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移动端六大语言速记：第13部分 - 网络与通信

news 来源：原创 2025/6/27 17:49:20

移动端六大语言速记：第13部分 - 网络与通信

本文将对比Java、Kotlin、Flutter(Dart)、Python、ArkTS和Swift这六种移动端开发语言在网络与通信方面的特性，帮助开发者理解和掌握各语言的网络编程能力。

13. 网络与通信

13.1 HTTP请求

各语言HTTP请求实现方式对比：

特性JavaKotlinDartPythonArkTSSwift
原生HTTP库HttpURLConnectionHttpURLConnectionHttpClienturllib, http.clientfetchURLSession
流行HTTP库OkHttp, RetrofitOkHttp, RetrofitdiorequestsaxiosAlamofire
异步支持CompletableFuture协程FutureasyncioPromiseasync/await
请求拦截拦截器拦截器拦截器中间件拦截器URLProtocol
缓存机制支持支持支持支持支持URLCache
示例对比

Java:

// 使用OkHttp发送GET请求
import okhttp3.*;

public class HttpExample {
    private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
    
    public void sendGetRequest() {
        Request request = new Request.Builder()
            .url("https://api.example.com/data")
            .build();
            
        client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() {
            @Override
            public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            
            @Override
            public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
                String responseData = response.body().string();
                System.out.println(responseData);
            }
        });
    }
    
    // 使用Retrofit进行API调用
    public interface ApiService {
        @GET("data")
        Call<DataModel> getData();
        
        @POST("data")
        Call<DataModel> postData(@Body DataModel data);
    }
}

Kotlin:

// 使用协程和Retrofit发送请求
import kotlinx.coroutines.*

class HttpExample {
    private val apiService = Retrofit.Builder()
        .baseUrl("https://api.example.com/")
        .build()
        .create(ApiService::class.java)
    
    suspend fun fetchData() = coroutineScope {
        try {
            val response = apiService.getData()
            println(response)
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            println("Error: ${e.message}")
        }
    }
    
    // 使用OkHttp和协程
    suspend fun sendGetRequest() {
        val client = OkHttpClient()
        val request = Request.Builder()
            .url("https://api.example.com/data")
            .build()
            
        withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
            val response = client.newCall(request).execute()
            println(response.body?.string())
        }
    }
}

Dart:

// 使用dio发送请求
import 'package:dio/dio.dart';

class HttpExample {
  final dio = Dio();
  
  Future<void> sendGetRequest() async {
    try {
      final response = await dio.get('https://api.example.com/data');
      print(response.data);
    } catch (e) {
      print('Error: $e');
    }
  }
  
  Future<void> sendPostRequest(Map<String, dynamic> data) async {
    try {
      final response = await dio.post(
        'https://api.example.com/data',
        data: data,
      );
      print(response.data);
    } catch (e) {
      print('Error: $e');
    }
  }
}

Python:

# 使用requests库发送请求
import requests
import aiohttp
import asyncio

class HttpExample:
    def send_get_request(self):
        try:
            response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data')
            response.raise_for_status()
            print(response.json())
        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
            print(f'Error: {e}')
    
    # 使用aiohttp发送异步请求
    async def send_async_request(self):
        async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
            async with session.get('https://api.example.com/data') as response:
                data = await response.json()
                print(data)

# 运行异步请求
asyncio.run(HttpExample().send_async_request())

ArkTS:

// 使用fetch API发送请求
class HttpExample {
  async sendGetRequest() {
    try {
      const response = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data');
      const data = await response.json();
      console.log(data);
    } catch (e) {
      console.error('Error:', e);
    }
  }
  
  // 使用axios发送请求
  async sendPostRequest(data: any) {
    try {
      const response = await axios.post('https://api.example.com/data', data);
      console.log(response.data);
    } catch (e) {
      console.error('Error:', e);
    }
  }
}

Swift:

// 使用URLSession发送请求
class HttpExample {
    func sendGetRequest() {
        guard let url = URL(string: "https://api.example.com/data") else { return }
        
        let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: url) { (data, response, error) in
            if let error = error {
                print("Error: \(error)")
                return
            }
            
            if let data = data {
                do {
                    let json = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data)
                    print(json)
                } catch {
                    print("JSON Error: \(error)")
                }
            }
        }
        task.resume()
    }
    
    // 使用Alamofire发送请求
    func sendRequestWithAlamofire() {
        AF.request("https://api.example.com/data").responseJSON { response in
            switch response.result {
            case .success(let value):
                print(value)
            case .failure(let error):
                print("Error: \(error)")
            }
        }
    }
}

13.2 Socket编程

各语言Socket编程特性对比：

特性JavaKotlinDartPythonArkTSSwift
TCP Socketjava.net.Socketjava.net.Socketdart:io Socketsocketnet.SocketNetwork Framework
UDP SocketDatagramSocketDatagramSocketRawDatagramSocketsocketdgramNetwork Framework
异步支持NIO协程async/awaitasyncioPromiseasync/await
多路复用SelectorSelectorStreamGroupselect/pollEventEmitterNWConnection
示例对比

Java:

// TCP服务器
public class SocketServer {
    public void start(int port) {
        try (ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port)) {
            while (true) {
                Socket client = serverSocket.accept();
                handleClient(client);
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    
    private void handleClient(Socket client) {
        try {
            BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
                new InputStreamReader(client.getInputStream()));
            PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(client.getOutputStream(), true);
            
            String line;
            while ((line = in.readLine()) != null) {
                out.println("Server received: " + line);
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

Kotlin:

// 使用协程的Socket服务器
class SocketServer {
    suspend fun start(port: Int) = coroutineScope {
        val serverSocket = ServerSocket(port)
        
        while (true) {
            val client = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
                serverSocket.accept()
            }
            launch { handleClient(client) }
        }
    }
    
    private suspend fun handleClient(client: Socket) {
        withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
            client.use { socket ->
                val reader = socket.inputStream.bufferedReader()
                val writer = PrintWriter(socket.outputStream, true)
                
                var line = reader.readLine()
                while (line != null) {
                    writer.println("Server received: $line")
                    line = reader.readLine()
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Dart:

// Socket服务器
import 'dart:io';

class SocketServer {
  Future<void> start(int port) async {
    final server = await ServerSocket.bind('localhost', port);
    
    await for (Socket client in server) {
      handleClient(client);
    }
  }
  
  void handleClient(Socket client) {
    client.listen(
      (List<int> data) {
        String message = String.fromCharCodes(data);
        client.write('Server received: $message');
      },
      onError: (error) {
        print('Error: $error');
        client.close();
      },
      onDone: () {
        client.close();
      },
    );
  }
}

Python:

# 异步Socket服务器
import asyncio

class SocketServer:
    async def handle_client(self, reader, writer):
        while True:
            data = await reader.read(100)
            if not data:
                break
                
            message = data.decode()
            response = f'Server received: {message}'
            
            writer.write(response.encode())
            await writer.drain()
        
        writer.close()
        await writer.wait_closed()
    
    async def start(self, host, port):
        server = await asyncio.start_server(
            self.handle_client, host, port
        )
        
        async with server:
            await server.serve_forever()

# 运行服务器
asyncio.run(SocketServer().start('localhost', 8080))

ArkTS:

// WebSocket服务器示例
import * as WebSocket from 'ws';

class SocketServer {
  start(port: number) {
    const wss = new WebSocket.Server({ port });
    
    wss.on('connection', (ws) => {
      ws.on('message', (message) => {
        ws.send(`Server received: ${message}`);
      });
      
      ws.on('error', (error) => {
        console.error('WebSocket error:', error);
      });
    });
  }
}

Swift:

// 使用Network Framework的Socket服务器
import Network

class SocketServer {
    private var listener: NWListener?
    
    func start(port: UInt16) {
        let parameters = NWParameters.tcp
        
        listener = try? NWListener(using: parameters, on: NWEndpoint.Port(integerLiteral: port))
        
        listener?.stateUpdateHandler = { [weak self] state in
            switch state {
            case .ready:
                print("Server ready")
            case .failed(let error):
                print("Server failed: \(error)")
            default:
                break
            }
        }
        
        listener?.newConnectionHandler = { [weak self] connection in
            self?.handleClient(connection)
        }
        
        listener?.start(queue: .main)
    }
    
    private func handleClient(_ connection: NWConnection) {
        connection.stateUpdateHandler = { state in
            switch state {
            case .ready:
                self.receive(on: connection)
            case .failed(let error):
                print("Connection failed: \(error)")
            default:
                break
            }
        }
        
        connection.start(queue: .main)
    }
    
    private func receive(on connection: NWConnection) {
        connection.receive(minimumIncompleteLength: 1, maximumLength: 65536) { [weak self] content, _, isComplete, error in
            if let data = content, let message = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) {
                let response = "Server received: \(message)".data(using: .utf8)!
                connection.send(content: response, completion: .idempotent)
            }
            
            if !isComplete && error == nil {
                self?.receive(on: connection)
            }
        }
    }
}

13.3 现代通信协议

各语言现代通信协议支持对比：

特性JavaKotlinDartPythonArkTSSwift
WebSocketjavax.websocketKtorweb_socket_channelwebsocketswsURLSessionWebSocketTask
gRPCgrpc-javagrpc-kotlingrpc-dartgrpciogrpcgrpc-swift
GraphQLgraphql-javagraphql-kotlingraphqlgraphql-coregraphqlApollo iOS
MQTTPahoPahomqtt_clientpaho-mqttMQTT.jsCocoaMQTT
示例对比

Java:

// WebSocket客户端
@ClientEndpoint
public class WebSocketClient {
    private Session session;
    
    @OnOpen
    public void onOpen(Session session) {
        this.session = session;
        System.out.println("Connected");
    }
    
    @OnMessage
    public void onMessage(String message) {
        System.out.println("Received: " + message);
    }
    
    public void sendMessage(String message) {
        session.getAsyncRemote().sendText(message);
    }
    
    public void connect(String uri) throws Exception {
        WebSocketContainer container = ContainerProvider.getWebSocketContainer();
        container.connectToServer(this, new URI(uri));
    }
}

Kotlin:

// 使用Ktor的WebSocket客户端
class WebSocketClient {
    suspend fun connect(url: String) {
        client.webSocket(url) {
            try {
                while (true) {
                    val frame = incoming.receive()
                    when (frame) {
                        is Frame.Text -> println(frame.readText())
                        is Frame.Binary -> println(frame.readBytes())
                    }
                }
            } catch (e: Exception) {
                println("Error: ${e.message}")
            }
        }
    }
    
    suspend fun sendMessage(message: String) {
        client.webSocket(url) {
            send(Frame.Text(message))
        }
    }
}

Dart:

// WebSocket客户端
import 'package:web_socket_channel/web_socket_channel.dart';

class WebSocketClient {
  WebSocketChannel? channel;
  
  void connect(String url) {
    channel = WebSocketChannel.connect(Uri.parse(url));
    
    channel?.stream.listen(
      (message) {
        print('Received: $message');
      },
      onError: (error) {
        print('Error: $error');
      },
      onDone: () {
        print('Connection closed');
      },
    );
  }
  
  void sendMessage(String message) {
    channel?.sink.add(message);
  }
  
  void close() {
    channel?.sink.close();
  }
}

Python:

# 异步WebSocket客户端
import asyncio
import websockets

class WebSocketClient:
    async def connect(self, uri):
        async with websockets.connect(uri) as websocket:
            try:
                while True:
                    message = await websocket.recv()
                    print(f"Received: {message}")
            except websockets.exceptions.ConnectionClosed:
                print("Connection closed")
    
    async def send_message(self, uri, message):
        async with websockets.connect(uri) as websocket:
            await websocket.send(message)

# 运行客户端
asyncio.run(WebSocketClient().connect('ws://localhost:8080'))

ArkTS:

// WebSocket客户端
class WebSocketClient {
  private ws: WebSocket;
  
  connect(url: string) {
    this.ws = new WebSocket(url);
    
    this.ws.onopen = () => {
      console.log('Connected');
    };
    
    this.ws.onmessage = (event) => {
      console.log('Received:', event.data);
    };
    
    this.ws.onerror = (error) => {
      console.error('WebSocket error:', error);
    };
    
    this.ws.onclose = () => {
      console.log('Connection closed');
    };
  }
  
  sendMessage(message: string) {
    if (this.ws.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
      this.ws.send(message);
    }
  }
  
  close() {
    this.ws.close();
  }
}

Swift:

// WebSocket客户端
class WebSocketClient {
    private var webSocketTask: URLSessionWebSocketTask?
    
    func connect(url: URL) {
        let session = URLSession(configuration: .default)
        webSocketTask = session.webSocketTask(with: url)
        
        webSocketTask?.resume()
        receiveMessage()
    }
    
    private func receiveMessage() {
        webSocketTask?.receive { [weak self] result in
            switch result {
            case .success(let message):
                switch message {
                case .string(let text):
                    print("Received: \(text)")
                case .data(let data):
                    print("Received data: \(data)")
                @unknown default:
                    break
                }
                self?.receiveMessage()
            case .failure(let error):
                print("Error: \(error)")
            }
        }
    }
    
    func send(_ message: String) {
        webSocketTask?.send(.string(message)) { error in
            if let error = error {
                print("Send error: \(error)")
            }
        }
    }
    
    func disconnect() {
        webSocketTask?.cancel(with: .normalClosure, reason: nil)
    }
}

总结

通过对比六种移动端开发语言的网络与通信特性，我们可以得出以下结论：

  1. HTTP请求：

    • 各语言都有成熟的HTTP客户端库
    • Kotlin和Swift提供了优雅的异步请求方式
    • Python的requests库使用最为简单直观
    • Dart的dio和ArkTS的axios提供了强大的请求拦截功能

  2. Socket编程：

    • Java提供了最底层的Socket实现
    • Kotlin通过协程简化了异步Socket编程
    • Python的asyncio使异步Socket编程更加简单
    • Swift的Network Framework提供了现代化的API

  3. 现代通信协议：

    • 所有语言都支持主流的WebSocket协议
    • gRPC和GraphQL在各语言中都有良好支持
    • MQTT等物联网协议支持程度各不相同
    • 异步编程模型在现代协议中得到广泛应用

  4. 最佳实践：

    • 选择合适的HTTP客户端库
    • 使用异步编程处理网络请求
    • 注意错误处理和超时机制
    • 合理使用拦截器和中间件

选择合适的网络通信方案需要考虑项目需求、性能要求和开发团队经验。理解各语言的网络编程特性，有助于开发者构建高效、可靠的移动应用。

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