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前言

在 ASP.NET Core 中解决 JWT 无法提前撤回的问题，需要结合服务器端状态管理机制来弥补 JWT 无状态的特性。
以下是基于版本号机制实现JWT提前失效的方案。

一、核心思想

通过在用户表中维护一个递增的版本号（JWTVersion），每次令牌颁发或撤销时更新版本号，验证时对比令牌中的版本号与数据库中的版本号。

二、实现步骤

1.用户表添加版本号字段

1. 在用户表中新增 JWTVersion 字段（整数类型），初始值为 0。

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Identity;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;namespace JWTWebAPI.Entity
{public class AspNetUsers:IdentityUser<long>{public DateTime CreateTime { get; set; }      [Required][MaxLength(20)]public string Role { get; set; }public string? RefreshToken { get; set; }public DateTime? RefreshTokenExpiry { get; set; }// 权限存储（示例使用逗号分隔字符串）public string Permissions { get; set; } = "content.read,profile.update";//JWT版本号public long JWTVersion { get; set; }}
}

2. 数据库迁移，执行如下命令

   add-migration user_JWTVersion
   Update-Database
   

2.颁发令牌时包含版本号JWTVersion

1. 代码如下（示例）：

   using JWTWebAPI.Entity;
   using JWTWebAPI.Interface;
   using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Identity;
   using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
   using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
   using System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt;
   using System.Security.Claims;
   using System.Security.Cryptography;
   using System.Text;namespace JWTWebAPI.Repository
   {public class AuthService : IAuthService{private readonly JwtSettings _jwtSettings;private readonly IUserRepository _userRepository;private readonly UserManager<AspNetUsers> userManager;public AuthService(IOptions<JwtSettings> jwtSettings, IUserRepository userRepository, UserManager<AspNetUsers> userManager){_jwtSettings = jwtSettings.Value;_userRepository = userRepository;this.userManager = userManager;}public async Task<AuthResult> Authenticate(string username, string password){var user = await _userRepository.GetUserByCredentials(username, password);if (user == null) return null;user.JWTVersion++;await userManager.UpdateAsync(user);var claims = new[]{new Claim(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, user.Id.ToString()),new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, user.UserName),new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, user.Role), // 用户角色new Claim("permissions",string.Join(",", user.Permissions)),new Claim("JWTVersion",user.JWTVersion.ToString())	              };var token = GenerateJwtToken(claims);var refreshToken = GenerateRefreshToken();await _userRepository.SaveRefreshToken(user.Id, refreshToken,DateTime.UtcNow.AddDays(_jwtSettings.RefreshTokenExpirationDays));return new AuthResult{Token = token,RefreshToken = refreshToken,ExpiresIn = _jwtSettings.ExpirationMinutes * 60};}public Task<AuthResult> RefreshToken(string token, string refreshToken){throw new NotImplementedException();}private string GenerateJwtToken(IEnumerable<Claim> claims){var key = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(_jwtSettings.SecretKey));var creds = new SigningCredentials(key, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256);var token = new JwtSecurityToken(issuer: _jwtSettings.Issuer,audience: _jwtSettings.Audience,claims: claims,expires: DateTime.UtcNow.AddMinutes(_jwtSettings.ExpirationMinutes),signingCredentials: creds);return new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(token);}private static string GenerateRefreshToken(){var randomNumber = new byte[32];using var rng = RandomNumberGenerator.Create();rng.GetBytes(randomNumber);return Convert.ToBase64String(randomNumber);}}
   }

3.验证令牌时校验版本号（过滤器）

1. JWTVersionCheckFilter.cs

   using JWTWebAPI.Entity;
   using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Identity;
   using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
   using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Controllers;
   using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Filters;
   using System.Security.Claims;namespace JWTWebAPI.Extensions
   {public class JWTVersionCheckFilter : IAsyncActionFilter{private readonly UserManager<AspNetUsers> userManager;public JWTVersionCheckFilter(UserManager<AspNetUsers> userManager){this.userManager = userManager;}public async Task OnActionExecutionAsync(ActionExecutingContext context, ActionExecutionDelegate next){ControllerActionDescriptor? atrActionDes= context.ActionDescriptor as ControllerActionDescriptor;if (atrActionDes == null){await next();return;}if (atrActionDes.MethodInfo.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(NotCheckJWTAttribute), true).Any()){await next();return;}var claimJWTVersion = context.HttpContext.User.FindFirst("JWTVersion");if (claimJWTVersion == null){context.Result = new ObjectResult("payload中没有JWTVersion"){ StatusCode=400};return;}var clientJwtVersion=Convert.ToInt64(claimJWTVersion.Value);string userId = context.HttpContext.User.FindFirst(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;var user=await userManager.FindByIdAsync(userId);if (user == null){context.Result = new ObjectResult("无用户信息"){ StatusCode = 400 };return;}if (user.JWTVersion > clientJwtVersion){context.Result = new ObjectResult("客户端JWT过时"){ StatusCode = 400 };return;}await next();}}
   }

4.注册过滤器

1. 代码示例

   builder.Services.Configure<MvcOptions>(opt => {opt.Filters.Add<JWTVersionCheckFilter>();
   });
   

5.登录时不检查JWT版本号

1. 创建NotCheckJWTAttribute.cs

   namespace JWTWebAPI.Extensions
   {[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Method)]public class NotCheckJWTAttribute:Attribute{}
   }

2. 在登录方法上标注[NotCheckJWT]

   [HttpPost]
   [NotCheckJWTAttribute]
   public async Task<IActionResult> Login([FromBody] LoginModel request)
   {var result = await _authService.Authenticate(request.Username, request.Password);if (result == null) return Unauthorized();return Ok(result);
   }
   

6.测试

1. 调用Login方法获取第一个JWTToken：Token1
2. 使用Token1调用方法XXX();
3. 正常访问XXX();方法
4. 再次调用Login方法获取第二个JWTToken：Token2
5. 使用Token2调用方法XXX();
6. 正常访问XXX();方法
7. 使用Token1调用方法XXX();
8. 提示“”客户端JWT过时“”

三、优点

• 无需存储大量令牌数据，仅维护一个字段。
• 撤销操作高效，仅需更新一次数据库。
• 适用于高频撤销场景（如全局用户禁用）

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总结

通过上述方案，可有效解决 JWT 无法提前撤回的问题。