学重点突破:概率论核心概念(性质+7大公式)
概率的性质与公式
- 数学
- 概率论与数理统计
- 概率的性质
- 概率的公式
- 英语
- 每日一句
- 词汇
- 第一步:找谓语
- 第二步:断句
- 第三步:简化
- 主句
- 定语从句

数学
概率论与数理统计
概率的性质
- 有界性:对于任一事件 A A A ,有 0 ≤ P ( A ) ≤ 1 0 \leq P(A) \leq 1 0≤P(A)≤1 ,且 P ( ∅ ) = 0 , P ( Ω ) = 1 P(\varnothing) = 0, P(\Omega) = 1 P(∅)=0,P(Ω)=1
- 单调性:设 A , B A, B A,B 是两个事件,若 A ⊂ B A \subset B A⊂B ,则有:
P ( B − A ) = P ( B ) − P ( A ) , P ( B ) ≥ P ( A ) P(B - A) = P(B) - P(A), P(B) \geq P(A) P(B−A)=P(B)−P(A),P(B)≥P(A)
概率的公式
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逆事件概率公式:对于任一事件 A A A ,有 P ( A ˉ ) = 1 − P ( A ) P(\bar{A})= 1 - P(A) P(Aˉ)=1−P(A)
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加法公式:对于任意两个事件 A , B A, B A,B,有
P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A B ) P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A B ˉ ∪ A B ∪ B A ˉ ) = P ( A B ˉ ) + P ( A B ) + P ( B A ˉ ) P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AB) \\ P(A \cup B) = P(A \bar{B} \cup AB \cup B\bar{A}) = P(A \bar{B}) + P(AB) + P(B\bar{A}) P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(AB)P(A∪B)=P(ABˉ∪AB∪BAˉ)=P(ABˉ)+P(AB)+P(BAˉ)
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减法公式: P ( A − B ) = P ( A ) − P ( A B ) = P ( A B ˉ ) P(A -B) = P(A) - P(AB) = P(A\bar{B}) P(A−B)=P(A)−P(AB)=P(ABˉ)
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条件概率公式:设 A , B A, B A,B 为任意两个事件,若 P ( A ) > 0 P(A) > 0 P(A)>0 ,我们称在已知事件 A A A 发生的条件下,事件 B B B 发生的概率为条件概率,记为 P ( B ∣ A ) P(B | A) P(B∣A) ,且 P ( B ∣ A ) = P ( A B ) P ( A ) P(B | A) = \frac{P(AB)}{P(A)} P(B∣A)=P(A)P(AB)
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乘法公式:如果 P ( A ) > 0 P(A) > 0 P(A)>0 ,则 P ( A B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ∣ A ) P(AB) = P(A)P(B|A) P(AB)=P(A)P(B∣A)
一般地,对于 n > 2 n > 2 n>2 ,如果 P ( A 1 A 2 ⋯ A n − 1 ) > 0 P(A_1A_2\cdots A_{n-1}) > 0 P(A1A2⋯An−1)>0 ,则
P ( A 1 A 2 ⋯ A n ) = P ( A 1 ) P ( A 2 ∣ A 1 ) P ( A 3 ∣ A 1 A 2 ) ⋯ P ( A n ∣ A 1 A 2 ⋯ A n − 1 ) P(A_1A_2 \cdots A_n) = P(A_1)P(A_2 | A_1)P(A_3 | A_1A_2) \cdots P(A_n | A_1A_2 \cdots A_{n-1}) P(A1A2⋯An)=P(A1)P(A2∣A1)P(A3∣A1A2)⋯P(An∣A1A2⋯An−1)
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全概率公式:如果 ⋃ i = 1 n = Ω , A i A j = ∅ ( i ≠ j ; i , j = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n ) , P ( A i ) > 0 \bigcup\limits^n_{i = 1} = \Omega, A_iA_j = \varnothing(i \neq j; i, j = 1, 2, \cdots, n), P(A_i) > 0 i=1⋃n=Ω,AiAj=∅(i=j;i,j=1,2,⋯,n),P(Ai)>0 则对任一事件 B B B ,有 B = ⋃ i = 1 n A i B , P ( B ) = ∑ i = 1 n P ( A i ) P ( B ∣ A i ) B = \bigcup\limits^n_{i = 1}A_iB, P(B) = \sum\limits^n_{i = 1}P(A_i)P(B | A_i) B=i=1⋃nAiB,P(B)=i=1∑nP(Ai)P(B∣Ai)
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贝叶斯公式(又称逆概率公式):如果 ⋃ i = 1 n A i = Ω , A i A j = ∅ ( i ≠ j ; i , j = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n ) , P ( A i ) > 0 \bigcup\limits^n_{i = 1}A_i = \Omega, A_iA_j = \varnothing(i \neq j;i, j = 1, 2, \cdots, n), P(A_i) > 0 i=1⋃nAi=Ω,AiAj=∅(i=j;i,j=1,2,⋯,n),P(Ai)>0 ,则对任一事件 B B B ,只要 P ( B ) > 0 P(B) > 0 P(B)>0 ,就有
P ( A j ∣ B ) = P ( A j ) P ( B ∣ A j ) ∑ i = 1 n P ( A i ) P ( B ∣ A i ) ( j = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n ) P(A_j|B) = \frac{P(A_j)P(B|A_j)}{\sum\limits^n_{i=1}P(A_i)P(B|A_i)}(j = 1, 2, \cdots, n) P(Aj∣B)=i=1∑nP(Ai)P(B∣Ai)P(Aj)P(B∣Aj)(j=1,2,⋯,n)
英语
每日一句
Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes — all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.(2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)
词汇
pull back: 使后退,向后拉
push ahead: 推进,促进
independence: n. 独立,自立, 自主
independent: adj. 独立的,自立的,自主的;单独的
independently: adv. 独立地,自立地,自主地
responsibility: n. 责任,职责;义务
responsible: adj. 负责的,可靠的;有责任的
responsibly: adv. 认真负责地,可靠地,可信赖地
environmental change: 环境变化
struggle with…… 与……斗争(或抗争)
第一步:找谓语
Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes — all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.
第二步:断句
原句存在两处谓语,包含两件事,其谓语分布在以下位置:
- pushes 为主句谓语
- struggle 为 that 引导的定语从句谓语
按照标点、引导词以及谓语,可以将原句断开为以下分句:
- Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes — all things —— 主句
- that first-year students often struggle with the most. —— 定语从句
第三步:简化
主句
Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes — all things
- 介词短语:Rather than pulling students back, 为让步状语从句,修饰主句
- 主句主语部分:a gap year
- 主句谓语部分:pushes
- 主句宾语部分:them
- 副词:ahead 修饰动词:pushes 表示推动的方向
- 介词短语:by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes 为方式状语,修饰主句
- 同位语部分:all things 解释说明破折号前的并列名词: independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes
去掉主句扩展部分,就得到了主句核心:
- …… year pushes them …… —— ……年推动他们……
定语从句
that first-year students often struggle with the most.
- 从句引导词:that 引导定语从句,修饰代词:things,引导词在句中充当介词:with 的宾语
- 从句主语部分:first-year students
- 复合名词:first-year 修饰名词:students
- 名词:students 为从句主语核心词
- 从句谓语部分:often struggle with
- 副词:often 修饰动词:struggle
- 介词:with 与动词:struggle 构成常用搭配:struggle with ,表示“与……斗争”
- 最高级:the most 修饰从句,表示程度
去掉从句扩展部分,就得到了从句核心:
- that …… students …… struggle …… —— …… 学生 …… 与 …… 斗争
