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鸿蒙Next中使用Socket进行网络通信：完整指南与实战

news 2025/10/4 5:58:57

本文将详细介绍在鸿蒙Next中使用Socket进行网络通信的完整流程，包括TCP和UDP两种协议的使用方法，并提供实战示例。

1. Socket通信基础

1.1 TCP与UDP的区别

TCP：面向连接、可靠传输、保证数据顺序
UDP：无连接、不可靠传输、不保证数据顺序

1.2 鸿蒙中的网络权限配置

在module.json5文件中添加网络权限：

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{"module": {"requestPermissions": [{"name": "ohos.permission.INTERNET"}]}
}

2. TCP Socket通信

2.1 TCP客户端实现

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import socket from '@ohos.net.socket';
import common from '@ohos.app.ability.common';class TCPClient {private tcpSocket: socket.TCPSocket;private context: common.BaseContext;constructor(context: common.BaseContext) {this.context = context;this.tcpSocket = socket.constructTCPSocketInstance(this.context);}// 连接服务器async connect(serverIP: string, port: number): Promise<boolean> {try {const address: socket.NetAddress = {address: serverIP,port: port};await this.tcpSocket.bind({address: '0.0.0.0',port: 0  // 系统自动分配端口});await this.tcpSocket.connect(address);console.info('TCP连接成功');return true;} catch (error) {console.error(`TCP连接失败: ${error.message}`);return false;}}// 发送数据async sendData(data: string): Promise<boolean> {try {await this.tcpSocket.send({data: data});console.info('数据发送成功');return true;} catch (error) {console.error(`数据发送失败: ${error.message}`);return false;}}// 接收数据setupMessageListener(callback: (data: string) => void) {this.tcpSocket.on('message', (value: socket.TCPSocketMessageInfo) => {const message = String.fromCharCode.apply(null, value.message);console.info(`收到消息: ${message}`);callback(message);});this.tcpSocket.on('close', () => {console.info('TCP连接已关闭');});this.tcpSocket.on('error', (error: Error) => {console.error(`TCP错误: ${error.message}`);});}// 关闭连接async close(): Promise<void> {try {await this.tcpSocket.close();console.info('TCP连接已关闭');} catch (error) {console.error(`关闭连接失败: ${error.message}`);}}
}

2.2 TCP服务器实现

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import socket from '@ohos.net.socket';
import common from '@ohos.app.ability.common';class TCPServer {private tcpServer: socket.TCPSocketServer;private clients: Map<string, socket.TCPSocketConnection> = new Map();private context: common.BaseContext;constructor(context: common.BaseContext) {this.context = context;this.tcpServer = socket.constructTCPSocketServerInstance(this.context);}// 启动服务器async startServer(port: number): Promise<boolean> {try {await this.tcpServer.listen({address: '0.0.0.0',port: port,family: 1  // IPv4});console.info(`TCP服务器启动成功，端口: ${port}`);this.setupConnectionListener();return true;} catch (error) {console.error(`服务器启动失败: ${error.message}`);return false;}}// 监听客户端连接private setupConnectionListener() {this.tcpServer.on('connect', (client: socket.TCPSocketConnection) => {const clientKey = `${client.remoteInfo.address}:${client.remoteInfo.port}`;console.info(`客户端连接: ${clientKey}`);this.clients.set(clientKey, client);this.setupClientMessageListener(client, clientKey);});}// 监听客户端消息private setupClientMessageListener(client: socket.TCPSocketConnection, clientKey: string) {client.on('message', (value: socket.TCPSocketMessageInfo) => {const message = String.fromCharCode.apply(null, value.message);console.info(`收到来自${clientKey}的消息: ${message}`);// 广播消息给所有客户端this.broadcastMessage(`${clientKey}: ${message}`);});client.on('close', () => {console.info(`客户端断开连接: ${clientKey}`);this.clients.delete(clientKey);});client.on('error', (error: Error) => {console.error(`客户端错误 ${clientKey}: ${error.message}`);this.clients.delete(clientKey);});}// 广播消息async broadcastMessage(message: string): Promise<void> {for (const [clientKey, client] of this.clients) {try {await client.send({data: message});} catch (error) {console.error(`发送消息到${clientKey}失败: ${error.message}`);this.clients.delete(clientKey);}}}// 停止服务器async stopServer(): Promise<void> {try {// 关闭所有客户端连接for (const [clientKey, client] of this.clients) {await client.close();}this.clients.clear();await this.tcpServer.off('connect');await this.tcpServer.close();console.info('TCP服务器已停止');} catch (error) {console.error(`停止服务器失败: ${error.message}`);}}
}

3. UDP Socket通信

3.1 UDP客户端实现

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import socket from '@ohos.net.socket';
import common from '@ohos.app.ability.common';class UDPClient {private udpSocket: socket.UDPSocket;private context: common.BaseContext;constructor(context: common.BaseContext) {this.context = context;this.udpSocket = socket.constructUDPSocketInstance(this.context);}// 绑定本地端口async bindLocalPort(port: number): Promise<boolean> {try {await this.udpSocket.bind({address: '0.0.0.0',port: port});console.info(`UDP客户端绑定端口成功: ${port}`);return true;} catch (error) {console.error(`绑定端口失败: ${error.message}`);return false;}}// 发送数据async sendData(data: string, remoteIP: string, remotePort: number): Promise<boolean> {try {const remoteAddress: socket.NetAddress = {address: remoteIP,port: remotePort};await this.udpSocket.send({data: data,address: remoteAddress});console.info(`UDP数据发送成功到 ${remoteIP}:${remotePort}`);return true;} catch (error) {console.error(`UDP数据发送失败: ${error.message}`);return false;}}// 接收数据setupMessageListener(callback: (data: string, remoteInfo: socket.SocketRemoteInfo) => void) {this.udpSocket.on('message', (value: socket.UDPSocketMessageInfo) => {const message = String.fromCharCode.apply(null, value.message);console.info(`收到UDP消息 from ${value.remoteInfo.address}:${value.remoteInfo.port}: ${message}`);callback(message, value.remoteInfo);});this.udpSocket.on('error', (error: Error) => {console.error(`UDP错误: ${error.message}`);});}// 关闭连接async close(): Promise<void> {try {await this.udpSocket.close();console.info('UDP连接已关闭');} catch (error) {console.error(`关闭UDP连接失败: ${error.message}`);}}
}

3.2 UDP服务器实现

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import socket from '@ohos.net.socket';
import common from '@ohos.app.ability.common';class UDPServer {private udpSocket: socket.UDPSocket;private context: common.BaseContext;constructor(context: common.BaseContext) {this.context = context;this.udpSocket = socket.constructUDPSocketInstance(this.context);}// 启动UDP服务器async startServer(port: number): Promise<boolean> {try {await this.udpSocket.bind({address: '0.0.0.0',port: port});console.info(`UDP服务器启动成功，端口: ${port}`);this.setupMessageListener();return true;} catch (error) {console.error(`UDP服务器启动失败: ${error.message}`);return false;}}// 监听消息private setupMessageListener() {this.udpSocket.on('message', async (value: socket.UDPSocketMessageInfo) => {const message = String.fromCharCode.apply(null, value.message);const remoteInfo = value.remoteInfo;console.info(`收到来自${remoteInfo.address}:${remoteInfo.port}的消息: ${message}`);// 回复消息await this.sendResponse(`服务器已收到: ${message}`, remoteInfo);});this.udpSocket.on('error', (error: Error) => {console.error(`UDP服务器错误: ${error.message}`);});}// 发送响应private async sendResponse(data: string, remoteInfo: socket.SocketRemoteInfo): Promise<void> {try {await this.udpSocket.send({data: data,address: {address: remoteInfo.address,port: remoteInfo.port}});console.info(`响应发送成功到 ${remoteInfo.address}:${remoteInfo.port}`);} catch (error) {console.error(`发送响应失败: ${error.message}`);}}// 停止服务器async stopServer(): Promise<void> {try {await this.udpSocket.close();console.info('UDP服务器已停止');} catch (error) {console.error(`停止UDP服务器失败: ${error.message}`);}}
}

4. 实战示例：聊天应用

4.1 聊天客户端实现

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import socket from '@ohos.net.socket';
import common from '@ohos.app.ability.common';
import { BusinessError } from '@ohos.base';class ChatClient {private tcpClient: TCPClient;private isConnected: boolean = false;private messageCallback: (message: string) => void;constructor(context: common.BaseContext) {this.tcpClient = new TCPClient(context);this.setupMessageHandlers();}// 连接到聊天服务器async connectToServer(serverIP: string, port: number): Promise<boolean> {this.isConnected = await this.tcpClient.connect(serverIP, port);return this.isConnected;}// 设置消息处理器private setupMessageHandlers() {this.tcpClient.setupMessageListener((message: string) => {if (this.messageCallback) {this.messageCallback(message);}});}// 发送聊天消息async sendMessage(message: string): Promise<boolean> {if (!this.isConnected) {console.error('未连接到服务器');return false;}return await this.tcpClient.sendData(message);}// 设置消息回调setMessageCallback(callback: (message: string) => void) {this.messageCallback = callback;}// 断开连接async disconnect(): Promise<void> {await this.tcpClient.close();this.isConnected = false;}
}

4.2 UI界面实现

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// ChatUI.ets
import { ChatClient } from './ChatClient';
import common from '@ohos.app.ability.common';@Entry
@Component
struct ChatPage {private chatClient: ChatClient = new ChatClient(getContext(this) as common.BaseContext);@State messageList: string[] = [];@State inputMessage: string = '';@State serverIP: string = '192.168.1.100';@State serverPort: number = 8080;@State isConnected: boolean = false;aboutToAppear() {this.chatClient.setMessageCallback((message: string) => {this.messageList.push(`服务器: ${message}`);this.messageList = [...this.messageList];});}build() {Column({ space: 20 }) {// 连接设置Row({ space: 10 }) {TextInput({ placeholder: '服务器IP', text: this.serverIP }).onChange((value: string) => {this.serverIP = value;}).layoutWeight(2)TextInput({ placeholder: '端口', text: this.serverPort.toString() }).onChange((value: string) => {this.serverPort = parseInt(value) || 8080;}).layoutWeight(1)Button(this.isConnected ? '断开' : '连接').onClick(() => {if (this.isConnected) {this.disconnect();} else {this.connect();}}).layoutWeight(1)}.width('100%').padding(10)// 消息显示区域Scroll() {Column() {ForEach(this.messageList, (message: string, index: number) => {Text(message).fontSize(16).textAlign(TextAlign.Start).backgroundColor(Color.White).borderRadius(10).padding(10).width('100%')}, (message: string, index: number) => index.toString())}.width('100%').padding(10)}.layoutWeight(1).border({ width: 1, color: Color.Gray })// 消息输入区域Row({ space: 10 }) {TextInput({ placeholder: '输入消息...', text: this.inputMessage }).onChange((value: string) => {this.inputMessage = value;}).layoutWeight(3)Button('发送').onClick(() => {this.sendMessage();}).layoutWeight(1)}.width('100%').padding(10)}.width('100%').height('100%').padding(20)}async connect() {const success = await this.chatClient.connectToServer(this.serverIP, this.serverPort);if (success) {this.isConnected = true;this.messageList.push('连接到服务器成功');this.messageList = [...this.messageList];} else {this.messageList.push('连接服务器失败');this.messageList = [...this.messageList];}}async disconnect() {await this.chatClient.disconnect();this.isConnected = false;this.messageList.push('已断开连接');this.messageList = [...this.messageList];}async sendMessage() {if (this.inputMessage.trim() === '') {return;}const success = await this.chatClient.sendMessage(this.inputMessage);if (success) {this.messageList.push(`我: ${this.inputMessage}`);this.messageList = [...this.messageList];this.inputMessage = '';} else {this.messageList.push('发送失败');this.messageList = [...this.messageList];}}
}

5. 错误处理与最佳实践

5.1 错误处理

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class NetworkErrorHandler {static handleSocketError(error: BusinessError): void {const errorCode = error.code;switch (errorCode) {case 200:console.error('网络不可用');break;case 201:console.error('权限不足');break;case 202:console.error('操作超时');break;case 203:console.error('连接被拒绝');break;case 204:console.error('连接重置');break;case 205:console.error('连接关闭');break;default:console.error(`网络错误: ${error.message}`);}}static async retryOperation(operation: () => Promise<boolean>, maxRetries: number = 3): Promise<boolean> {for (let i = 0; i < maxRetries; i++) {try {const result = await operation();if (result) {return true;}} catch (error) {console.error(`第${i + 1}次尝试失败: ${error.message}`);if (i === maxRetries - 1) {throw error;}// 指数退避await this.delay(Math.pow(2, i) * 1000);}}return false;}private static delay(ms: number): Promise<void> {return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));}
}