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DAY 44 预训练模型

知识点回顾：

1. 预训练的概念
2. 常见的分类预训练模型
3. 图像预训练模型的发展史
4. 预训练的策略
5. 预训练代码实战：resnet18

作业：

1. 尝试在cifar10对比如下其他的预训练模型，观察差异，尽可能和他人选择的不同
2. 尝试通过ctrl进入resnet的内部，观察残差究竟是什么

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torchvision import datasets, transforms
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt# 设置中文字体支持
plt.rcParams["font.family"] = ["SimHei"]
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False  # 解决负号显示问题# 检查GPU是否可用
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
print(f"使用设备: {device}")# 1. 数据预处理（训练集增强，测试集标准化）
train_transform = transforms.Compose([transforms.RandomCrop(32, padding=4),transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(),transforms.ColorJitter(brightness=0.2, contrast=0.2, saturation=0.2, hue=0.1),transforms.RandomRotation(15),transforms.ToTensor(),transforms.Normalize((0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465), (0.2023, 0.1994, 0.2010))
])test_transform = transforms.Compose([transforms.ToTensor(),transforms.Normalize((0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465), (0.2023, 0.1994, 0.2010))
])# 2. 加载CIFAR-10数据集
train_dataset = datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data',train=True,download=True,transform=train_transform
)test_dataset = datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data',train=False,transform=test_transform
)# 3. 创建数据加载器（可调整batch_size）
batch_size = 64
train_loader = DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)
test_loader = DataLoader(test_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False)# 4. 训练函数（支持学习率调度器）
def train(model, train_loader, test_loader, criterion, optimizer, scheduler, device, epochs):model.train()  # 设置为训练模式train_loss_history = []test_loss_history = []train_acc_history = []test_acc_history = []all_iter_losses = []iter_indices = []for epoch in range(epochs):running_loss = 0.0correct_train = 0total_train = 0for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(train_loader):data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)optimizer.zero_grad()output = model(data)loss = criterion(output, target)loss.backward()optimizer.step()# 记录Iteration损失iter_loss = loss.item()all_iter_losses.append(iter_loss)iter_indices.append(epoch * len(train_loader) + batch_idx + 1)# 统计训练指标running_loss += iter_loss_, predicted = output.max(1)total_train += target.size(0)correct_train += predicted.eq(target).sum().item()# 每100批次打印进度if (batch_idx + 1) % 100 == 0:print(f"Epoch {epoch+1}/{epochs} | Batch {batch_idx+1}/{len(train_loader)} "f"| 单Batch损失: {iter_loss:.4f}")# 计算 epoch 级指标epoch_train_loss = running_loss / len(train_loader)epoch_train_acc = 100. * correct_train / total_train# 测试阶段model.eval()correct_test = 0total_test = 0test_loss = 0.0with torch.no_grad():for data, target in test_loader:data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)output = model(data)test_loss += criterion(output, target).item()_, predicted = output.max(1)total_test += target.size(0)correct_test += predicted.eq(target).sum().item()epoch_test_loss = test_loss / len(test_loader)epoch_test_acc = 100. * correct_test / total_test# 记录历史数据train_loss_history.append(epoch_train_loss)test_loss_history.append(epoch_test_loss)train_acc_history.append(epoch_train_acc)test_acc_history.append(epoch_test_acc)# 更新学习率调度器if scheduler is not None:scheduler.step(epoch_test_loss)# 打印 epoch 结果print(f"Epoch {epoch+1} 完成 | 训练损失: {epoch_train_loss:.4f} "f"| 训练准确率: {epoch_train_acc:.2f}% | 测试准确率: {epoch_test_acc:.2f}%")# 绘制损失和准确率曲线plot_iter_losses(all_iter_losses, iter_indices)plot_epoch_metrics(train_acc_history, test_acc_history, train_loss_history, test_loss_history)return epoch_test_acc  # 返回最终测试准确率# 5. 绘制Iteration损失曲线
def plot_iter_losses(losses, indices):plt.figure(figsize=(10, 4))plt.plot(indices, losses, 'b-', alpha=0.7)plt.xlabel('Iteration（Batch序号）')plt.ylabel('损失值')plt.title('训练过程中的Iteration损失变化')plt.grid(True)plt.show()# 6. 绘制Epoch级指标曲线
def plot_epoch_metrics(train_acc, test_acc, train_loss, test_loss):epochs = range(1, len(train_acc) + 1)plt.figure(figsize=(12, 5))# 准确率曲线plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)plt.plot(epochs, train_acc, 'b-', label='训练准确率')plt.plot(epochs, test_acc, 'r-', label='测试准确率')plt.xlabel('Epoch')plt.ylabel('准确率 (%)')plt.title('准确率随Epoch变化')plt.legend()plt.grid(True)# 损失曲线plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)plt.plot(epochs, train_loss, 'b-', label='训练损失')plt.plot(epochs, test_loss, 'r-', label='测试损失')plt.xlabel('Epoch')plt.ylabel('损失值')plt.title('损失值随Epoch变化')plt.legend()plt.grid(True)plt.tight_layout()plt.show()# 导入ResNet模型
from torchvision.models import resnet18# 定义ResNet18模型（支持预训练权重加载）
def create_resnet18(pretrained=True, num_classes=10):# 加载预训练模型（ImageNet权重）model = resnet18(pretrained=pretrained)# 修改最后一层全连接层，适配CIFAR-10的10分类任务in_features = model.fc.in_featuresmodel.fc = nn.Linear(in_features, num_classes)# 将模型转移到指定设备（CPU/GPU）model = model.to(device)return model
# 创建ResNet18模型（加载ImageNet预训练权重，不进行微调）
model = create_resnet18(pretrained=True, num_classes=10)
model.eval()  # 设置为推理模式# 测试单张图片（示例）
from torchvision import utils# 从测试数据集中获取一张图片
dataiter = iter(test_loader)
images, labels = dataiter.next()
images = images[:1].to(device)  # 取第1张图片# 前向传播
with torch.no_grad():outputs = model(images)_, predicted = torch.max(outputs.data, 1)# 显示图片和预测结果
plt.imshow(utils.make_grid(images.cpu(), normalize=True).permute(1, 2, 0))
plt.title(f"预测类别: {predicted.item()}")
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torchvision import datasets, transforms, models
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import os# 设置中文字体支持
plt.rcParams["font.family"] = ["SimHei"]
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False  # 解决负号显示问题# 检查GPU是否可用
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
print(f"使用设备: {device}")# 1. 数据预处理（训练集增强，测试集标准化）
train_transform = transforms.Compose([transforms.RandomCrop(32, padding=4),transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(),transforms.ColorJitter(brightness=0.2, contrast=0.2, saturation=0.2, hue=0.1),transforms.RandomRotation(15),transforms.ToTensor(),transforms.Normalize((0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465), (0.2023, 0.1994, 0.2010))
])test_transform = transforms.Compose([transforms.ToTensor(),transforms.Normalize((0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465), (0.2023, 0.1994, 0.2010))
])# 2. 加载CIFAR-10数据集
train_dataset = datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data',train=True,download=True,transform=train_transform
)test_dataset = datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data',train=False,transform=test_transform
)# 3. 创建数据加载器
batch_size = 64
train_loader = DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)
test_loader = DataLoader(test_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False)# 4. 定义ResNet18模型
def create_resnet18(pretrained=True, num_classes=10):model = models.resnet18(pretrained=pretrained)# 修改最后一层全连接层in_features = model.fc.in_featuresmodel.fc = nn.Linear(in_features, num_classes)return model.to(device)# 5. 冻结/解冻模型层的函数
def freeze_model(model, freeze=True):"""冻结或解冻模型的卷积层参数"""# 冻结/解冻除fc层外的所有参数for name, param in model.named_parameters():if 'fc' not in name:param.requires_grad = not freeze# 打印冻结状态frozen_params = sum(p.numel() for p in model.parameters() if not p.requires_grad)total_params = sum(p.numel() for p in model.parameters())if freeze:print(f"已冻结模型卷积层参数 ({frozen_params}/{total_params} 参数)")else:print(f"已解冻模型所有参数 ({total_params}/{total_params} 参数可训练)")return model# 6. 训练函数（支持阶段式训练）
def train_with_freeze_schedule(model, train_loader, test_loader, criterion, optimizer, scheduler, device, epochs, freeze_epochs=5):"""前freeze_epochs轮冻结卷积层，之后解冻所有层进行训练"""train_loss_history = []test_loss_history = []train_acc_history = []test_acc_history = []all_iter_losses = []iter_indices = []# 初始冻结卷积层if freeze_epochs > 0:model = freeze_model(model, freeze=True)for epoch in range(epochs):# 解冻控制：在指定轮次后解冻所有层if epoch == freeze_epochs:model = freeze_model(model, freeze=False)# 解冻后调整优化器（可选）optimizer.param_groups[0]['lr'] = 1e-4  # 降低学习率防止过拟合model.train()  # 设置为训练模式running_loss = 0.0correct_train = 0total_train = 0for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(train_loader):data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)optimizer.zero_grad()output = model(data)loss = criterion(output, target)loss.backward()optimizer.step()# 记录Iteration损失iter_loss = loss.item()all_iter_losses.append(iter_loss)iter_indices.append(epoch * len(train_loader) + batch_idx + 1)# 统计训练指标running_loss += iter_loss_, predicted = output.max(1)total_train += target.size(0)correct_train += predicted.eq(target).sum().item()# 每100批次打印进度if (batch_idx + 1) % 100 == 0:print(f"Epoch {epoch+1}/{epochs} | Batch {batch_idx+1}/{len(train_loader)} "f"| 单Batch损失: {iter_loss:.4f}")# 计算 epoch 级指标epoch_train_loss = running_loss / len(train_loader)epoch_train_acc = 100. * correct_train / total_train# 测试阶段model.eval()correct_test = 0total_test = 0test_loss = 0.0with torch.no_grad():for data, target in test_loader:data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)output = model(data)test_loss += criterion(output, target).item()_, predicted = output.max(1)total_test += target.size(0)correct_test += predicted.eq(target).sum().item()epoch_test_loss = test_loss / len(test_loader)epoch_test_acc = 100. * correct_test / total_test# 记录历史数据train_loss_history.append(epoch_train_loss)test_loss_history.append(epoch_test_loss)train_acc_history.append(epoch_train_acc)test_acc_history.append(epoch_test_acc)# 更新学习率调度器if scheduler is not None:scheduler.step(epoch_test_loss)# 打印 epoch 结果print(f"Epoch {epoch+1} 完成 | 训练损失: {epoch_train_loss:.4f} "f"| 训练准确率: {epoch_train_acc:.2f}% | 测试准确率: {epoch_test_acc:.2f}%")# 绘制损失和准确率曲线plot_iter_losses(all_iter_losses, iter_indices)plot_epoch_metrics(train_acc_history, test_acc_history, train_loss_history, test_loss_history)return epoch_test_acc  # 返回最终测试准确率# 7. 绘制Iteration损失曲线
def plot_iter_losses(losses, indices):plt.figure(figsize=(10, 4))plt.plot(indices, losses, 'b-', alpha=0.7)plt.xlabel('Iteration（Batch序号）')plt.ylabel('损失值')plt.title('训练过程中的Iteration损失变化')plt.grid(True)plt.show()# 8. 绘制Epoch级指标曲线
def plot_epoch_metrics(train_acc, test_acc, train_loss, test_loss):epochs = range(1, len(train_acc) + 1)plt.figure(figsize=(12, 5))# 准确率曲线plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)plt.plot(epochs, train_acc, 'b-', label='训练准确率')plt.plot(epochs, test_acc, 'r-', label='测试准确率')plt.xlabel('Epoch')plt.ylabel('准确率 (%)')plt.title('准确率随Epoch变化')plt.legend()plt.grid(True)# 损失曲线plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)plt.plot(epochs, train_loss, 'b-', label='训练损失')plt.plot(epochs, test_loss, 'r-', label='测试损失')plt.xlabel('Epoch')plt.ylabel('损失值')plt.title('损失值随Epoch变化')plt.legend()plt.grid(True)plt.tight_layout()plt.show()# 主函数：训练模型
def main():# 参数设置epochs = 40  # 总训练轮次freeze_epochs = 5  # 冻结卷积层的轮次learning_rate = 1e-3  # 初始学习率weight_decay = 1e-4  # 权重衰减# 创建ResNet18模型（加载预训练权重）model = create_resnet18(pretrained=True, num_classes=10)# 定义优化器和损失函数optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=learning_rate, weight_decay=weight_decay)criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()# 定义学习率调度器scheduler = optim.lr_scheduler.ReduceLROnPlateau(optimizer, mode='min', factor=0.5, patience=2, verbose=True)# 开始训练（前5轮冻结卷积层，之后解冻）final_accuracy = train_with_freeze_schedule(model=model,train_loader=train_loader,test_loader=test_loader,criterion=criterion,optimizer=optimizer,scheduler=scheduler,device=device,epochs=epochs,freeze_epochs=freeze_epochs)print(f"训练完成！最终测试准确率: {final_accuracy:.2f}%")# # 保存模型# torch.save(model.state_dict(), 'resnet18_cifar10_finetuned.pth')# print("模型已保存至: resnet18_cifar10_finetuned.pth")if __name__ == "__main__":main()

几个明显的现象

1. 解冻后几个epoch即可达到之前cnn训练20轮的效果，这是预训练的优势

2. 由于训练集用了 RandomCrop（随机裁剪）、RandomHorizontalFlip（随机水平翻转）、ColorJitter（颜色抖动）等数据增强操作，这会让训练时模型看到的图片有更多 “干扰” 或变形。比如一张汽车图片，训练时可能被裁剪成只显示局部、颜色也有变化，模型学习难度更高；而测试集是标准的、没增强的图片，模型预测相对轻松，就可能出现训练集准确率暂时低于测试集的情况，尤其在训练前期增强对模型影响更明显。随着训练推进，模型适应增强后会缓解。

3. 最后收敛后的效果超过非预训练模型的80%,大幅提升