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在 Web 应用中，邮件通知是常见的功能，如：
- 用户注册验证邮件
- 密码找回邮件
- 订单确认邮件
- 订阅通知邮件
Flask 可以通过 Flask-Mail、Flask-Mailman 或 第三方 API（如 SendGrid、Mailgun） 发送邮件。本章介绍：
- 使用 Flask-Mail 发送邮件
- 发送带附件的邮件
- 使用 Flask-Mailman 发送邮件
- 使用 Celery 异步发送邮件
- 使用 SendGrid 发送邮件
9.1 安装 Flask-Mail
首先，安装 Flask-Mail：
pip install Flask-Mail
然后，在 app.py 中进行配置：
from flask import Flask, render_template, request
from flask_mail import Mail, Messageapp = Flask(__name__)# 邮件服务器配置
app.config['MAIL_SERVER'] = 'smtp.gmail.com' # 邮件服务器（Gmail、QQ 邮箱）app.config['MAIL_PORT'] = 587 # 端口号app.config['MAIL_USE_TLS'] = True # 使用 TLS 传输层安全协议app.config['MAIL_USERNAME'] = 'your-email@gmail.com' # 你的邮箱app.config['MAIL_PASSWORD'] = 'your-password' # 邮箱密码或授权码app.config['MAIL_DEFAULT_SENDER'] = ('Your App', 'your-email@gmail.com') # 发件人名称mail = Mail(app)9.2 发送简单邮件
定义一个邮件发送函数：
@app.route('/send_email')
def send_email():msg = Message("Hello from Flask", recipients=["recipient@example.com"])msg.body = "This is a test email sent from Flask!"mail.send(msg)return "Email sent successfully!"运行应用并测试
启动 Flask：
flask run
然后访问：
http://127.0.0.1:5000/send_email
9.3 发送带 HTML 格式的邮件
Flask-Mail 支持 HTML 邮件：
@app.route('/send_html_email')
def send_html_email():msg = Message("HTML Email from Flask", recipients=["recipient@example.com"])msg.html = "<h1>Welcome</h1><p>This is an <b>HTML email</b> sent from Flask.</p>"mail.send(msg)return "HTML Email sent!"9.4 发送带附件的邮件
@app.route('/send_email_with_attachment')
def send_email_with_attachment():msg = Message("Email with Attachment", recipients=["recipient@example.com"])msg.body = "Please find the attachment."with app.open_resource("static/sample.pdf") as attachment:msg.attach("sample.pdf", "application/pdf", attachment.read())mail.send(msg)return "Email with attachment sent!"9.5 使用 Flask-Mailman 发送邮件
Flask-Mail 维护较少，推荐使用 Flask-Mailman 作为替代：
pip install Flask-Mailman
修改 app.py：
from flask_mailman import Mail, EmailMessagemail = Mail(app)@app.route('/send_mailman_email')d
ef send_mailman_email():msg = EmailMessage(subject="Hello from Flask-Mailman",body="This is a test email from Flask-Mailman!",to=["recipient@example.com"])msg.send()return "Email sent using Flask-Mailman!"9.6 使用 Celery 异步发送邮件
避免 Flask 请求阻塞，建议使用 Celery 进行异步邮件发送。
安装 Celery
pip install celery
配置 Celery
在 celery_config.py：
from celery import Celerydef make_celery(app):celery = Celery(app.import_name,backend=app.config['CELERY_RESULT_BACKEND'],broker=app.config['CELERY_BROKER_URL'])celery.conf.update(app.config)return celery修改 app.py：
from celery_config import make_celeryapp.config['CELERY_BROKER_URL'] = 'redis://localhost:6379/0'
app.config['CELERY_RESULT_BACKEND'] = 'redis://localhost:6379/0'celery = make_celery(app)定义异步任务
@celery.task
def send_async_email(recipient):msg = Message("Async Email", recipients=[recipient])msg.body = "This email was sent asynchronously using Celery!"mail.send(msg)调用异步任务
@app.route('/send_async_email/<email>')
def send_async(email):task = send_async_email.apply_async(args=[email])return f"Email is being sent asynchronously. Task ID: {task.id}"运行 Celery Worker
celery -A app.celery worker --loglevel=info
9.7 使用 SendGrid 发送邮件
9.7.1 注册 SendGrid 并获取 API Key
- 访问 SendGrid 注册账号
- 在 "API Keys" 处生成 API Key
9.7.2 安装 SendGrid 库
pip install sendgrid
9.7.3 配置 SendGrid
import sendgrid
from sendgrid.helpers.mail import MailSENDGRID_API_KEY = "your_sendgrid_api_key"def send_email_via_sendgrid(to_email):sg = sendgrid.SendGridAPIClient(api_key=SENDGRID_API_KEY)message = Mail(from_email="your-email@gmail.com",to_emails=to_email,subject="Hello from SendGrid",html_content="<strong>This is a test email sent via SendGrid.</strong>")response = sg.send(message)return response.status_code调用：
@app.route('/send_sendgrid/<email>')
def send_via_sendgrid(email):status = send_email_via_sendgrid(email)return f"SendGrid Email Sent! Status: {status}"9.8 发送批量邮件
@app.route('/send_bulk_email')
def send_bulk_email():recipients = ["user1@example.com", "user2@example.com"]msg = Message("Bulk Email", recipients=recipients)msg.body = "This is a bulk email sent to multiple users."mail.send(msg)return "Bulk Email Sent!"9.9 结语
本章介绍了 Flask 发送邮件的多种方法：
- Flask-Mail（传统方式）
- Flask-Mailman（更好的维护支持）
- Celery 异步邮件（解决阻塞问题）
- SendGrid API（适用于企业邮件）
下一章，我们将探讨 Flask 的日志与错误处理。