Linux 环境下 Docker 安装与简单使用指南

Linux 环境下 Docker 安装与简单使用指南

一、Docker 安装步骤

1. 卸载旧版本（如已安装）

sudo apt-get remove docker docker-engine docker.io containerd runc

输出（无旧版本时）：

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Package 'docker' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'docker-engine' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'docker.io' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'containerd' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'runc' is not installed, so not removed
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.

2. 安装依赖包

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y ca-certificates curl gnupg lsb-release

输出：

Hit:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal InRelease
...
Fetched 25.3 kB in 1s (32.1 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
...
Setting up curl (7.68.0-1ubuntu2.14) ...
...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ...

3. 添加 Docker 官方 GPG 密钥

curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg

4. 设置 Docker 稳定版仓库

echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null

5. 安装 Docker Engine

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

输出：

Hit:1 https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu focal InRelease
...
Setting up docker-ce (5:24.0.7-1~ubuntu.20.04~focal) ...
...
Processing triggers for systemd (245.4-4ubuntu3.21) ...

6. 验证安装是否成功

sudo docker --version

输出：

Docker version 24.0.7, build afdd53b

7. 启动 Docker 服务并设置开机自启

sudo systemctl start docker && sudo systemctl enable docker

输出：

Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service → /lib/systemd/system/docker.service.

8. （可选）配置非 root 用户使用 Docker

sudo usermod -aG docker $USER

注意：执行后需重新登录系统生效

二、Docker 简单使用示例

1. 运行 hello-world 镜像（验证 Docker 功能）

sudo docker run hello-world

输出：

Hello from Docker!
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.
...
For more examples and ideas, visit:
https://docs.docker.com/get-started/

2. 拉取 Ubuntu 镜像

sudo docker pull ubuntu:20.04

输出：

20.04: Pulling from library/ubuntu
f7b75fe1f73a: Pull complete 
...
Digest: sha256:185fecb0a8305d9b50c489e92b441c0e5a75d40f82f2b0e355d15e56b63e8f
Status: Downloaded newer image for ubuntu:20.04
docker.io/library/ubuntu:20.04

3. 查看本地镜像列表

sudo docker images

输出：

REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
ubuntu        20.04     54c9d81cbb44   2 weeks ago   72.8MB
hello-world   latest    d2c94e258dcb   5 months ago  13.3kB

4. 启动并进入 Ubuntu 容器

sudo docker run -it ubuntu:20.04 /bin/bash

输出（进入容器交互模式）：

root@7f9c8a2b3c4d:/#

5. 在容器内执行命令

# 在容器内执行
apt-get update && apt-get install -y vim && vim --version

输出：

...
VIM - Vi IMproved 8.1 (2018 May 18, compiled Apr 15 2020 06:40:31)
Included patches: 1-2269
...

6. 退出容器

# 在容器内执行
exit

输出：

exit

7. 查看正在运行的容器

sudo docker ps

输出（无运行中容器时）：

CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

8. 查看所有容器（包括已停止）

sudo docker ps -a

输出：

CONTAINER ID   IMAGE           COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
7f9c8a2b3c4d   ubuntu:20.04    "/bin/bash"   5 minutes ago   Exited (0) 2 minutes ago             hopeful_montalcini
a1b2c3d4e5f6   hello-world     "/hello"      10 minutes ago  Exited (0) 10 minutes ago            determined_jones

9. 停止容器（如果容器在运行）

sudo docker stop 7f9c8a2b3c4d  # 使用容器ID或名称

输出：

7f9c8a2b3c4d

10. 删除容器

sudo docker rm 7f9c8a2b3c4d

输出：

7f9c8a2b3c4d

11. 删除镜像

sudo docker rmi ubuntu:20.04

输出：

Untagged: ubuntu:20.04
Untagged: ubuntu@sha256:185fecb0a8305d9b50c489e92b441c0e5a75d40f82f2b0e355d15e56b63e8f
Deleted: sha256:54c9d81cbb4406c3fb16cbbf51e51a1227a088e06718103e4ea037697a8ac