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C++ 详谈继承体系下的构造函数和析构函数

news 2025/7/21 7:37:25

前言

前面呢, 我们说了C++中实现多态的原理, 其中也说了, 虚函数表和虚函数指针的创建时机, C++ 详谈多态实现原理-CSDN博客 , 这一节呢, 我们会说说在C++中继承体系下的另一个知识点, 那就是: 继承体系下的构造函数和析构函数~~, 主要围绕两个问题: 执行顺序? 虚析构函数的作用?

继承体系下的构造函数和析构函数的执行顺序

首先我们用一句话来概括, 之后再做详细解释: 继承下, 构造函数按照依赖链(孩子依赖父亲), 从上往下构造, 析构函数按照依赖链, 从下向上析构.

我们从两个角度来探讨, 单继承和多继承.

单继承

我们现在在前面代码的基础上添加两个类, Base1和Drive1, Base1作为Base类中的成员变量, Drive1作为Drive中的成员变量, 我们可以设想一些这个情况下的调用顺序, 构造Drive之前要先构造Base 和构造Drive1, 构造Base之前要先构造Base1, 所以其构造顺序应该是: Base1, Base, Drive1, Drive, 其析构顺序应该是: Drive, Drive1, Base, Base1

#include <iostream>using namespace std;class Base1
{
public:Base1(){cout << "Base1 construction" << endl;}~Base1(){cout << "Base1 destruction" << endl;}
};
class Drive1
{
public:Drive1(){cout << "Drive1 construction" << endl;}~Drive1(){cout << "Drive1 destruction" << endl;}
};
class Base
{
public:Base(){cout << "Base construction" << endl;}~Base(){cout << "Base destruction" << endl;}
private:Base1 b1;
};
class Drive : public Base
{
public:Drive(){cout << "Drive construction" << endl;}~Drive(){cout << "Drive destruction" << endl;}
private:Drive1 d1;
};
int main()
{Drive d;cout << "------------------" << endl;return 0;
}

成员类按照顺序构造, 优先于类的构造, 按照相反顺序析构.

多继承

现在, 代码有一个MBase1和MBase2, 一个MDrive多继承自MBase1和MBase2, 并且MDrive中还有成员变量, MDrive1和MDrive2类型的变量, 构造顺序是继承的顺序

#include <iostream>using namespace std;class MBase1
{
public:MBase1(){cout << "MBase1 construction" << endl;}~MBase(){cout << "MBase1 destruction" << endl;}
};
class MBase2
{
public:MBase2(){cout << "MBase2 construction" << endl;}~MBase2(){cout << "MBase2 destruction" << endl;}
};
class MDrive1
{
public:MDrive1(){cout << "MDrive1construction" << endl;}~MDrive1(){cout << "MDrive1destruction" << endl;}
};
class MDrive2
{
public:MDrive2(){cout << "MDrive2 construction" << endl;}~MBase(){cout << "MDrive2 destruction" << endl;}
};
class MDrive : public MBase1, MBase2
{
public:MDrive(){cout << "MDrive construction" << endl;}~MDrive(){cout << "MDrive destruction" << endl;}
private:MDrive1 md1;MDrive2 md2;
};
int main()
{MDrive md;cout << "------------------" << endl;return 0;
}