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Linux 软件包管理

rpm和yum,类似,dnf(centos7版本没有)

rpm 命令(低级)yum(高级)

可以安装/卸载

查询(重点)

基本语法:

几种模式

  • rpm -q查询

  • rpm -i 安装

  • rpm -e卸载

  • rpm-u升级

#下载[root@server ~ 11:32:33]# yum install vsftpd --downloadonly#ls发现不在当前目录下[root@server ~ 13:41:35]# ls[root@server ~ 13:41:36]# find / -name vsftpd-3.0.2-29.el7_9.x86_64.rpm/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/updates/packages/vsftpd-3.0.2-29.el7_9.x86_64.rpm#复制当前目录.下[root@server ~ 13:41:55]# cp /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/updates/packages/vsftpd-3.0.2-29.el7_9.x86_64.rpm .​

# 查询系统中安装了哪些软件包[root@client ~ 11:24:31]# rpm -qalibqmi-utils-1.18.0-2.el7.x86_64libmpcdec-1.2.6-12.el7.x86_64gtkmm30-3.22.2-1.el7.x86_64nss-sysinit-3.67.0-4.el7_9.x86_64google-crosextra-caladea-fonts-1.002-0.4.201302......​# 查询系统中某个软件包是否安装[root@client ~ 14:05:02]# rpm -q httpdhttpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64​[root@client ~ 14:05:05]# rpm -q coreutilscoreutils-8.22-24.el7_9.2.x86_64​#例如未安装软件包 httpd显示[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -q kernelkernel-3.10.0-1160.71.1.el7.x86_64​# 查询系统中某个已安装的软件包元数据信息,-i是详细信息[root@client ~ 14:05:26]# rpm -q coreutils -iName        : coreutilsVersion     : 8.22Release     : 24.el7_9.2Architecture: x86_64Install Date: 2025年07月18日 星期五 10时29分16秒Group       : System Environment/BaseSize        : 14594210License     : GPLv3+Signature   : RSA/SHA256, 2020年11月18日 星期三 22时16分51秒, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5Source RPM  : coreutils-8.22-24.el7_9.2.src.rpmBuild Date  : 2020年11月17日 星期二 06时24分59秒Build Host  : x86-01.bsys.centos.orgRelocations : (not relocatable)Packager    : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>Vendor      : CentOSURL         : http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/Summary     : A set of basic GNU tools commonly used in shell scriptsDescription :These are the GNU core utilities.  This package is the combination ofthe old GNU fileutils, sh-utils, and textutils packages.​# 查询系统中某个已安装的软件包包涵哪些文件[root@client ~ 14:05:51]# rpm -q openssh-server -l/etc/pam.d/sshd/etc/ssh/sshd_config/etc/sysconfig/sshd/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd-keygen.service/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service......# 查询系统中某个已安装的软件包包涵哪些配置文件[root@client ~ 14:06:21]# rpm -q openssh-server -c /etc/pam.d/sshd/etc/ssh/sshd_config/etc/sysconfig/sshd​# 查询系统中某个已安装的软件包包涵哪些文档文件[root@client ~ 14:06:42]#  rpm -q openssh-server -d/usr/share/man/man5/moduli.5.gz/usr/share/man/man5/sshd_config.5.gz/usr/share/man/man8/sftp-server.8.gz/usr/share/man/man8/sshd.8.gz​# 查询系统中某个某个文件属于哪个已安装的软件包[root@client ~ 14:06:59]# rpm -q -f /etc/ssh/sshd_config openssh-server-7.4p1-22.el7_9.x86_64​# 查询系统中某个已安装的软件包包涵的脚本[root@client ~ 14:07:09]# rpm -q openssh-server --scripts preinstall scriptlet (using /bin/sh):getent group sshd >/dev/null || groupadd -g 74 -r sshd || :getent passwd sshd >/dev/null || \useradd -c "Privilege-separated SSH" -u 74 -g sshd \-s /sbin/nologin -r -d /var/empty/sshd sshd 2> /dev/null || :postinstall scriptlet (using /bin/sh):​if [ $1 -eq 1 ] ; then # Initial installation systemctl preset sshd.service sshd.socket >/dev/null 2>&1 || : ......​# 查询系统中某个已安装的软件包变更日志[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -q openssh-server --changelog* 二 2月 06 2024 Dmitry Belyavskiy <dbelyavs@redhat.com> - 8.0p1-24- Providing a kill switch for scp to deal with CVE-2020-15778Resolves: RHEL-22870......​# 下载 httpd 软件包,以及依赖的其他软件包[root@client ~ 14:09:18]# mkdir rpms[root@client ~ 14:13:51]# yum install httpd --downloadonly --downloaddir=rpms已加载插件:fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile* base: mirrors.aliyun.com* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com软件包 httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64 已安装并且是最新版本无须任何处理​# 选项是数字1,展示下载,因为前面下过了依赖存在,五个包就下了一个[root@client ~ 14:18:35]# ls -1 rpmshttpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm​# 查询系统中某个软件包文件包涵哪些配置文件[root@client ~ 14:18:39]# rpm -q -p rpms/httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm -c/etc/httpd/conf.d/autoindex.conf/etc/httpd/conf.d/userdir.conf/etc/httpd/conf.d/welcome.conf/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-base.conf/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-dav.conf......# 查询系统中某个软件包组中包涵哪些软件包[root@client ~ 14:19:30]# rpm -qg 'System Environment/Base'grub2-common-2.02-0.87.0.1.el7.centos.9.noarchcentos-release-7-9.2009.1.el7.centos.x86_64setup-2.8.71-11.el7.noarchfilesystem-3.2-25.el7.x86_64telepathy-filesystem-0.0.2-6.el7.noarch......

示例

# 查看openssh-server软件安装是否有问题[root@client ~ 14:26:41]# rpm -V openssh-serverS.5....T.  c /etc/ssh/sshd_config​# 修改(change)[root@client ~ 14:29:16]# sed -i 's/PermitRootLogin yes/PermitRootLogin no/g' /etc/ssh/sshd_config[root@client ~ 14:31:36]# rpm -V openssh-serverS.5....T.  c /etc/ssh/sshd_config​#移走 /etc/ssh/sshd_config 文件,再次查看[root@client ~ 14:31:55]# mv /etc/ssh/sshd_config .[root@client ~ 14:32:29]# rpm -V openssh-server遗漏   c /etc/ssh/sshd_config​# 恢复该文件到原来位置[root@client ~ 14:32:35]# mv sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config

安装/卸载

提取 RPM 包中文件

  • Linux 提取

#提取rpm中文件,删除现有配置文件(可能已损坏)[root@client ~ 14:35:16]# rm -f /etc/ssh/sshd_config# 查询openssh-server包的下载URL[root@client ~ 14:49:37]# repoquery --location openssh-serverhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/updates/x86_64/Packages/openssh-server-7.4p1-23.el7_9.x86_64.rpm# 下载RPM包[root@client ~ 14:51:43]#  wget http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/updates/x86_64/Packages/openssh-server-7.4p1-23.el7_9.x86_64.rpm​# 确认文件类型(RPM包)[root@client ~ 14:52:20]# file openssh-server-7.4p1-23.el7_9.x86_64.rpm openssh-server-7.4p1-23.el7_9.x86_64.rpm: RPM v3.0 bin i386/x86_64 openssh-server-7.4p1-23.el7_9​# 将RPM转换为CPIO归档[root@client ~ 14:52:55]# rpm2cpio openssh-server-7.4p1-23.el7_9.x86_64.rpm > openssh-server-7.4p1-23.el7_9.x86_64.cpio​# 确认转换后的文件类型(CPIO归档)[root@client ~ 14:54:48]# file openssh-server-7.4p1-23.el7_9.x86_64.cpioopenssh-server-7.4p1-23.el7_9.x86_64.cpio: ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC)​# 列出CPIO归档中的所有文件[root@client ~ 14:55:39]# cpio -t < openssh-server-7.4p1-23.el7_9.x86_64.cpio./etc/pam.d/sshd./etc/ssh/sshd_config./etc/sysconfig/sshd./usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd-keygen.service./usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service./usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.socket......# 筛选出路径包含"etc"的文件[root@client ~ 14:55:53]# cpio -t < openssh-server-7.4p1-23.el7_9.x86_64.cpio | grep etc1946 块./etc/pam.d/sshd./etc/ssh/sshd_config./etc/sysconfig/sshd​# 提取sshd_config文件到当前目录,-d保存到当前目录结构,cpio要自己d建目录分层,tar自动创建分层[root@client ~ 14:56:57]# cpio -id ./etc/ssh/sshd_config < openssh-server-7.4p1-23.el7_9.x86_64.cpio 1946 块​[root@client ~ 14:57:46]# tree etcetc└── ssh└── sshd_config​1 directory, 1 file​# 将提取的配置文件移动到系统目录[root@client ~ 14:57:55]# mv etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/# 重启SSH服务使新配置生效[root@client ~ 15:02:43]# systemctl restart sshd​

yum管理软件包

[root@client ~ 15:02:46]# yum help​[root@client ~ 15:38:19]# yum info httpd已加载插件:fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile* base: mirrors.aliyun.com* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com可安装的软件包名称    :httpd架构    :x86_64版本    :2.4.6发布    :99.el7.centos.1大小    :2.7 M源    :updates/7/x86_64简介    : Apache HTTP Server网址    :http://httpd.apache.org/协议    : ASL 2.0描述    : The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful, efficient, and extensible: web server.​# 查看仓库中http开头的包有哪些[root@client ~ 15:38:21]# yum list 'http*'已加载插件:fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile* base: mirrors.aliyun.com* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com已安装的软件包httpd-tools.x86_64                         2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1        @updates可安装的软件包http-parser.i686                           2.7.1-9.el7                  base    http-parser.x86_64                         2.7.1-9.el7                  base    ​# 查看仓库中httpd包有哪些版本[root@client ~ 15:39:28]# yum list httpd --showduplicates已加载插件:fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile* base: mirrors.aliyun.com* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com可安装的软件包httpd.x86_64                    2.4.6-95.el7.centos                      base   httpd.x86_64                    2.4.6-97.el7.centos                      updateshttpd.x86_64                    2.4.6-97.el7.centos.1                    updateshttpd.x86_64                    2.4.6-97.el7.centos.2                    updateshttpd.x86_64                    2.4.6-97.el7.centos.4                    updateshttpd.x86_64                    2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5                    updateshttpd.x86_64                    2.4.6-98.el7.centos.6                    updateshttpd.x86_64                    2.4.6-98.el7.centos.7                    updateshttpd.x86_64                    2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1                    updates​# 查看简介包含关键字的软件包[root@client ~ 15:40:21]# yum search 'web server'已加载插件:fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile* base: mirrors.aliyun.com* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com......# 查看描述和简介包含关键字的软件包[root@client ~ 15:41:33]# yum search all 'web server'已加载插件:fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile* base: mirrors.aliyun.com* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com......​# 查看仓库中哪个包可以提供文件sar程序[root@client ~ 15:42:05]# yum provides sar已加载插件:fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile* base: mirrors.aliyun.com* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com* updates: mirrors.aliyun.combase/7/x86_64/filelists_db                               | 7.2 MB     00:01     epel/x86_64/filelists_db                                 |  15 MB     00:02     extras/7/x86_64/filelists_db                             | 305 kB     00:00     sysstat-10.1.5-19.el7.x86_64 : Collection of performance monitoring tools for: Linux源    :base匹配来源:文件名    :/usr/bin/sar​​​sysstat-10.1.5-20.el7_9.x86_64 : Collection of performance monitoring tools for: Linux源    :updates匹配来源:文件名    :/usr/bin/sar​​​sysstat-10.1.5-19.el7.x86_64 : Collection of performance monitoring tools for: Linux源    :@anaconda匹配来源:文件名    :/usr/bin/sar​# 安装sar工具对应的软件包[root@client ~ 15:42:17]# yum install -y sysstat​# 只下载不安装[root@client ~ 15:43:31]# yum install vsftpd --downloadonly --downloaddir=/root/[root@client ~ 15:44:04]# ls vsftpd-*vsftpd-3.0.2-29.el7_9.x86_64.rpm​# 安装本地文件系统中vsftpd包[root@client ~ 15:44:11]# yum localinstall ./vsftpd-3.0.2-29.el7_9.x86_64.rpm ​# 降级vsftpd版本为3.0.2-28.el7[root@client ~ 15:45:12]# yum downgrade -y vsftpd-3.0.2-28.el7​# 降级vsftpd版本为3.0.2-29.el7_9[root@client ~ 15:45:14]# yum update vsftpd-3.0.2-29.el7_9​# 升级系统中所有软件为最新版本[root@client ~ 15:48:24]# yum update ​# 卸载软件包[root@client ~ 15:49:17]# yum remove httpd
依赖降级示例
# 环境准备:安装最新版httpd[root@server ~ 16:35:55]# yum install -y httpd​# 降级到特定版本:降级失败,因为已安装的 httpd-tools 无法满足当前httpd版本[root@server ~ 16:37:31]# yum downgrade -y httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos ​# 解决方法:httpd-tools与httpd一起降级到相同版本[root@server ~ 16:37:52]# yum downgrade -y httpd-tools-2.4.6-97.el7.centos httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos

软件包组管理

# 查看仓库中软件包组清单[root@centos7 ~]# yum grouplist......可用的环境分组:最小安装基础设施服务器......带 GUI 的服务器GNOME 桌面KDE Plasma Workspaces开发及生成工作站可用组:CinnamonFedora PackagerHaskell......通用桌面完成​[root@centos7 ~]# yum grouplist -v......可用的环境分组:最小安装 (minimal)基础设施服务器 (infrastructure-server-environment)......带 GUI 的服务器 (graphical-server-environment)GNOME 桌面 (gnome-desktop-environment)KDE Plasma Workspaces (kde-desktop-environment)开发及生成工作站 (developer-workstation-environment)可用组:Cinnamon (cinnamon-desktop)Fedora Packager (fedora-packager)Haskell (haskell)......通用桌面 (general-desktop)完成​[root@centos7 ~]# unset LANG[root@centos7 ~]# yum group list -v......Available Environment Groups:Minimal Install (minimal)Compute Node (compute-node-environment)......Server with GUI (graphical-server-environment)GNOME Desktop (gnome-desktop-environment)KDE Plasma Workspaces (kde-desktop-environment)Development and Creative Workstation (developer-workstation-environment)Available Groups:Cinnamon (cinnamon-desktop)Compatibility Libraries (compat-libraries)Console Internet Tools (console-internet)......Xfce (xfce-desktop)Done​# 查看仓库中软件包组信息[root@centos7 ~]# yum groupinfo <tab><tab>[root@centos7 ~]# yum groupinfo 'Server with GUI'​# 安装仓库中软件包组[root@centos7 ~]# yum groupinstall 'Server with GUI'​# 卸载仓库中软件包组[root@centos7 ~]# yum groupremove 'Server with GUI'

配置 yum 仓库

yum 仓库配置

yum 工具的配置文件是 /etc/yum/yum.conf,该文件包括两部分:

  • main,yum全局配置,提供每个仓库部分参数默认值。

  • 每个仓库的独立配置。

[root@server ~ 16:41:37]# cat /etc/yum.conf[main]cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releaseverkeepcache=0debuglevel=2logfile=/var/log/yum.logexactarch=1obsoletes=1gpgcheck=1plugins=1installonly_limit=5bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=23&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yumdistroverpkg=centos-release......

使用如下命令查看完整的配置内容:

[root@server ~ 16:42:28]# yum install -y yum-utils[root@server ~ 16:42:33]# yum-config-manager=================================== main =====================================[main]......cachedir = /var/cache/yum......config_file_path = /etc/yum/yum.conf......enabled = 1......gpgcheck = 1......keepcache = 0localpkg_gpgcheck = 0log_compress = 0log_rotate = 4log_size = 1048576logdir = /var/loglogfilelevel = 9max_parallel_downloads = 3metadata_expire = 172800metadata_timer_sync = 10800......protected_packages = yum, setup, yum, systemd, systemd-udev, yum, sudo, setup, yum, systemd, systemd-udev, yum, sudo......repo_gpgcheck = 0reposdir = /etc/yum.repos.d, /etc/yum/repos.d, /etc/distro.repos.d......

main 部分需要关注的参数:

  • enabled = 1,仓库默认启用。

  • gpgcheck = 1,仓库默认启用gpg校验。

  • keepcache = 0,不保存缓存。

  • cachedir = /var/cache/yum,缓存文件保存的位置。

  • reposdir = /etc/yum.repos.d, /etc/yum/repos.d, /etc/distro.repos.d,yum仓库配置文件。

yum管理的软件包存放在yum仓库,yum仓库配置文件存放在/etc/yum.repos.d目录。

[root@server ~ 16:43:08]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo       CentOS-fasttrack.repo  CentOS-Vault.repoCentOS-CR.repo         CentOS-Media.repo      CentOS-x86_64-kernel.repoCentOS-Debuginfo.repo  CentOS-Sources.repo    epel.repo[root@server ~ 16:44:43]# ls  /etc/yum/repos.d /etc/distro.repos.dls: 无法访问/etc/yum/repos.d: 没有那个文件或目录ls: 无法访问/etc/distro.repos.d: 没有那个文件或目录

yum 仓库管理

查看 yum 仓库
# 查看yum仓库,默认不包括未启用的仓库[root@server ~ 16:44:47]# yum repolist# 查看yum所有仓库,包括未启用的仓库[root@server ~ 16:45:18]# yum repolist all
启用和禁用仓库
[root@server ~ 16:46:08]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo[epel]name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearchbaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/$basearchfailovermethod=priorityenabled=1gpgcheck=0gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7[epel-debuginfo]name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearch - Debugbaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/$basearch/debugfailovermethod=priority# 将enabled设置为1,设置为0禁用enabled=1gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7gpgcheck=0[epel-source]name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearch - Sourcebaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/SRPMSfailovermethod=priorityenabled=0gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7gpgcheck=0
仓库缓存管理
  • 更新缓存后,yum install命令可补全软件包名称。

# 清理缓存数据[root@server ~ 16:46:32]# yum clean all           dbcache       headers       packages      cache         expire-cache  metadata # 清理所有缓存数据[root@server ~ 16:48:11]# yum clean all已加载插件:fastestmirror, langpacks正在清理软件源: base epel epel-debuginfo extras updatesCleaning up list of fastest mirrors​# 创建缓存数据[root@server ~ 16:48:17]# yum makecache已加载插件:fastestmirror, langpacksDetermining fastest mirrors.......

添加 kubernetes 仓库

[root@server ~ 16:50:56]# yum-config-manager --add-repo=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/​[root@server ~ 16:50:56]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/mirrors.aliyun.com_kubernetes_yum_repos_kubernetes-el7-x86_64_.repo ​# 安装 kubectl 包[root@server ~ 16:51:37]# yum install kubectl --nogpgcheck​

添加 docker-ce 仓库

[root@server ~ 16:54:09]#  cat << 'EOF' > /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo
> [docker-ce-stable]
> name=Docker CE Stable - $basearch
> baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/$releasever/$basearch/stable
> enabled=1
> gpgcheck=0
> EOF# 查看docker版本
[root@server ~ 16:54:24]# yum list docker-ce
已加载插件:fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile* base: mirrors.aliyun.com* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
docker-ce-stable                                         | 3.5 kB     00:00     
(1/2): docker-ce-stable/7/x86_64/updateinfo                |   55 B   00:00     
(2/2): docker-ce-stable/7/x86_64/primary_db                | 152 kB   00:01     
可安装的软件包
docker-ce.x86_64                 3:26.1.4-1.el7                 docker-ce-stable

epel 仓库

  • EPEL(Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux),是由Fedora Special Interest Group维护的Enterprise Linux(RHEL、CentOS)中经常用到的包。

# 直接使用aliyun的源[root@server ~ 16:54:41]# curl -s -o /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo

源码安装软件

源码安装 nginx
介绍

Nginx是一个高性能的HTTP和反向代理web服务器。

官方地址:https://nginx.org

#将nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz拖入安装#查看[root@server ~ 17:11:12]# lsetc.tar.bz2      nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz......#解压[root@server ~ 17:11:15]# tar -xf nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz etc.tar.bz2      nginx-1.28.0         etc.tar.gz       nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz.......​[root@server ~ 17:11:48]# cd nginx-1.28.0 [root@server nginx-1.28.0 17:12:09]# lsauto        CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md  contrib          LICENSE    SECURITY.mdCHANGES     conf                CONTRIBUTING.md  man        srcCHANGES.ru  configure           html             README.md​#安装gcc[root@server 17:14:52]# yum install -y gcc# 安装依赖[root@centos7 ~]# yum install gcc make pcre-devel zlib-devel# 编译安装[root@server 17:24:32]# make && make install​[root@server ~ 17:26:46]# ls /usr/local/nginx/conf  html  logs  sbin​# 配置环境变量[root@server ~ 17:26:50]# cd nginx-1.28.0 [root@server nginx-1.28.0 17:27:34]# export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/nginx/sbin/[root@server nginx-1.28.0 17:27:38]# echo 'export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/nginx/sbin/' >> ~/.bashrc​#使用#启动服务[root@server ~ 17:28:18]# nginx# 验证[root@server ~ 17:40:48]# systemctl daemon-reload[root@server ~ 17:40:48]# systemctl start nginx[root@server ~ 17:40:48]# systemctl status nginx.service
http://www.dtcms.com/a/306263.html

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