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【零基础学AI】第30讲：生成对抗网络(GAN)实战 - 手写数字生成

news 2025/7/9 6:13:46

在这里插入图片描述

本节课你将学到

GAN的基本原理和工作机制
使用PyTorch构建生成器和判别器
DCGAN架构实现技巧
训练GAN模型的实用技巧

开始之前

环境要求

Python 3.8+

需要安装的包：

pip install torch torchvision matplotlib numpy

GPU推荐（可大幅加速训练）

前置知识

第21讲TensorFlow基础
第23讲神经网络原理
基本PyTorch使用经验

核心概念

什么是GAN？

GAN就像艺术品鉴定师与伪造者的博弈：

生成器(Generator)：伪造者
- 试图创作逼真的假画作
- 从随机噪声开始，逐渐改进技术
判别器(Discriminator)：鉴定师
- 试图区分真品和赝品
- 随着伪造者技术进步，鉴定能力也提升

GAN训练过程

DCGAN架构特点

生成器：使用转置卷积上采样
判别器：使用卷积下采样
去除全连接层
使用Batch Normalization
LeakyReLU激活函数

代码实战

1. 导入库与配置

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
import torchvision
import torchvision.datasets as datasets
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np# 设备配置
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
print(f"使用设备: {device}")# 超参数
lr = 0.0002
batch_size = 64
image_size = 64
channels_img = 1
z_dim = 100  # 噪声向量维度
num_epochs = 20

2. 准备数据集（MNIST）

# 数据预处理
transform = transforms.Compose([transforms.Resize(image_size),transforms.ToTensor(),transforms.Normalize([0.5], [0.5]),  # 归一化到[-1, 1]
])# 下载并加载MNIST数据集
dataset = datasets.MNIST(root="dataset/", train=True, transform=transform, download=True
)# 创建数据加载器
dataloader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)

3. 构建生成器

class Generator(nn.Module):def __init__(self, z_dim, channels_img, features_g):super(Generator, self).__init__()self.gen = nn.Sequential(# 输入: z_dim x 1 x 1self._block(z_dim, features_g * 16, 4, 1, 0),  # 4x4self._block(features_g * 16, features_g * 8, 4, 2, 1),  # 8x8self._block(features_g * 8, features_g * 4, 4, 2, 1),  # 16x16self._block(features_g * 4, features_g * 2, 4, 2, 1),  # 32x32nn.ConvTranspose2d(features_g * 2, channels_img, 4, 2, 1),  # 64x64nn.Tanh(),  # 输出值在[-1,1]之间)def _block(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding):return nn.Sequential(nn.ConvTranspose2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding, bias=False),nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels),nn.ReLU(),)def forward(self, x):return self.gen(x)

4. 构建判别器

class Discriminator(nn.Module):def __init__(self, channels_img, features_d):super(Discriminator, self).__init__()self.disc = nn.Sequential(# 输入: channels_img x 64 x 64nn.Conv2d(channels_img, features_d, 4, 2, 1),  # 32x32nn.LeakyReLU(0.2),self._block(features_d, features_d * 2, 4, 2, 1),  # 16x16self._block(features_d * 2, features_d * 4, 4, 2, 1),  # 8x8self._block(features_d * 4, features_d * 8, 4, 2, 1),  # 4x4nn.Conv2d(features_d * 8, 1, 4, 2, 0),  # 1x1nn.Sigmoid(),  # 输出概率值)def _block(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding):return nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride, padding, bias=False),nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels),nn.LeakyReLU(0.2),)def forward(self, x):return self.disc(x)

5. 初始化模型与优化器

# 初始化模型
gen = Generator(z_dim, channels_img, 64).to(device)
disc = Discriminator(channels_img, 64).to(device)# 初始化权重
def weights_init(m):if isinstance(m, (nn.Conv2d, nn.ConvTranspose2d, nn.BatchNorm2d)):nn.init.normal_(m.weight.data, 0.0, 0.02)gen.apply(weights_init)
disc.apply(weights_init)# 优化器
opt_gen = optim.Adam(gen.parameters(), lr=lr, betas=(0.5, 0.999))
opt_disc = optim.Adam(disc.parameters(), lr=lr, betas=(0.5, 0.999))# 损失函数
criterion = nn.BCELoss()

6. 训练循环

# 固定噪声用于可视化训练进展
fixed_noise = torch.randn(64, z_dim, 1, 1).to(device)for epoch in range(num_epochs):for batch_idx, (real, _) in enumerate(dataloader):real = real.to(device)batch_size = real.shape[0]# 训练判别器noise = torch.randn(batch_size, z_dim, 1, 1).to(device)fake = gen(noise)# 判别器对真实图像的预测disc_real = disc(real).view(-1)loss_disc_real = criterion(disc_real, torch.ones_like(disc_real))# 判别器对生成图像的预测disc_fake = disc(fake.detach()).view(-1)loss_disc_fake = criterion(disc_fake, torch.zeros_like(disc_fake))# 判别器总损失loss_disc = (loss_disc_real + loss_disc_fake) / 2disc.zero_grad()loss_disc.backward()opt_disc.step()# 训练生成器output = disc(fake).view(-1)loss_gen = criterion(output, torch.ones_like(output))gen.zero_grad()loss_gen.backward()opt_gen.step()# 每100个batch打印一次if batch_idx % 100 == 0:print(f"Epoch [{epoch}/{num_epochs}] Batch {batch_idx}/{len(dataloader)} "f"Loss D: {loss_disc:.4f}, loss G: {loss_gen:.4f}")# 每轮保存生成图像示例with torch.no_grad():fake = gen(fixed_noise)img_grid = torchvision.utils.make_grid(fake[:32], normalize=True)plt.imshow(np.transpose(img_grid.cpu(), (1, 2, 0)))plt.axis("off")plt.savefig(f"output/epoch_{epoch}.png")plt.close()

完整项目

项目结构：

dcgan_mnist/
├── train.py              # 训练脚本
├── models.py             # 模型定义
├── utils.py              # 辅助函数
├── requirements.txt
├── output/               # 输出目录
└── README.md

requirements.txt内容：

torch>=2.0.0
torchvision>=0.15.0
matplotlib>=3.7.0
numpy>=1.24.0

运行效果

训练过程可视化

Epoch [0/20] Batch 0/938 Loss D: 0.6931, loss G: 0.6978
Epoch [0/20] Batch 100/938 Loss D: 0.0123, loss G: 5.4321
...
Epoch [20/20] Batch 800/938 Loss D: 0.5123, loss G: 1.2314