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HarmonyOS多媒体开发：自定义相机与音频播放器实战

news 2025/10/21 12:16:26

一、HarmonyOS多媒体框架概述

HarmonyOS多媒体框架提供了统一的接口来访问设备的多媒体能力，支持跨设备协同工作。框架采用分层架构，从底层的硬件抽象到上层的应用接口，为开发者提供完整的多媒体解决方案。

1.1 多媒体核心组件

相机服务架构：

  • CameraKit：相机能力集，提供拍照、录像、预览等核心功能
  • ImageSource：图像数据源，支持多种格式的图像编解码
  • EffectKit：实时特效处理，支持滤镜、美颜等效果

音频服务架构：

  • AudioRenderer：音频渲染器，负责音频数据播放
  • AudioCapturer：音频采集器，负责音频数据录制
  • AudioStreamManager：音频流管理，支持多路音频混合

二、自定义相机实战

2.1 相机权限与配置

首先在module.json5中声明必要的权限：

{"module": {"requestPermissions": [{"name": "ohos.permission.CAMERA","reason": "用于自定义相机拍照和录像功能","usedScene": {"abilities": ["CameraAbility"],"when": "inuse"}},{"name": "ohos.permission.MICROPHONE","reason": "录制视频时需要采集音频","usedScene": {"abilities": ["CameraAbility"],"when": "inuse"}},{"name": "ohos.permission.WRITE_MEDIA","reason": "保存拍摄的照片和视频到相册","usedScene": {"abilities": ["CameraAbility"],"when": "inuse"}}]}
}

2.2 相机初始化与预览

实现完整的相机管理类，处理相机的生命周期和状态管理：

import camera from '@ohos.multimedia.camera';
import image from '@ohos.multimedia.image';
import photoAccessHelper from '@ohos.file.photoAccessHelper';@Component
export class CustomCameraManager {private cameraManager: camera.CameraManager | null = null;private cameraDevice: camera.CameraDevice | null = null;private captureSession: camera.CaptureSession | null = null;private previewOutput: camera.PreviewOutput | null = null;private photoOutput: camera.PhotoOutput | null = null;private videoOutput: camera.VideoOutput | null = null;private isCameraReady: boolean = false;// 初始化相机系统async initializeCamera(context: common.Context): Promise<void> {try {this.cameraManager = camera.getCameraManager(context);// 获取相机列表并选择后置相机const cameras = this.cameraManager.getSupportedCameras();const backCamera = cameras.find(cam => cam.cameraPosition === camera.CameraPosition.CAMERA_POSITION_BACK);if (!backCamera) {throw new Error('未找到后置摄像头');}// 创建相机设备this.cameraDevice = this.cameraManager.createCameraDevice(backCamera);// 创建捕获会话this.captureSession = this.cameraManager.createCaptureSession();// 配置会话模板await this.captureSession.beginConfig();// 创建预览输出this.previewOutput = this.cameraManager.createPreviewOutput(this.getPreviewSurface());await this.captureSession.addOutput(this.previewOutput);// 创建照片输出this.photoOutput = this.cameraManager.createPhotoOutput(this.getPhotoProfile());await this.captureSession.addOutput(this.photoOutput);// 创建视频输出（如果需要录像）this.videoOutput = this.cameraManager.createVideoOutput(this.getVideoProfile());await this.captureSession.addOutput(this.videoOutput);// 提交配置并启动预览await this.captureSession.commitConfig();await this.captureSession.start();this.isCameraReady = true;console.info('相机初始化成功');} catch (error) {console.error('相机初始化失败:', error);throw error;}}// 拍照功能async takePhoto(): Promise<string> {if (!this.captureSession || !this.photoOutput) {throw new Error('相机未就绪');}try {const photo = await this.photoOutput.capture();// 保存照片到相册const photoUri = await this.savePhotoToGallery(photo);console.info('照片保存成功:', photoUri);return photoUri;} catch (error) {console.error('拍照失败:', error);throw error;}}// 实时滤镜处理async applyRealTimeFilter(filterType: string): Promise<void> {if (!this.captureSession) return;try {// 使用EffectKit应用实时滤镜const effectKit = await import('@ohos.multimedia.effectKit');const filter = effectKit.createEffect(filterType);// 配置滤镜参数await filter.configure({intensity: 0.8,colorAdjustment: this.getFilterParams(filterType)});// 将滤镜应用到预览流await this.previewOutput?.addEffect(filter);} catch (error) {console.error('滤镜应用失败:', error);}}// 手动相机控制async setManualCameraSettings(settings: CameraSettings): Promise<void> {if (!this.cameraDevice) return;try {// 设置曝光补偿if (settings.exposureCompensation !== undefined) {await this.cameraDevice.setExposureCompensation(settings.exposureCompensation);}// 设置ISOif (settings.iso !== undefined) {await this.cameraDevice.setIso(settings.iso);}// 设置快门速度if (settings.shutterSpeed !== undefined) {await this.cameraDevice.setShutterSpeed(settings.shutterSpeed);}// 设置对焦模式if (settings.focusMode !== undefined) {await this.cameraDevice.setFocusMode(settings.focusMode);}} catch (error) {console.error('相机设置失败:', error);}}
}

2.3 相机UI界面实现

创建功能完整的相机用户界面：

@Entry
@Component
struct CustomCameraPage {@State currentFilter: string = 'normal';@State isRecording: boolean = false;@State flashMode: string = 'off';@State cameraMode: string = 'photo';@State previewRatio: number = 16 / 9;private cameraManager: CustomCameraManager = new CustomCameraManager();private cameraContext: common.Context | null = null;build() {Column({ space: 0 }) {// 相机预览区域Stack({ alignContent: Alignment.Top }) {// 相机预览SurfaceCameraPreviewSurface({ manager: this.cameraManager }).width('100%').height('80%').backgroundColor('#000000')// 顶部控制栏Row({ space: 20 }) {Button('关闭').fontSize(16).fontColor('#FFFFFF').backgroundColor('rgba(0,0,0,0.5)').onClick(() => this.exitCamera())Text(this.cameraMode === 'photo' ? '照片' : '视频').fontSize(18).fontColor('#FFFFFF').fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)Button(this.flashMode === 'on' ? '闪光灯开' : '闪光灯关').fontSize(16).fontColor('#FFFFFF').backgroundColor('rgba(0,0,0,0.5)').onClick(() => this.toggleFlash())}.width('100%').padding(20).justifyContent(FlexAlign.SpaceBetween)}.layoutWeight(1)// 底部控制区域Column({ space: 15 }) {// 模式选择Row({ space: 30 }) {Button('照片').selected(this.cameraMode === 'photo').onClick(() => this.switchMode('photo'))Button('视频').selected(this.cameraMode === 'video').onClick(() => this.switchMode('video'))}// 拍摄按钮Row({ space: 40 }) {// 滤镜选择Scroll() {Row({ space: 10 }) {ForEach(this.getAvailableFilters(), (filter: string) => {Text(this.getFilterName(filter)).fontSize(14).fontColor(this.currentFilter === filter ? '#007AFF' : '#FFFFFF').padding(8).borderRadius(20).backgroundColor(this.currentFilter === filter ? 'rgba(0,122,255,0.2)' : 'rgba(255,255,255,0.1)').onClick(() => this.applyFilter(filter))})}}.scrollable(ScrollDirection.Horizontal)// 拍摄按钮Circle({ width: 70, height: 70 }).fill(this.isRecording ? '#FF3B30' : '#FFFFFF').onClick(() => this.captureAction()).margin({ left: 20, right: 20 })// 相册入口Button('相册').fontSize(16).fontColor('#FFFFFF')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.SpaceAround)}.padding(20).backgroundColor('rgba(0,0,0,0.8)').height('20%')}.width('100%').height('100%').backgroundColor('#000000')}aboutToAppear(): void {this.cameraContext = getContext(this) as common.Context;this.initializeCamera();}async initializeCamera(): Promise<void> {try {await this.cameraManager.initializeCamera(this.cameraContext!);} catch (error) {console.error('相机初始化失败:', error);}}async captureAction(): Promise<void> {if (this.cameraMode === 'photo') {await this.takePhoto();} else {await this.toggleRecording();}}async takePhoto(): Promise<void> {try {const photoUri = await this.cameraManager.takePhoto();// 显示拍摄结果this.showCaptureResult(photoUri);} catch (error) {console.error('拍照失败:', error);}}
}

三、音频播放器实战

3.1 音频播放器核心实现

创建功能完整的音频播放器，支持多种音频格式和播放模式：

import audio from '@ohos.multimedia.audio';
import mediaLibrary from '@ohos.file.mediaLibrary';@Component
export class AudioPlayerManager {private audioRenderer: audio.AudioRenderer | null = null;private audioStreamInfo: audio.AudioStreamInfo | null = null;private currentState: PlayerState = PlayerState.IDLE;private currentPlaylist: AudioItem[] = [];private currentIndex: number = 0;private playbackSpeed: number = 1.0;private equalizer: audio.AudioEffect | null = null;// 初始化音频渲染器async initializeAudioRenderer(options: AudioRendererOptions): Promise<void> {try {this.audioStreamInfo = {samplingRate: options.samplingRate || audio.AudioSamplingRate.SAMPLE_RATE_44100,channels: options.channels || audio.AudioChannel.CHANNEL_2,sampleFormat: options.sampleFormat || audio.AudioSampleFormat.SAMPLE_FORMAT_S16LE,encodingType: options.encodingType || audio.AudioEncodingType.ENCODING_TYPE_RAW};const audioRendererOptions: audio.AudioRendererOptions = {streamInfo: this.audioStreamInfo,rendererInfo: {content: audio.ContentType.CONTENT_TYPE_MUSIC,usage: audio.StreamUsage.STREAM_USAGE_MEDIA,rendererFlags: 0}};this.audioRenderer = await audio.createAudioRenderer(audioRendererOptions);await this.audioRenderer.start();this.currentState = PlayerState.READY;console.info('音频播放器初始化成功');} catch (error) {console.error('音频播放器初始化失败:', error);throw error;}}// 播放音频async playAudio(audioItem: AudioItem): Promise<void> {if (!this.audioRenderer) {throw new Error('音频播放器未初始化');}try {// 停止当前播放if (this.currentState === PlayerState.PLAYING) {await this.stop();}// 加载音频数据const audioData = await this.loadAudioData(audioItem.uri);// 配置音频效果await this.configureAudioEffects(audioItem);// 开始播放await this.audioRenderer.write(audioData);this.currentState = PlayerState.PLAYING;// 设置播放完成回调this.audioRenderer.on('endOfStream', () => {this.handlePlaybackComplete();});} catch (error) {console.error('音频播放失败:', error);throw error;}}// 音频效果处理async configureAudioEffects(audioItem: AudioItem): Promise<void> {if (!this.audioRenderer) return;try {// 创建均衡器this.equalizer = await audio.createAudioEffect(audio.AudioEffectType.EQUALIZER);// 配置音效预设const preset = this.getEqualizerPreset(audioItem.genre);await this.equalizer.setParameter({bandLevels: preset.bandLevels,preset: preset.presetType});// 应用音效到音频渲染器await this.audioRenderer.attachAudioEffect(this.equalizer);} catch (error) {console.error('音效配置失败:', error);}}// 变速播放async setPlaybackSpeed(speed: number): Promise<void> {if (!this.audioRenderer || speed < 0.5 || speed > 2.0) {return;}try {this.playbackSpeed = speed;await this.audioRenderer.setPlaybackSpeed(speed);} catch (error) {console.error('设置播放速度失败:', error);}}// 睡眠定时器async setSleepTimer(minutes: number): Promise<void> {setTimeout(async () => {if (this.currentState === PlayerState.PLAYING) {await this.pause();console.info('睡眠定时器：播放已停止');}}, minutes * 60 * 1000);}
}

3.2 音频播放器UI界面

创建美观易用的音频播放界面：

@Entry
@Component
struct AudioPlayerPage {@State currentSong: AudioItem | null = null;@State isPlaying: boolean = false;@State currentTime: number = 0;@State totalTime: number = 0;@State playbackRate: number = 1.0;@State equalizerPreset: string = 'normal';@State showPlaylist: boolean = false;private audioManager: AudioPlayerManager = new AudioPlayerManager();private progressTimer: number = 0;build() {Column({ space: 0 }) {// 专辑封面和歌曲信息Column({ space: 20 }) {Image(this.currentSong?.coverUri || $r('app.media.default_cover')).width(280).height(280).borderRadius(20).objectFit(ImageFit.Contain)Column({ space: 10 }) {Text(this.currentSong?.title || '未选择歌曲').fontSize(24).fontColor('#FFFFFF').fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)Text(this.currentSong?.artist || '未知艺术家').fontSize(16).fontColor('#CCCCCC')}}.layoutWeight(1).padding(40)// 播放进度条Column({ space: 10 }) {Slider({value: this.currentTime,min: 0,max: this.totalTime,step: 1,style: SliderStyle.OutSet}).width('90%').onChange((value: number) => {this.seekTo(value);})Row({ space: 0 }) {Text(this.formatTime(this.currentTime)).fontSize(12).fontColor('#CCCCCC').layoutWeight(1).textAlign(TextAlign.Start)Text(this.formatTime(this.totalTime)).fontSize(12).fontColor('#CCCCCC').layoutWeight(1).textAlign(TextAlign.End)}.width('90%')}.padding(20)// 播放控制区域Column({ space: 25 }) {// 音效控制Row({ space: 15 }) {Button('变速').fontSize(14).fontColor(this.playbackRate !== 1.0 ? '#007AFF' : '#FFFFFF').onClick(() => this.showSpeedOptions())Button('音效').fontSize(14).fontColor(this.equalizerPreset !== 'normal' ? '#007AFF' : '#FFFFFF').onClick(() => this.showEqualizerOptions())Button('定时').fontSize(14).fontColor('#FFFFFF').onClick(() => this.showSleepTimer())}// 主要控制按钮Row({ space: 40 }) {Button('上一首').fontSize(16).onClick(() => this.previousSong())Button(this.isPlaying ? '暂停' : '播放').fontSize(20).fontColor('#000000').backgroundColor('#FFFFFF').borderRadius(30).width(60).height(60).onClick(() => this.togglePlayback())Button('下一首').fontSize(16).onClick(() => this.nextSong())}// 音量和其他控制Row({ space: 30 }) {Button('播放列表').fontSize(14).onClick(() => this.togglePlaylist())Button('随机播放').fontSize(14).onClick(() => this.toggleShuffle())Button('循环模式').fontSize(14).onClick(() => this.toggleLoopMode())}}.padding(30).backgroundColor('rgba(0,0,0,0.8)')}.width('100%').height('100%').backgroundColor('#000000')}
}

四、多设备音频接力实战

4.1 分布式音频管理

实现跨设备音频接力功能，让用户在不同设备间无缝切换音频播放：

import distributedAudio from '@ohos.multimedia.distributedAudio';
import deviceManager from '@ohos.distributedDeviceManager';@Component
export class DistributedAudioManager {private audioDeviceManager: distributedAudio.AudioDeviceManager | null = null;private currentDeviceId: string = '';private availableDevices: distributedAudio.AudioDevice[] = [];// 初始化分布式音频async initializeDistributedAudio(): Promise<void> {try {this.audioDeviceManager = distributedAudio.createAudioDeviceManager();// 监听设备变化this.audioDeviceManager.on('deviceChange', (devices) => {this.handleDeviceChange(devices);});// 发现可用音频设备await this.discoverAudioDevices();} catch (error) {console.error('分布式音频初始化失败:', error);}}// 发现可用音频设备async discoverAudioDevices(): Promise<void> {if (!this.audioDeviceManager) return;try {const devices = await this.audioDeviceManager.getAvailableDevices();this.availableDevices = devices.filter(device => device.deviceType !== distributedAudio.DeviceType.UNKNOWN);console.info(`发现${this.availableDevices.length}个可用音频设备`);} catch (error) {console.error('设备发现失败:', error);}}// 切换到其他设备播放async switchPlaybackDevice(deviceId: string, audioItem: AudioItem): Promise<void> {if (!this.audioDeviceManager) {throw new Error('分布式音频未初始化');}try {// 暂停当前设备播放await this.pauseCurrentPlayback();// 切换到目标设备await this.audioDeviceManager.switchOutputDevice(deviceId);// 在新设备上恢复播放await this.resumePlaybackOnDevice(deviceId, audioItem);this.currentDeviceId = deviceId;console.info(`音频已切换到设备: ${deviceId}`);} catch (error) {console.error('设备切换失败:', error);throw error;}}// 多设备同步播放async startMultiDevicePlayback(devices: string[], audioItem: AudioItem): Promise<void> {if (!this.audioDeviceManager) return;try {// 创建同步播放组const syncGroup = await this.audioDeviceManager.createSyncGroup(devices);// 配置同步参数await syncGroup.configure({syncTolerance: 50, // 50ms同步容差masterDevice: devices[0] // 主设备});// 在所有设备上开始同步播放await Promise.all(devices.map(deviceId => this.startPlaybackOnDevice(deviceId, audioItem)));console.info(`在${devices.length}个设备上开始同步播放`);} catch (error) {console.error('多设备同步播放失败:', error);}}
}

4.2 设备选择界面

创建设备选择界面，让用户可以轻松管理多设备音频：

@Component
struct DeviceSelectorDialog {@Link selectedDevice: string;@Link availableDevices: distributedAudio.AudioDevice[];build() {Column({ space: 20 }) {Text('选择播放设备').fontSize(20).fontColor('#000000').fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)List({ space: 10 }) {ForEach(this.availableDevices, (device: distributedAudio.AudioDevice) => {ListItem() {Row({ space: 15 }) {Image(this.getDeviceIcon(device.deviceType)).width(30).height(30)Column({ space: 5 }) {Text(device.deviceName).fontSize(16).fontColor('#000000').textAlign(TextAlign.Start)Text(this.getDeviceStatus(device)).fontSize(12).fontColor('#666666')}.layoutWeight(1)if (device.deviceId === this.selectedDevice) {Image($r('app.media.ic_selected')).width(20).height(20)}}.padding(15).backgroundColor(device.deviceId === this.selectedDevice ? '#E6F2FF' : '#FFFFFF').borderRadius(10)}.onClick(() => {this.selectedDevice = device.deviceId;})})}.layoutWeight(1)Button('确认切换').width('80%').height(40).fontSize(16).onClick(() => {// 处理设备切换this.confirmSelection();})}.padding(20).backgroundColor('#FFFFFF').borderRadius(20)}
}

五、性能优化与最佳实践

5.1 内存管理优化

@Component
export class MediaMemoryManager {private static readonly MAX_CACHE_SIZE = 100 * 1024 * 1024; // 100MBprivate currentCacheSize: number = 0;private mediaCache: Map<string, ArrayBuffer> = new Map();// 智能缓存管理async cacheMediaData(mediaUri: string, data: ArrayBuffer): Promise<void> {const dataSize = data.byteLength;// 检查缓存限制if (this.currentCacheSize + dataSize > MediaMemoryManager.MAX_CACHE_SIZE) {await this.cleanupCache();}this.mediaCache.set(mediaUri, data);this.currentCacheSize += dataSize;}// 内存压力处理@WatchSystemMemoryasync onMemoryPressure(level: MemoryPressureLevel): Promise<void> {switch (level) {case MemoryPressureLevel.CRITICAL:await this.clearAllCache();break;case MemoryPressureLevel.HIGH:await this.cleanupCache(0.5); // 清理50%缓存break;case MemoryPressureLevel.MEDIUM:await this.cleanupCache(0.3); // 清理30%缓存break;}}// 媒体资源预加载async preloadMediaResources(resources: string[]): Promise<void> {const preloadPromises = resources.map(async resource => {if (!this.mediaCache.has(resource)) {const data = await this.loadMediaData(resource);await this.cacheMediaData(resource, data);}});await Promise.all(preloadPromises);}
}

总结

本文通过完整的实战案例展示了HarmonyOS多媒体开发的核心技术，包括自定义相机实现、音频播放器开发以及多设备音频接力功能。关键要点包括：

  1. 相机开发：掌握相机API的完整使用流程，包括权限管理、预览配置、拍照录像和实时特效处理
  2. 音频处理：实现高质量的音频播放器，支持音效处理、变速播放和睡眠定时等高级功能
  3. 分布式能力：利用HarmonyOS的分布式特性实现多设备音频接力，提供无缝的用户体验
  4. 性能优化：通过内存管理和资源预加载确保多媒体应用的流畅运行
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