24.grep 使用手册
文章目录
- grep 使用手册
- grep 命令语法
- grep 命令选项
- 模式选择和解释选项
- -E 选项
- -e 选项
- -f 选项
- -i 选项
- -w 选项
- -x 选项
- 输出控制选项
- -v 选项
- -m 选项
- -c 选项
- -b 选项
- -n 选项
- -o 选项
- -q 选项
- -s 选项
- 查找文件选项
- -r -R 选项
- -h 和 -H 选项
- -l 和 -L 选项
- 输出内容控制选项
- -B 选项
- -A 选项
- -C 选项
grep 使用手册
grep 是 Linux 系统中最重要的命令之一,其功能是从文本文件或管道数据流中筛选匹配的行及数据。
Linux操作文本的三大利器,简称三剑客,分别是:
- grep:擅长过滤。
- sed:擅长修改文本。
- awk:擅长格式化输出。
grep 命令语法
- 过滤管道:
command | grep [OPTION]... PATTERNS
- 过滤文件:
grep [OPTION]... PATTERNS [FILE]...
grep
命令帮助信息如下:
[root@server ~ 09:23:17]# grep --help
用法: grep [选项]... PATTERN [FILE]...
在每个 FILE 或是标准输入中查找 PATTERN。
默认的 PATTERN 是一个基本正则表达式(缩写为 BRE)。
例如: grep -i 'hello world' menu.h main.c正则表达式选择与解释:-E, --extended-regexp PATTERN 是一个可扩展的正则表达式(缩写为 ERE)-F, --fixed-strings PATTERN 是一组由断行符分隔的定长字符串。-G, --basic-regexp PATTERN 是一个基本正则表达式(缩写为 BRE)-P, --perl-regexp PATTERN 是一个 Perl 正则表达式-e, --regexp=PATTERN 用 PATTERN 来进行匹配操作-f, --file=FILE 从 FILE 中取得 PATTERN-i, --ignore-case 忽略大小写-w, --word-regexp 强制 PATTERN 仅完全匹配字词-x, --line-regexp 强制 PATTERN 仅完全匹配一行-z, --null-data 一个 0 字节的数据行,但不是空行Miscellaneous:-s, --no-messages suppress error messages-v, --invert-match select non-matching lines-V, --version display version information and exit--help display this help text and exit输出控制:-m, --max-count=NUM NUM 次匹配后停止-b, --byte-offset 输出的同时打印字节偏移-n, --line-number 输出的同时打印行号--line-buffered 每行输出清空-H, --with-filename 为每一匹配项打印文件名-h, --no-filename 输出时不显示文件名前缀--label=LABEL 将LABEL 作为标准输入文件名前缀-o, --only-matching show only the part of a line matching PATTERN-q, --quiet, --silent suppress all normal output--binary-files=TYPE assume that binary files are TYPE;TYPE is 'binary', 'text', or 'without-match'-a, --text equivalent to --binary-files=text-I equivalent to --binary-files=without-match-d, --directories=ACTION how to handle directories;ACTION is 'read', 'recurse', or 'skip'-D, --devices=ACTION how to handle devices, FIFOs and sockets;ACTION is 'read' or 'skip'-r, --recursive like --directories=recurse-R, --dereference-recursivelikewise, but follow all symlinks--include=FILE_PATTERNsearch only files that match FILE_PATTERN--exclude=FILE_PATTERNskip files and directories matching FILE_PATTERN--exclude-from=FILE skip files matching any file pattern from FILE--exclude-dir=PATTERN directories that match PATTERN will be skipped.-L, --files-without-match print only names of FILEs containing no match-l, --files-with-matches print only names of FILEs containing matches-c, --count print only a count of matching lines per FILE-T, --initial-tab make tabs line up (if needed)-Z, --null print 0 byte after FILE name文件控制:-B, --before-context=NUM 打印以文本起始的NUM 行-A, --after-context=NUM 打印以文本结尾的NUM 行-C, --context=NUM 打印输出文本NUM 行-NUM same as --context=NUM--group-separator=SEP use SEP as a group separator--no-group-separator use empty string as a group separator--color[=WHEN],--colour[=WHEN] use markers to highlight the matching strings;WHEN is 'always', 'never', or 'auto'-U, --binary do not strip CR characters at EOL (MSDOS/Windows)-u, --unix-byte-offsets report offsets as if CRs were not there(MSDOS/Windows)‘egrep’即‘grep -E’。‘fgrep’即‘grep -F’。
直接使用‘egrep’或是‘fgrep’均已不可行了。
若FILE 为 -,将读取标准输入。不带FILE,读取当前目录,除非命令行中指定了-r 选项。
如果少于两个FILE 参数,就要默认使用-h 参数。
如果有任意行被匹配,那退出状态为 0,否则为 1;
如果有错误产生,且未指定 -q 参数,那退出状态为 2。请将错误报告给: bug-grep@gnu.org
GNU Grep 主页: <http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/>
GNU 软件的通用帮助: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
grep 命令选项
模式选择和解释选项
-E 选项
支持扩展正则表达式,相当于 egrep
命令
[root@server ~ 09:32:18]# cat words | grep -E '(dog){3}'
dogdogdog[root@server ~ 09:33:53]# cat words | egrep '(dog){3}'
dogdogdog
-e 选项
使用多个 -e
选项匹配多个PATTERNS
相当于或|
[root@server ~ 09:34:15]# cat words | grep -e 'cat' -e 'dog'
cat
category
acat
concatenate
dog
hello cat kitty
dogdog
dogdogdog
dogg[root@server ~ 09:36:04]# cat words | egrep 'cat|dog'
cat
category
acat
concatenate
dog
hello cat kitty
dogdog
dogdogdog
dogg
-f 选项
从文件读取多个 PATTERNS
[root@server ~ 09:46:32]# cat words | grep -f file_1
cat
category
acat
concatenate
dog
hello cat kitty
dogdog
dogdogdog
dogg
-i 选项
忽略大小写匹配
[root@server ~ 09:47:35]# grep -i 'cBt' words
cbt
-w 选项
匹配整个单词都是选项的
[root@server ~ 09:48:09]# grep -w 'cat' words
cat
hello cat kitty
#或者
[root@server ~ 09:49:39]# grep '\bcat\b' words
cat
hello cat kitty
-x 选项
匹配整行都是选项的
[root@server ~ 09:49:55]# cat words | grep -x 'cat'
cat
[root@server ~ 09:52:16]# cat words | grep '^cat$'
cat
输出控制选项
-v 选项
反向匹配,显示与PATTERNS
不匹配的项目
[root@server ~ 09:52:32]# cat words | egrep -v '^d|^c'
acat
hello cat kitty
-m 选项
控制最大匹配数目,匹配特定次数后停止匹配
[root@server ~ 09:53:49]# cat words | egrep -m 2 'cat'
cat
category[root@server ~ 09:54:35]# cat words | egrep -m 3 'dog'
dog
dogdog
dogdogdog
-c 选项
显示匹配到项目的数量
[root@server ~ 09:54:57]# cat words | egrep -c 'dog'
4
-b 选项
显示匹配项目的字节偏移量
[root@server ~ 09:55:39]# head -n 5 words
cat
category
acat
concatenate
dog
[root@server ~ 09:56:50]# cat words | grep -b 'cat'
0:cat
4:category
13:acat
18:concatenate
74:hello cat kitty
-n 选项
显示匹配项目的行号
[root@server ~ 09:57:05]# cat words | grep -n 'cat'
1:cat
2:category
3:acat
4:concatenate
16:hello cat kitty
-o 选项
只显示匹配到的内容,行中其他内容不显示
[root@server ~ 09:59:13]# cat words | grep -n 'cat'
1:cat
2:category
3:acat
4:concatenate
16:hello cat kitty[root@server ~ 09:58:18]# cat words | grep -o -n 'cat'
1:cat
2:cat
3:cat
4:cat
16:cat
-q 选项
不显示任何正常输出。一般用于脚本判定文件中是否包含特定内容。
通过特殊变量 $?
查看是否匹配到内容
[root@server ~ 10:00:36]# cat words | grep -q 'dog'
[root@server ~ 10:00:42]# echo $?
0
#$? 输出0,代表匹配到了内容[root@server ~ 10:00:45]# cat words | grep -q 'hi'
[root@server ~ 10:01:46]# echo $?
1
#$? 输出1,代表没有匹配到内容
-s 选项
不显示任何错误输出
[dcr@server ~ 10:03:35]$ grep '^SELINUX=' /etc/shadow /etc/selinux/config
grep: /etc/shadow: 权限不够
/etc/selinux/config:SELINUX=disabled[dcr@server ~ 10:03:47]$ grep -s '^SELINUX=' /etc/shadow /etc/selinux/config
/etc/selinux/config:SELINUX=disabled
查找文件选项
-r -R 选项
-r
,递归匹配目录。-R
,递归匹配目录,跟随软链接。
[root@server ~ 10:20:32]# grep -r 'enforc' /etc/
/etc/services:stss 3090/tcp # Senforce Session Services
/etc/services:stss 3090/udp # Senforce Session Services
/etc/selinux/config:# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
/etc/selinux/config:# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
/etc/selinux/targeted/active/file_contexts:/usr/lib/systemd/system/ods-enforcerd.service -- system_u:object_r:opendnssec_unit_file_t:s0
/etc/selinux/targeted/active/file_contexts:/usr/sbin/ods-enforcerd -- system_u:object_r:opendnssec_exec_t:s0
匹配到二进制文件 /etc/selinux/targeted/active/policy.kern
/etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/files/file_contexts:/usr/lib/systemd/system/ods-enforcerd.service -- system_u:object_r:opendnssec_unit_file_t:s0
/etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/files/file_contexts:/usr/sbin/ods-enforcerd -- system_u:object_r:opendnssec_exec_t:s0
匹配到二进制文件 /etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/files/file_contexts.bin
匹配到二进制文件 /etc/selinux/targeted/policy/policy.31
/etc/security/limits.conf:# - "soft" for enforcing the soft limits
/etc/security/limits.conf:# - "hard" for enforcing hard limits
/etc/security/namespace.conf:# of 000. pam_namespace module will enforce this mode unless it
-h 和 -H 选项
-h
,不显示匹配项目所在文件的文件名(只显示内容)。-H
,显示匹配项目所在文件的文件名,默认情况使用该选项。
#-h
[root@server ~ 10:20:45]# grep -r -h 'enforc' /etc/
stss 3090/tcp # Senforce Session Services
stss 3090/udp # Senforce Session Services
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/ods-enforcerd.service -- system_u:object_r:opendnssec_unit_file_t:s0
/usr/sbin/ods-enforcerd -- system_u:object_r:opendnssec_exec_t:s0
匹配到二进制文件 /etc/selinux/targeted/active/policy.kern
/usr/lib/systemd/system/ods-enforcerd.service -- system_u:object_r:opendnssec_unit_file_t:s0
/usr/sbin/ods-enforcerd -- system_u:object_r:opendnssec_exec_t:s0
匹配到二进制文件 /etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/files/file_contexts.bin
匹配到二进制文件 /etc/selinux/targeted/policy/policy.31
# - "soft" for enforcing the soft limits
# - "hard" for enforcing hard limits
# of 000. pam_namespace module will enforce this mode unless it#-H(默认就是显示文件和内容)
[root@server ~ 10:22:12]# grep -r -H 'enforc' /etc/
/etc/services:stss 3090/tcp # Senforce Session Services
/etc/services:stss 3090/udp # Senforce Session Services
/etc/selinux/config:# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
/etc/selinux/config:# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
/etc/selinux/targeted/active/file_contexts:/usr/lib/systemd/system/ods-enforcerd.service -- system_u:object_r:opendnssec_unit_file_t:s0
/etc/selinux/targeted/active/file_contexts:/usr/sbin/ods-enforcerd -- system_u:object_r:opendnssec_exec_t:s0
匹配到二进制文件 /etc/selinux/targeted/active/policy.kern
/etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/files/file_contexts:/usr/lib/systemd/system/ods-enforcerd.service -- system_u:object_r:opendnssec_unit_file_t:s0
/etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/files/file_contexts:/usr/sbin/ods-enforcerd -- system_u:object_r:opendnssec_exec_t:s0
匹配到二进制文件 /etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/files/file_contexts.bin
匹配到二进制文件 /etc/selinux/targeted/policy/policy.31
/etc/security/limits.conf:# - "soft" for enforcing the soft limits
/etc/security/limits.conf:# - "hard" for enforcing hard limits
/etc/security/namespace.conf:# of 000. pam_namespace module will enforce this mode unless it
-l 和 -L 选项
-l
,对目录匹配时,只显示那些包含匹配模式的文件的名称。-L
,对目录匹配时,只显示那些不包含匹配模式的文件的名称。
[root@server ~ 10:22:48]# grep -r -l 'enforc' /etc/
/etc/services
/etc/selinux/config
/etc/selinux/targeted/active/file_contexts
/etc/selinux/targeted/active/policy.kern
/etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/files/file_contexts
/etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/files/file_contexts.bin
/etc/selinux/targeted/policy/policy.31
/etc/security/limits.conf
/etc/security/namespace.conf[root@server ~ 10:25:15]# grep -r -L 'enforc' /etc/
#只显示没有匹配的项目文件名
输出内容控制选项
-B 选项
显示匹配项目本身,以及前多少行
[root@server ~ 10:27:41]# ip addr | grep '00:0c:29:53:86:a6'link/ether 00:0c:29:53:86:a6 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff#查看显示对应的link的网卡名
[root@server ~ 10:28:08]# ip addr | grep -B 1 '00:0c:29:53:86:a6'
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000link/ether 00:0c:29:53:86:a6 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
-A 选项
显示匹配项目本身,以及后多少行
[root@server ~ 10:28:27]# ip addr | grep -A 1 '00:0c:29:53:86:a6'link/ether 00:0c:29:53:86:a6 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ffinet 10.1.8.10/24 brd 10.1.8.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33
#后一行显示对应的ip地址
-C 选项
显示匹配项目本身,以及前后多少行
[root@server ~ 10:29:29]# ip addr | grep -C 1 '00:0c:29:53:86:a6'
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000link/ether 00:0c:29:53:86:a6 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ffinet 10.1.8.10/24 brd 10.1.8.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33#显示以匹配目标为中心的前后一行