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前言

ASP.NET Core Web API 结合 Entity Framework Core (EF Core) 的分层项目架构是一种常见的开发模式，旨在通过职责分离提高代码的可维护性、可测试性和扩展性。

一、核心

分层架构将应用按功能划分为多个逻辑层，各层职责明确，通过接口或 DTO（Data Transfer Object）通信。

二、项目分层结构

1. Presentation层 (Web API) - 处理 HTTP 请求/响应

2. Application层 - 业务逻辑和用例实现

3. Domain层 - 实体模型和仓储接口

4. Infrastructure层 - EFCore 实现和数据库配置

   MyAspNetCoreWebApplication.sln
   ├─ MyAspNetCoreWebApplication.MyWebApplication(ASP.NET Core Web API)
   ├─ MyAspNetCoreWebApplication.ApplicationLibrary(Class Library)
   ├─ MyAspNetCoreWebApplication.DomainLibrary(Class Library)
   └─ MyAspNetCoreWebApplication.InfrastructureLibrary(Class Library)
   

1）安装 NuGet 包

Web 项目

Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer

InfrastructureLibrary项目

Install-Package Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore
Install-Package Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Design
Install-Package Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Tools
Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration
Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.EnvironmentVariables

2）领域模型和仓储接口 (Domain 层)

1. 实体（Entity）
   目录结构：DomainLibrary-Entity
   • Book.cs

   public class Book
   {public long Id { get; set; }public string Title { get; set; }public double Price { get; set; }public string AuthorId { get; set; }public string AuthorName { get; set; }
   }
   

   • Product.cs

   public class Product
   {public long Id { get; set; }public string Name { get; set; }public string Description { get; set; }public double Price { get; set; }
   }
   

2. 仓储接口（RepositoryInterface）
   目录结构：DomainLibrary-Repository
   • IBookRepository.cs

   public interface IBookRepository
   {Task<IEnumerable<Book>> GetAllAsync();Task<Book> GetByIdAsync(long id);Task AddAsync(Book book);Task DeleteAsync(long id);Task UpdateAsync(Book book);
   }
   

   • IProjectRepository.cs

    public interface IProjectRepository{Task<IEnumerable<Product>>  GetAllAsync();Task<Product> GetByIdAsync(long id);Task AddAsync(Product project);Task DeleteAsync(long id);Task UpdateAsync(Product project);}
   

3）基础设施层实现 (Infrastructure 层)

1. 数据库上下文类
   目录结构：InfrastructureLibrary-Data

   • MyDbContext.cs

     public class MyDbContext : DbContext
     {public MyDbContext(DbContextOptions<MyDbContext> options) : base(options){}public DbSet<Product> Projects { get; set; }public DbSet<Book> Books { get; set; }protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder){base.OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);modelBuilder.ApplyConfigurationsFromAssembly(this.GetType().Assembly);}}
     

   • MyDbContextDesignFactory.cs

     internal class MyDbContextDesignFactory : IDesignTimeDbContextFactory<MyDbContext>
     {public MyDbContext CreateDbContext(string[] args){// 手动构建配置（读取环境变量）var configuration = new ConfigurationBuilder().AddEnvironmentVariables() // 添加环境变量作为配置源.Build();string connStr = configuration.GetSection("ConnStr").Value;if (connStr == null){throw new Exception("连接字符串为空");}DbContextOptionsBuilder<MyDbContext> opt = new DbContextOptionsBuilder<MyDbContext>();opt.UseSqlServer(connStr);return new MyDbContext(opt.Options);}
     }
     

2. 配置类
   目录结构：InfrastructureLibrary-Config

   • BookConfig.cs

     public class BookConfig : IEntityTypeConfiguration<Book>
     {public void Configure(EntityTypeBuilder<Book> builder){builder.ToTable("T_Books");}
     }
     

   • ProductConfig.cs

      public class ProductConfig : IEntityTypeConfiguration<Product>{public void Configure(EntityTypeBuilder<Product> builder){builder.ToTable("T_Products");builder.Property(p => p.Name).HasMaxLength(100).IsRequired();builder.Property(p => p.Price).HasColumnType("decimal(18,2)");}}
     

3. 实现类Repositories
   目录结构：InfrastructureLibrary-Repositories

   • BookRepository.cs

     public class BookRepository
     {private readonly MyDbContext _dbContext;public BookRepository(MyDbContext context){_dbContext = context;}public async Task<IEnumerable<Book>> GetAllAsync()=> await _dbContext.Books.ToListAsync();public async Task<Book> GetByIdAsync(long id)=> await _dbContext.Books.FindAsync(id);public async Task AddAsync(Book book){if (book != null){await _dbContext.Books.AddAsync(book);await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync();}}public async Task DeleteAsync(long id){Book p = await GetByIdAsync(id);if (p != null){_dbContext.Books.Remove(p);await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync();}}public async Task UpdateAsync(Book book){if (book != null){_dbContext.Books.Update(book);await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync();}}
     }
     

   • ProductRepository.cs

     public class ProductRepository : IProjectRepository
     {private readonly MyDbContext _dbContext;public ProductRepository(MyDbContext dbContext){_dbContext = dbContext;}public async Task<IEnumerable<Product>> GetAllAsync()=> await _dbContext.Projects.ToListAsync();public async Task<Product> GetByIdAsync(long id)=> await _dbContext.Projects.FindAsync(id);public async Task AddAsync(Product project){if (project!=null){await _dbContext.Projects.AddAsync(project);await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync();}            }public async Task DeleteAsync(long id){Product p=await GetByIdAsync(id);if (p != null){_dbContext.Projects.Remove(p);await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync();}}public async Task UpdateAsync(Product project){if (project != null){_dbContext.Projects.Update(project);await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync();}}
     }
     

4）应用层服务 (Application 层)

1. 服务类
   目录结构：ApplicationLibrary-Services
   • BookService.cs

     public class BookService
     {private readonly IBookRepository bookRepository;public BookService(IBookRepository bookRepository){this.bookRepository = bookRepository;}public async Task<IEnumerable<Book>> GetAllBookAsync(){return await bookRepository.GetAllAsync();}public async Task<Book> GetBookById(long id){return await bookRepository.GetByIdAsync(id);}public async Task AddBook(Book book)=> await bookRepository.AddAsync(book);public async Task UpdateBook(Book book)=> await bookRepository.UpdateAsync(book);public async Task DeleteBook(long id)=> await bookRepository.DeleteAsync(id);
     }
     

   • ProductService.cs

     public class ProductService
     {private readonly IProjectRepository _repository;public ProductService(IProjectRepository repository){_repository = repository;}public async Task<IEnumerable<Product>> GetAllProjectAsync(){return await _repository.GetAllAsync();}public async Task<Product> GetProductById(long id){return await _repository.GetByIdAsync(id);}public async Task AddProduct(Product product)=>await _repository.AddAsync(product);public async Task UpdateProject(Product product)=> await _repository.UpdateAsync(product);public async Task DeleteProduct(long id)=> await _repository.DeleteAsync(id);}
     

5）Web API 配置

1. Program.cs 配置

   • Program.cs

     using DomainLibrary.Repository;
     using InfrastructureLibrary.Repositories;
     using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
     using ApplicationLibrary.Services;
     using InfrastructureLibrary.Data;var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);// Add services to the container.
     //配置数据库
     builder.Services.AddDbContext<MyDbContext>(opt => {string connStr = builder.Configuration.GetConnectionString("DefaultConnection");//GetSection("ConnStr").Value;opt.UseSqlServer(connStr);
     });// 注册仓储
     builder.Services.AddScoped<IProjectRepository, ProductRepository>();//注册服务
     builder.Services.AddScoped<ProductService>();builder.Services.AddControllers();builder.Services.AddEndpointsApiExplorer();
     builder.Services.AddSwaggerGen();var app = builder.Build();// 自动迁移数据库（可选）
     using (var scope = app.Services.CreateScope())
     {var db = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<MyDbContext>();db.Database.Migrate();
     }// Configure the HTTP request pipeline.
     if (app.Environment.IsDevelopment())
     {app.UseSwagger();app.UseSwaggerUI();
     }app.UseHttpsRedirection();app.UseAuthorization();app.MapControllers();app.Run();
     

2. appsettings.json配置

   • appsettings.json

     {"Logging": {"LogLevel": {"Default": "Information","Microsoft.AspNetCore": "Warning"}},"AllowedHosts": "*","ConnectionStrings": {"DefaultConnection": "Server=XXX;Database=XXX;User Id=sa;Password=XXX;TrustServerCertificate=True;Trusted_Connection=True;MultipleActiveResultSets=True"}
     }
     

6）控制器 (Web 层)

1. 控制器示例
   • TestController.cs

      [Route("api/[controller]/[action]")][ApiController]public class TestController : ControllerBase{private readonly MyDbContext _db;private readonly ProductService _productService;public TestController(MyDbContext db, ProductService productService){_db = db;_productService = productService;}[HttpGet]public ActionResult<string> Get(){var count= _db.Books.Count();return $"count={count}";}[HttpGet]public async Task<IActionResult> GetAllProductsAsync(){var res=await _productService.GetAllProjectAsync();return Ok(res);}}
     

7）数据库迁移

1. 打开包管理器控制台
2. 设置默认项目为 InfrastructureLibrary
3. 执行命令：

   Add-Migration Init
   Update-Database
   

三、关键点说明

分层依赖：

1. Web 层引用 Application 、 Infrastructure、Domain
2. Application 层引用 Domain、Infrastructure
3. Infrastructure 层引用 Domain

依赖注入：

1. 通过构造函数注入仓储和服务
2. 使用 AddScoped 注册生命周期服务

异步操作：

1. 所有数据库操作使用 async/await
2. 使用 ToListAsync() 和 FindAsync() 等异步方法

领域驱动设计：

1. 仓储模式隔离数据访问细节
2. 领域模型保持纯净无基础设施依赖

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总结

分层架构在 ASP.NET Core Web API + EF Core 项目中通过职责分离提升了代码质量，但需要权衡设计复杂度和实际需求。通过合理分层、依赖注入和接口抽象，可以构建高可维护、可测试的应用程序，同时避免过度设计。最终，架构选择应服务于业务需求，而非盲目追求分层形式。