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介绍

高通量技术的进步使得能够大规模获取各种类型的组学数据。每种组学都提供了对潜在生物过程的局部视图。整合多个组学层将有助于实现更准确的诊断。然而，组学数据的复杂性要求采用能够捕捉复杂关系的方法。实现这一目标的一种方式是利用不同组学之间已知的调控联系，这有助于构建更完善的多模态表示。

在本文中，我们提出了 CrossAttOmics 这种基于跨注意力机制的新型深度学习架构，用于多组学整合。每个模态都通过其特定的编码器被投影到一个低维空间中。具有已知调控关系的模态之间的相互作用是在特征表示空间中通过跨注意力计算出来的。本文中进行的不同实验的结果表明，我们的模型能够通过利用多个模态之间的相互作用准确预测癌症的类型。当有少量配对训练示例时，CrossAttOmics 比其他方法表现更优。我们的方法可以与诸如 LRP 等归因方法相结合，以确定哪些相互作用是最为重要的。

代码

https://github.com/Sanofi-Public/CrossAttOmics

from functools import reduce
from itertools import chain
from typing import Dict, Iterator, List, Tupleimport numpy as np
import torch
from einops.layers.torch import EinMix, Rearrange
from torch import Tensor, nnclass FullyConnectedLayer(nn.Module):def __init__(self, input_dim: int, output_dim: int, p_dropout: float = 0.0):super().__init__()self.linear = nn.Linear(input_dim, output_dim, bias=False)self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p_dropout)self.act_fn = nn.ReLU()self.batch_norm = nn.BatchNorm1d(output_dim)def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:x = self.linear(x)x = self.act_fn(self.batch_norm(x))return self.dropout(x)@propertydef out_features(self) -> int:return self.linear.out_featuresclass FullyConnectedNetwork(nn.Module):def __init__(self, FC_layers: List[FullyConnectedLayer]) -> None:super().__init__()self.layers = nn.Sequential(*FC_layers)def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:return self.layers(x)@propertydef out_features(self) -> int:return self.layers[-1].out_featuresclass GroupInteraction(nn.Module):def __init__(self,group_size: int,num_heads: int,) -> None:super().__init__()self.attention = MultiHeadAttentionWrapper(embed_dim=group_size,num_heads=num_heads,k_dim=None,v_dim=None,)self.norm_layer = nn.LayerNorm(group_size)def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:z = self.attention(query=x, key=x, value=x)z = z + xreturn self.norm_layer(z)class IndexGroupedFCN(nn.Module):__constants__ = ["in_features", "out_features"]weight: Tensordef __init__(self,in_features: int,out_features: int,n_group: int,group_size: int,group_spec: List[Tensor],proj_dim: List[List[int]],bias: bool = True,) -> None:super().__init__()assert len(group_spec) == n_groupassert n_group * group_size == out_featuresself.n_group = n_grouplayer_dim = [[idx_grp_in.size(0)] + grp_proj_dimfor idx_grp_in, grp_proj_dim in zip(group_spec, proj_dim)]self.list_linear = nn.ModuleList([nn.Sequential(*[nn.Linear(grp_dim[i], grp_dim[i + 1], bias=bias)for i in range(0, len(grp_dim) - 1)])for grp_dim in layer_dim])for i in range(n_group):self.register_buffer(f"index_group_in_{i}", group_spec[i])def index_group_i(self, i: int) -> Tensor:return self.__getattr__(f"index_group_in_{i}")def index_groups(self) -> Iterator[Tensor]:for i in range(self.n_group):yield self.__getattr__(f"index_group_in_{i}")def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:return torch.cat([module(x[:, idx_lst])for idx_lst, module in zip(self.index_groups(), self.list_linear)],1,)class AttOmicsInputLayer(nn.Module):def __init__(self,in_features: int,n_group: int,group_size: int,num_heads: int,group_spec: List[Tensor],group_proj_dim: List[List[int]],flatten_output: bool,) -> None:super().__init__()self.flatten_output = flatten_outputself.n_group = n_groupself.group_size = group_sizeself.grouped_dim = n_group * group_sizeself.grouped_mlp = IndexGroupedFCN(in_features=in_features,out_features=self.grouped_dim,n_group=n_group,group_size=group_size,group_spec=group_spec,proj_dim=group_proj_dim,)self.interaction = GroupInteraction(group_size=group_size, num_heads=num_heads)def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:# N: Batch size, G: number of groups, s: size of a group# Input dim: Nxd (d: number of input features )x = self.grouped_mlp(x)  # dim: Nx(G*s)x = x.view(-1, self.n_group, self.group_size)  # dim: NxGxsx = self.interaction(x)  # dim: NxGxsif self.flatten_output:x = x.view(-1, self.grouped_dim)  # dim: Nx(G*s)return x@propertydef out_features(self) -> int:_out_features = (self.n_group, self.group_size)if self.flatten_output:_out_features = reduce((lambda x, y: x * y), _out_features)return _out_featuresclass AttOmicsLayer(nn.Module):def __init__(self,in_features: int,n_group: int,in_group_size: int,out_group_size: int,num_heads: int,flatten_output: bool,) -> None:super().__init__()self.flatten_output = flatten_outputself.n_group = n_groupself.out_group_size = out_group_sizeself.grouped_dim = n_group * out_group_size# Transform each group with a MLPself.grouped_mlp = EinMix("B (G s) -> B (G ss)",weight_shape="G ss s",bias_shape="G ss",G=n_group,ss=out_group_size,s=in_group_size,)self.interaction = GroupInteraction(group_size=out_group_size, num_heads=num_heads)def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:# N: Batch size, G: number of groups, s: size of a group# Input dim: Nxd (d: number of input features )x = self.grouped_mlp(x)  # dim: Nx(G*s)x = x.view(-1, self.n_group, self.out_group_size)  # dim: NxGxsx = self.interaction(x)  # dim: NxGxsif self.flatten_output:x = x.view(-1, self.grouped_dim)  # dim: Nx(G*s)return x@propertydef out_features(self) -> int:_out_features = (self.n_group, self.out_group_size)if self.flatten_output:_out_features = reduce((lambda x, y: x * y), _out_features)return _out_featuresdef random_grouping(in_features: int, proj_size: int, n_group: int
) -> Tuple[List[Tensor], str, List[List[int]]]:idx_in = torch.randperm(in_features, dtype=torch.long)chunk_sizes = (idx_in.size(0) // n_group) + (np.arange(n_group) < (idx_in.size(0) % n_group))idx_in = idx_in.split(chunk_sizes.tolist(), dim=0)idx_in = [idx.sort().values for idx in idx_in]group_name = [f"Random {i}" for i in range(len(idx_in))]return idx_in, group_name, [[proj_size] for _ in range(n_group)]class AttOmicsEncoder(nn.Module):def __init__(self,in_features: int,n_group: int,group_size_list: List[int],num_heads: int,flatten_output: bool,) -> None:super().__init__()n_layers = len(group_size_list)grouped_dim = [g_size * n_group for g_size in group_size_list]connectivity = random_grouping(in_features=in_features, proj_size=group_size_list[0], n_group=n_group)input_layer = AttOmicsInputLayer(in_features=in_features,n_group=n_group,group_size=group_size_list[0],group_spec=connectivity[0],num_heads=num_heads,group_proj_dim=connectivity[2],flatten_output=flatten_output if n_layers == 1 else True,)attOmics_layers = [input_layer]for i in range(1, n_layers):attOmics_layers.append(AttOmicsLayer(in_features=grouped_dim[i - 1],n_group=n_group,in_group_size=group_size_list[i - 1],out_group_size=group_size_list[i],num_heads=num_heads,flatten_output=flatten_output if (i == (n_layers - 1)) else True,))self.attOmics_layers = nn.Sequential(*attOmics_layers)def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:return self.attOmics_layers(x)@propertydef out_features(self) -> int:return self.attOmics_layers[-1].out_featuresclass MultiHeadAttentionWrapper(nn.Module):def __init__(self,embed_dim: int,num_heads: int,k_dim: int | None = None,v_dim: int | None = None,) -> None:super().__init__()if k_dim is None:k_dim = embed_dimif v_dim is None:v_dim = embed_dimself.to_q = nn.Linear(embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=False)self.to_k = nn.Linear(k_dim, embed_dim, bias=False)self.to_v = nn.Linear(v_dim, embed_dim, bias=False)self.to_out = nn.Linear(embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=False)self.create_heads = Rearrange("b n (h d) -> b h n d", h=num_heads)self.fuse_heads = Rearrange("b h n d -> b n (h d)")self.attention_fn = nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attentiondef forward(self, query: Tensor, key: Tensor, value: Tensor) -> Tensor:q = self.to_q(query)q = self.create_heads(q)k = self.to_k(key)k = self.create_heads(k)v = self.to_v(value)v = self.create_heads(v)x = self.attention_fn(q, k, v, dropout_p=0)x = self.fuse_heads(x)x = self.to_out(x)return xclass CrossAttentionBlock(nn.Module):def __init__(self,embed_dim: int,num_heads: int,k_dim: int,v_dim: int,) -> None:super().__init__()self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(embed_dim)self.attention = MultiHeadAttentionWrapper(embed_dim=embed_dim,num_heads=num_heads,k_dim=k_dim,v_dim=v_dim,)def forward(self, source: Tensor, target: Tensor) -> Tensor:z = self.attention(query=target,key=source,value=source,)z = z + targetreturn self.norm(z)class SelfAttentionBlock(nn.Module):def __init__(self, embed_dim: int, num_heads: int) -> None:super().__init__()self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(embed_dim)self.attention = MultiHeadAttentionWrapper(embed_dim=embed_dim,num_heads=num_heads,k_dim=None,v_dim=None,)def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:z = self.attention(query=x, key=x, value=x)z = z + xreturn self.norm(z)class OmicsInteraction(nn.Module):def __init__(self,omics: List[str],interaction_graph: Dict[str, List[str]],cross_attention_blocks: Dict[str, CrossAttentionBlock],self_attention_blocks: Dict[str, SelfAttentionBlock] | None = None,add_unimodal_branches: bool = True,add_unimodal_to_multimodal: bool = False,) -> None:super().__init__()self.add_unimodal_branches = add_unimodal_branchesself.add_unimodal_to_multimodal = add_unimodal_to_multimodalself.omics = omicsself.interaction_graph = interaction_graphself.not_target_modalities = sorted(set(omics)- set(interaction_graph.keys())  # interaction graph is a dict, keys are target modalities)self.cross_layers = nn.ModuleDict(cross_attention_blocks)  # module dict, key is a str: source-_-targetself.use_SA = Falseif self_attention_blocks:self.use_SA = Trueself.sa_layers = nn.ModuleDict(self_attention_blocks)  # dict too, modality: layerself.flatten_group = Rearrange("b G s -> b (G s)")def __apply_cross_attention(self, target, source, ca_key):return self.cross_layers[ca_key](target=target, source=source)def __apply_self_attention(self, z):# Dict[str, Tensor[N,G,s]]return {omics: self.sa_layers[omics](x_target) for omics, x_target in z.items()}def __handle_not_a_target_modalities(self, x, z):if self.add_unimodal_branches:not_target_mod = map(x.get, self.not_target_modalities)z = torch.cat([self.flatten_group(zz)for zz in chain(z.values(),not_target_mod,)],dim=1,)else:z = torch.cat([self.flatten_group(zz) for zz in z.values()], dim=1)return zdef forward(self, x: Dict[str, Tensor]) -> Tensor:# x: Dict[str, Tensor[N,G,s]]z = {}for target, sources in self.interaction_graph.items():cross_att_list = []for source in sources:ca_key = source + "-_-" + targetca_res = self.__apply_cross_attention(x[target], x[source], ca_key)cross_att_list.append(ca_res)if self.add_unimodal_to_multimodal:cross_att_list.append(x[target])z[target] = torch.cat(cross_att_list, dim=1)if self.use_SA:z = self.__apply_self_attention(z)z = self.__handle_not_a_target_modalities(x, z)return zclass AttOmics(nn.Module):nice_name: str = "AttOmics"color: str = "#b80058"def __init__(self,encoder: AttOmicsEncoder,head: FullyConnectedNetwork,num_classes: int,) -> None:super().__init__()self.encoder = encoderself.head = headin_dim = head.out_featuresself.classifier = nn.Linear(in_dim, num_classes)def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:x = self.encoder(x)x = self.head(x)return self.classifier(x)class CrossAttOmics(nn.Module):nice_name: str = "CrossAttOmics"color: str = "#ebac23"def __init__(self,num_classes: Dict[str, int],modalities_encoders: Dict[str, nn.Module],fusion: OmicsInteraction,multimodal_encoder: FullyConnectedNetwork,) -> None:super().__init__()self.modalities_encoders = nn.ModuleDict(modalities_encoders)self.fusion = fusionself.multimodal_encoder = multimodal_encoderin_dim = multimodal_encoder.out_featuresself.classifier = nn.Linear(in_dim, num_classes)def forward(self, x: Dict[str, Tensor]) -> Tensor:x = {omics: self.modalities_encoders[omics](x_omics)for omics, x_omics in x.items()}x = self.fusion(x)x = self.multimodal_encoder(x)return self.classifier(x)

参考

• CrossAttOmics: multiomics data integration with cross-attention
• https://github.com/Sanofi-Public/CrossAttOmics