2.2.3 07年T1文章精读
2007年考研英语一Text 1解析:足球运动员出生现象与刻意练习理论
标签: #考研英语 #阅读理解 #英语真题 #刻意练习 #考研备考
摘要: 本文解析2007年考研英语一Text 1真题,文章从世界杯足球运动员出生月份的现象切入,引出了心理学家Anders Ericsson的核心观点——后天练习(deliberate practice)远比先天因素(如天赋)更重要。全文含原文翻译、结构拆解、5道题目精讲和答题方法论总结,帮助考生掌握词义题、细节题和主旨题的解法。
一、文章原文与翻译
文章通过足球运动员的"出生月份现象"引出认知科学理论,强调专家表现(如运动员、记忆高手)大多靠后天训练而非天生。
Paragraph 1 (P1): 现象描述
-
原文(Line 1):
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months.
翻译: 如果你仔细研究2006年世界杯每个足球运动员的出生证明,你很可能发现一个显著现象:精英球员更可能出生在一年中的较早月份而非较晚月份。 -
原文(Line 2):
If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.
翻译: 如果你继续研究欧洲国家青年队(为世界杯和职业队输送人才),你会发现该现象更加明显。 -
总结: 首段揭示核心现象——精英球员集中在年初出生(此为文章"引子",用于引出主题)。
Paragraph 2 (P2): 分析可能原因
- 原文:
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses:
a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;
b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;
c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania;
d) none of the above.
翻译: 什么导致此现象?几个猜测:a) 某些星象赋予高超球技;b) 冬生婴儿氧容量高,提升耐力;c) 足球狂热父母更可能在春季怀孕(足球狂热高峰期);d) 以上都不是。 - 总结: 提出四个假设,但作者后续否定(d选项)。重点是为词义题埋笔("mania"所在句)。
🔍 题目22解析:词义理解题
- 题干: The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means ______.
[A] fun
[B] craze
[C] hysteria
[D] excitement - 解题:
- 题型: 词义理解题
- 定位: P2 Line 4 (“at the annual peak of soccer mania”)
- 方法: 复现关系法 + 句间逻辑。
- 前文“soccer-mad parents”(足球疯狂父母)中的“mad”与“mania”同义复现,指极度狂热。
- 选项辨析:[B] craze(狂热)符合语境;[A] fun(乐趣)过轻;[C] hysteria(歇斯底里)含负面医疗意义;[D] excitement(兴奋)程度不足。
- 答案: ✅ [B] craze
Paragraph 3 (P3): Ericsson的观点与早期实验
- 原文:
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor… believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden… switched to psychology. His first experiment… involved memory: training a person to hear and repeat random numbers… “after 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”
翻译: Ericsson(心理学家)坚信“以上都不是”。他由核工程转心理学,早期实验训练记忆:受试者经200小时训练,数字记忆从7位升至80位。 - 总结: 引入作者观点(否定先天因素),并用记忆训练实验类比足球现象,暗示"训练是关键"。
Paragraph 4 (P4): 提出“刻意练习”理论
- 原文:
This success… led Ericsson to conclude that memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one… the best way… was deliberate practice. It entails setting specific goals, obtaining feedback, and concentrating on technique.
翻译: 实验成功表明记忆是认知训练而非直觉。最佳方法是"刻意练习":设定目标、获取反馈、专注技巧(而非简单重复)。 - 总结: 核心理论——刻意练习(deliberate practice)通过信息编码提升表现,否定基因决定论。
🔍 题目23解析:细节题
- 题干: According to Ericsson, good memory ______.
[A] depends on meaningful processing of information
[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises
[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors
[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration - 解题:
- 题型: 细节题
- 定位: P4 Line 3(“the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully… was deliberate practice”)
- 方法: 同义替换法。
- 选项辨析:[A] “meaningful processing” 对应"encode information meaningfully"(信息有意义加工);[B] 和[C] 错误(原文否定先天,主张认知训练);[D] 偷换主语(反馈是刻意练习的特征,非记忆力本身)。
- 答案: ✅ [A] depends on meaningful processing of information
Paragraph 5 (P5): 总结与主旨升华
- 原文:
Ericsson… studied expert performers… Their work asserts: talent is highly overrated. Expert performers—in memory or soccer—are nearly always made, not born.
翻译: Ericsson研究各领域专家(包括足球),结论:天赋被高估;专家表现者(如球员)几乎总是后天造就,非天生。 - 总结: 全文落脚点——后天努力 > 先天天赋。
🔍 题目24解析:细节题
- 题干: Ericsson and his colleagues believe that ______.
[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success
[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance
[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked
[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture - 解题:
- 题型: 细节题
- 定位: P5 Line 3–4(“talent is highly overrated… made, not born”)
- 方法: 主旨导向法(全文核心:后天>先天)。
- [D] “nurture”(后天培养)对应"made";[A] 和[C] 与原文矛盾(天赋被高估而非主导或被忽视);[B] 无中生有。
- 答案: ✅ [D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture
🔍 题目25解析:主旨题
- 题干: Which proverb is closest to the text’s message?
[A] Faith will move mountains
[B] One reaps what one sows
[C] Practice makes perfect
[D] Like father, like son - 解题:
- 题型: 主旨题
- 定位: P5结尾句(“expert performers are nearly always made, not born”)
- 方法: 抽象归纳法。
- 选项匹配:[C] “Practice makes perfect”(熟能生巧)完美概括"后天练习成就专家";[A] 和[B] 强调意志或因果,无关;[D] 强调遗传,与原文对立。
- 答案: ✅ [C] Practice makes perfect
🔍 题目21解析:例证题
- 题干: The birthday phenomenon is mentioned to ______.
[A] stress the importance of professional training
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup
[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others - 解题:
- 题型: 例证题(首段现象的作用)
- 定位: P1引出,P5回归主旨
- 方法: 结构分析法。
- 首段现象为"引子",[C] 正确(引出"什么造就专家表现"主题);[A] 是作者结论非目的;[B] 和[D] 偏离主线(未提巨星或球队比较)。
- 答案: ✅ [C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance
二、文章结构与解题方法总结
1. 结构拆解
段落 | 作用 | 核心内容 |
---|---|---|
P1 | 现象引入 | 足球员出生月份偏斜(年初 > 年末) |
P2 | 原因假说 | 列举4个猜测(占星、生理、狂热父母等),被否定 |
P3 | 观点提出 | Ericsson主张"以上都不是",用记忆实验类比 |
P4 | 理论阐释 | 刻意练习(cognitive exercise) > 直觉(intuitive) |
P5 | 主旨升华 | 专家表现靠后天(made, not born),否定天赋主导 |
2. 答题方法提炼(考研英语通用)
- 词义题(e.g., Q22):
- 复现关系法: 找上下文同义词(如"mad"暗示"mania")。
- 句间逻辑法: 分析从句与主句关系("soccer mania"指代父母狂热)。
- 细节题(e.g., Q23, Q24):
- 同义替换法: 选项与原文关键词匹配(如"encode meaningfully" = “meaningful processing”)。
- 反项排除法: 注意绝对词(如Q23中[B] "rather than"与原文矛盾)。
- 主旨题(e.g., Q21, Q25):
- 尾段锁定法: P5是观点结论段(“made, not born”)。
- 首尾呼应法: P1现象服务于P5主旨(后天训练是核心)。
3. 考研备考建议
- 高频考点: 本文连续多年出现在考研真题库中,核心训练"现象—分析—结论"型文章理解。
- 技巧演练: 限时练习(18分钟/篇),重点关注:
- 词义题上下文线索(如Q22的复现词)。
- 细节题定位句的精确匹配(如Q23避免[D]偷换概念)。
- 理论应用: Ericsson的"刻意练习"理论在考研作文中可复用,强调努力的重要性。
实战提示(2025更新): 近年考研英语阅读更注重跨学科主题(如本文结合体育与心理学)。考生需积累类似概念:deliberate practice(刻意练习)、nature vs nurture(先天vs后天)。