Python基础-8-函数
一:定义函数
#!/bin/python3
def greet_user(username):
print(f"hello, {username.title()}!")
greet_user('jesse')
# RESULT
'''
hello, Jesse!
'''
使用关键字def来告诉Python要定义一个函数。这是函数定义,向Python指出了函数名,还可能在圆括号内指出函数为完成任务需要什么样的信息。
二:传递实参
1、位置实参
调用函数时,Python必须将函数调用中的每个实参都关联到函数定义中的一个形参。为此,最简单的关联方式是基于实参的顺序。这种关联方式称为位置实参。
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
print(f"I have a {animal_type}.")
print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name}.")
describe_pet('hamster', 'harry')
describe_pet('dog', 'willie')
# RESULT
'''
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is harry.
I have a dog.
My dog's name is willie.
'''
2、关键字实参
关键字实参是传递函数的名称值对。
describe_pet(pet_name='harry', animal_type='hamster')
describe_pet(animal_type='dog', pet_name='willie')
3、默认值
def describe_pet(pet_name, animal_type='dog',):
print(f"I have a {animal_type}.")
print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name}.")
describe_pet('willie')
# RESULT
'''
I have a dog.
My dog's name is willie.
'''
4、等效的函数调用
describe_pet('willie')
describe_pet(pet_name='willie')
describe_pet('willie', 'dog')
describe_pet(pet_name='willie', animal_type='dog')
describe_pet(animal_type='dog', pet_name='willie')
三:返回值
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name, middle_name=''):
full_name = f"{first_name} {middle_name} {last_name}"
return full_name.title()
full_name = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(full_name)
# RESULT
'''
Jimi Hendrix
'''
四:传递列表
def greet_users(names):
for name in names:
msg = f"Hello, {name.title()}"
print(msg)
usernames=['hannah', 'ty', 'margot']
greet_users(usernames)
# RESULT
'''
Hello, Hannah
Hello, Ty
Hello, Margot
'''
1、在函数中修改列表
将列表传递给函数后,函数就可对其进行修改。在函数中对这个列表所做的任何修改都是永久性的。
def print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models):
while unprinted_designs:
current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
print(f"Printing model: {current_design}")
completed_models.append(current_design)
def show_completed_models(completed_models):
for completed_model in completed_models:
print(completed_model)
unprinted_designs = ['phone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron']
completed_models = []
print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models)
show_completed_models(completed_models)
# RESULT
'''
Printing model: dodecahedron
Printing model: robot pendant
Printing model: phone case
dodecahedron
robot pendant
phone case
'''
2、禁止函数修改列表
为了解决向函数传递参数并被修改而丢失之前内容的问题,可向函数传递列表的副本而非原件。这样,函数所做的任何修改都只影响副本,而原件丝毫不受影响。
切片表示法[:]创建列表副本,function(list_name[:])
def print_models(unprinted_designs):
while unprinted_designs:
current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
print(f"Printing model: {current_design}")
def show_unprinted_designs(unprinted_designs):
for unprinted_design in unprinted_designs:
print(f"unprinted designs:{unprinted_design}")
unprinted_designs = ['phone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron']
print_models(unprinted_designs[:])
show_unprinted_designs(unprinted_designs)
# RESULT
'''
Printing model: dodecahedron
Printing model: robot pendant
Printing model: phone case
unprinted designs:phone case
unprinted designs:robot pendant
unprinted designs:dodecahedron
'''
五:传递任意数量的实参
对于预先不知道函数需要接受多少个实参的时候,Python允许函数从调用语句中收集任意数量的实参。例如函数只有一个形参*toppings
def make_pizza(*toppings):
print(toppings)
make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green perppers', 'extra cheese')
# RESULT
'''
('pepperoni',)
('mushrooms', 'green perppers', 'extra cheese')
'''
1、结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参
如果要让函数接受不同类型的实参,必须在函数定义中将接纳任意数量实参的形参放在最后。Python先匹配位置实参和关键字实参,再将余下的实参都收集到最后一个形参中。
def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
print(f"Making a {size}-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
for topping in toppings:
print(f"- {topping}")
make_pizza(15, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(21, 'mushrooms', 'green perppers', 'extra cheese')
# RESULT
'''
Making a 15-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- pepperoni
Making a 21-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- mushrooms
- green perppers
- extra cheese
'''
2、使用任意数量的关键字实参
有时候,需要接受任意数量的实参,但预先不知道传递给函数的会是什么样的信息。在这种情况,可将函数编写成能够接受任意数量的键值对。
def build_profile(first, last, **user_info):
user_info['first_name'] = first
user_info['last_name'] = last
return user_info
user_profile = build_profile('albert', 'einstein',
location='princeton',
field='physics')
print(user_profile)
# RESULT
'''
{'location': 'princeton', 'field': 'physics', 'first_name': 'albert', 'last_name': 'einstein'}
'''
函数build_profile()的定义要求提供名和姓,同时允许根据需要提供任意数量的键值对。
形参**user_info中的两个星号让Python创建一个名为user_info的空字典,并将收到的所有名称值对放到这个字典中。
六:将函数存储在模块中
将函数存储在称为模块的独立文件中,再将模块导入到主程序中。import语句允许在当前运行的程序文件中使用模块中的代码。
1、导入整个模块
要让函数时可导入的,得先创建模块。模块的扩展名为.py文件,包含要导入到程序中的代码。
只需要编写一条import语句并在其中指定模块名,就可在程序中使用该模块中的所有函数。
# pizza.py
def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
print(f"Making a {size}-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
for topping in toppings:
print(f"-{topping}")
# make_pizza.py
import pizza
pizza.make_pizza(15, 'peperoni')
pizza.make_pizza(21, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
# RESULT
'''
Making a 15-inch pizza with the following toppings:
-peperoni
Making a 21-inch pizza with the following toppings:
-mushrooms
-green peppers
-extra cheese
'''
2、导入特定的函数
还可以导入模块中的特定函数,这种导入方法的语法如下:
from module_name import function_name
通过用逗号分隔函数名,可根据需要从模块中导入任意数量的函数:
from module_name import function_0, function_1, function_2
对于前面的make_pizza.py来说,如果只想导入要使用的函数,可以这样做:
from pizza import make_pizza
make_pizza(15, 'peperoni')
make_pizza(21, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
3、使用as给函数指定别名
如果导入函数的名称可能与程序中的现有名称冲突,或者函数名字太长,可指定简短而独一无二的别名:函数的另一个名称,类似于外号。要给函数取这种特殊外号,需要在导入它时指定。
from pizza import make_pizza as making_pizza
making_pizza(15, 'peperoni')
making_pizza(21, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
4、使用as给模块指定别名
还可以给模块指定别名。
import pizza as p
p.make_pizza(15, 'peperoni')
p.make_pizza(21, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
5、导入模块中的所有函数
from pizza import *
make_pizza(15, 'peperoni')
make_pizza(21, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')