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广西建工集团官网,杨和关键词优化,外贸出口平台网站,推广管理Qt 提供了强大的 OpenGL 集成功能，使得在 Qt 应用中实现 3D 图形变得更加简单。以下是使用 Qt 进行 OpenGL 3D 编程的基础知识。 1. 环境配置创建 Qt 项目新建 Qt Widgets Application 项目在 .pro 文件中添加 OpenGL 模块： qmake QT co…

Qt 提供了强大的 OpenGL 集成功能，使得在 Qt 应用中实现 3D 图形变得更加简单。以下是使用 Qt 进行 OpenGL 3D 编程的基础知识。

1. 环境配置

创建 Qt 项目

新建 Qt Widgets Application 项目
在 .pro 文件中添加 OpenGL 模块：

qmake

QT       += core gui opengl

基本 OpenGL 窗口类

Qt 提供了 QOpenGLWidget 作为 OpenGL 渲染的基础组件。

openglwidget.h

#ifndef OPENGLWIDGET_H
#define OPENGLWIDGET_H#include <QOpenGLWidget>
#include <QOpenGLFunctions_3_3_Core>
#include <QOpenGLVertexArrayObject>
#include <QOpenGLBuffer>
#include <QOpenGLShaderProgram>
#include <QOpenGLTexture>
#include <QTime>class OpenGLWidget : public QOpenGLWidget, protected QOpenGLFunctions_3_3_Core
{Q_OBJECT
public:explicit OpenGLWidget(QWidget *parent = nullptr);~OpenGLWidget();protected:void initializeGL() override;void resizeGL(int w, int h) override;void paintGL() override;void mousePressEvent(QMouseEvent *event) override;void mouseMoveEvent(QMouseEvent *event) override;void wheelEvent(QWheelEvent *event) override;private:QOpenGLVertexArrayObject vao;QOpenGLBuffer vbo{QOpenGLBuffer::VertexBuffer};QOpenGLBuffer ebo{QOpenGLBuffer::IndexBuffer};QOpenGLShaderProgram shaderProgram;QOpenGLTexture *texture;QTime time;QPoint lastMousePos;float xRot = 0.0f;float yRot = 0.0f;float zRot = 0.0f;float zoom = -5.0f;
};#endif // OPENGLWIDGET_H

2. 基本框架实现

openglwidget.cpp

#include "openglwidget.h"
#include <QDebug>
#include <QMouseEvent>
#include <QImage>OpenGLWidget::OpenGLWidget(QWidget *parent) : QOpenGLWidget(parent)
{setFocusPolicy(Qt::StrongFocus);setMouseTracking(true);time.start();
}OpenGLWidget::~OpenGLWidget()
{makeCurrent();vao.destroy();vbo.destroy();ebo.destroy();delete texture;doneCurrent();
}void OpenGLWidget::initializeGL()
{initializeOpenGLFunctions();glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);// 立方体顶点数据 (位置 + 颜色 + 纹理坐标)float scale = 2.0f;float vertices[] = {// 前面-0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,// 后面-0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,// 左面-0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.6f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.6f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.6f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.6f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,// 右面0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,// 顶面-0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,// 底面-0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f};// 索引数据保持不变unsigned int indices[] = {0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0,4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 4,8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 8,12, 13, 14, 14, 15, 12,16, 17, 18, 18, 19, 16,20, 21, 22, 22, 23, 20};// 初始化 VAO, VBO 和 EBOvao.create();vbo.create();ebo.create();vao.bind();vbo.bind();vbo.allocate(vertices, sizeof(vertices));ebo.bind();ebo.allocate(indices, sizeof(indices));// 顶点着色器const char *vertexShaderSource = R"(#version 330 corelayout(location = 0) in vec3 aPos;layout(location = 1) in vec4 aColor;layout(location = 2) in vec2 aTexCoord;out vec4 ourColor;out vec2 TexCoord;uniform mat4 model;uniform mat4 view;uniform mat4 projection;void main(){gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);ourColor = aColor;TexCoord = aTexCoord;})";// 片段着色器const char *fragmentShaderSource = R"(#version 330 corein vec4 ourColor;in vec2 TexCoord;out vec4 FragColor;uniform sampler2D texture1;void main(){vec4 texColor = texture(texture1, TexCoord);FragColor = texColor * ourColor;})";// 编译着色器shaderProgram.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::Vertex, vertexShaderSource);shaderProgram.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::Fragment, fragmentShaderSource);if (!shaderProgram.link()) {qDebug() << "Shader Program Link Error:" << shaderProgram.log();return;}shaderProgram.bind();// 设置顶点属性指针shaderProgram.setAttributeBuffer(0, GL_FLOAT, 0, 3, 9 * sizeof(float));shaderProgram.enableAttributeArray(0);shaderProgram.setAttributeBuffer(1, GL_FLOAT, 3 * sizeof(float), 4, 9 * sizeof(float));shaderProgram.enableAttributeArray(1);shaderProgram.setAttributeBuffer(2, GL_FLOAT, 7 * sizeof(float), 2, 9 * sizeof(float));shaderProgram.enableAttributeArray(2);// 加载纹理QImage img(":/textures/test.jpeg");if (img.isNull()) {qDebug() << "Failed to load texture image!";img = QImage(2, 2, QImage::Format_RGB32);img.fill(Qt::red);}texture = new QOpenGLTexture(img.mirrored());texture->setMinificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Linear);texture->setMagnificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Linear);texture->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);shaderProgram.setUniformValue("texture1", 0);vao.release();shaderProgram.release();
}void OpenGLWidget::resizeGL(int w, int h)
{glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
}void OpenGLWidget::paintGL()
{glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);shaderProgram.bind();vao.bind();texture->bind(0);QMatrix4x4 model;QMatrix4x4 view;QMatrix4x4 projection;model.rotate(xRot, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);model.rotate(yRot, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);model.rotate(zRot, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);view.translate(0.0f, 0.0f, zoom);projection.perspective(45.0f, width() / float(height()), 0.1f, 100.0f);shaderProgram.setUniformValue("model", model);shaderProgram.setUniformValue("view", view);shaderProgram.setUniformValue("projection", projection);glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);texture->release();vao.release();shaderProgram.release();zRot += 0.5f;if (zRot > 360.0f) zRot -= 360.0f;//update();
}void OpenGLWidget::mousePressEvent(QMouseEvent *event)
{lastMousePos = event->pos();
}void OpenGLWidget::mouseMoveEvent(QMouseEvent *event)
{if (event->buttons() & Qt::LeftButton) {float dx = event->pos().x() - lastMousePos.x();float dy = event->pos().y() - lastMousePos.y();xRot += dy;yRot += dx;lastMousePos = event->pos();update();}
}void OpenGLWidget::wheelEvent(QWheelEvent *event)
{float delta = event->angleDelta().y() / 120.0f;zoom += delta * 0.5f;zoom = qBound(-10.0f, zoom, -1.0f);update();
}

3. 渲染 3D 立方体

准备顶点数据

  // 立方体顶点数据 (位置 + 颜色 + 纹理坐标)float scale = 2.0f;float vertices[] = {// 前面-0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,// 后面-0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,// 左面-0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.6f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.6f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.6f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.6f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,// 右面0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,// 顶面-0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  1.0f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f,// 底面-0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f*scale,  0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale, -0.5f*scale,  0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f};// 索引数据保持不变unsigned int indices[] = {0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0,4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 4,8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 8,12, 13, 14, 14, 15, 12,16, 17, 18, 18, 19, 16,20, 21, 22, 22, 23, 20};

初始化 VAO, VBO 和 EBO

    // 初始化 VAO, VBO 和 EBOvao.create();vbo.create();ebo.create();vao.bind();vbo.bind();vbo.allocate(vertices, sizeof(vertices));ebo.bind();ebo.allocate(indices, sizeof(indices));

创建着色器程序

 // 顶点着色器const char *vertexShaderSource = R"(#version 330 corelayout(location = 0) in vec3 aPos;layout(location = 1) in vec4 aColor;layout(location = 2) in vec2 aTexCoord;out vec4 ourColor;out vec2 TexCoord;uniform mat4 model;uniform mat4 view;uniform mat4 projection;void main(){gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);ourColor = aColor;TexCoord = aTexCoord;})";// 编译着色器shaderProgram.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::Vertex, vertexShaderSource);

 // 片段着色器const char *fragmentShaderSource = R"(#version 330 corein vec4 ourColor;in vec2 TexCoord;out vec4 FragColor;uniform sampler2D texture1;void main(){vec4 texColor = texture(texture1, TexCoord);FragColor = texColor * ourColor;})";shaderProgram.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::Fragment, fragmentShaderSource);

4. 实现 3D 渲染

void OpenGLWidget::paintGL()
{glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);shaderProgram.bind();vao.bind();texture->bind(0);QMatrix4x4 model;QMatrix4x4 view;QMatrix4x4 projection;model.rotate(xRot, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);model.rotate(yRot, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);model.rotate(zRot, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);view.translate(0.0f, 0.0f, zoom);projection.perspective(45.0f, width() / float(height()), 0.1f, 100.0f);shaderProgram.setUniformValue("model", model);shaderProgram.setUniformValue("view", view);shaderProgram.setUniformValue("projection", projection);glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);texture->release();vao.release();shaderProgram.release();zRot += 0.5f;if (zRot > 360.0f) zRot -= 360.0f;
}

5. 添加纹理

加载纹理

 // 加载纹理QImage img(":/textures/test.jpeg");if (img.isNull()) {qDebug() << "Failed to load texture image!";img = QImage(2, 2, QImage::Format_RGB32);img.fill(Qt::red);}texture = new QOpenGLTexture(img.mirrored());texture->setMinificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Linear);texture->setMagnificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Linear);texture->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);shaderProgram.setUniformValue("texture1", 0);

更新顶点属性指针

    // 设置顶点属性指针shaderProgram.setAttributeBuffer(0, GL_FLOAT, 0, 3, 9 * sizeof(float));shaderProgram.enableAttributeArray(0);shaderProgram.setAttributeBuffer(1, GL_FLOAT, 3 * sizeof(float), 4, 9 * sizeof(float));shaderProgram.enableAttributeArray(1);shaderProgram.setAttributeBuffer(2, GL_FLOAT, 7 * sizeof(float), 2, 9 * sizeof(float));shaderProgram.enableAttributeArray(2);