翻译核心词汇
一、 历史文化与传统 (Culture, History & Tradition)
- 节日节气:
- Spring Festival (春节)
- Lantern Festival (元宵节)
- Dragon Boat Festival (端午节)
- Mid-Autumn Festival (中秋节)
- Qingming Festival/Tomb-Sweeping Day (清明节)
- Double Ninth Festival (重阳节)
- Solar Terms (节气), e.g., Beginning of Spring (立春), Grain Rain (谷雨), Summer Solstice (夏至), Beginning of Winter (立冬)
- Lunar calendar (农历)
- Gregorian calendar (公历/阳历)
- 哲学宗教:
- Confucianism (儒家思想), Confucius (孔子)
- Taoism (道家思想), Laozi (老子)
- Buddhism (佛教), Buddha (佛陀)
- Harmony (和谐)
- Yin and Yang (阴阳)
- Five Elements (五行)
- Moral character (品德)
- Filial piety (孝道)
- 艺术文学:
- Chinese calligraphy (书法)
- Chinese painting (国画)
- Peking Opera (京剧)
- Traditional Chinese music (中国传统音乐), e.g., Guzheng (古筝), Erhu (二胡)
- Ancient poetry (古诗), Tang/Song poetry (唐诗宋词), poet (诗人)
- Classic novels (古典小说), e.g., Journey to the West (西游记), Dream of the Red Chamber (红楼梦), Romance of the Three Kingdoms (三国演义), Water Margin (水浒传)
- Idioms/Chengyu (成语)
- Folklore (民间传说)
- 建筑与工艺:
- Forbidden City (故宫)
- Temple of Heaven (天坛)
- Summer Palace (颐和园)
- Terracotta Army (兵马俑)
- The Great Wall (长城)
- Classical gardens (古典园林)
- Pavilion (亭子)
- Pagoda (宝塔)
- Porcelain/China (瓷器)
- Silk (丝绸), Silk Road (丝绸之路)
- Embroidery (刺绣)
- Paper cutting (剪纸)
- 饮食文化:
- Chinese cuisine (中国菜)
- Sichuan cuisine (川菜), Cantonese cuisine (粤菜), etc.
- Chopsticks (筷子)
- Tea culture (茶文化), e.g., tea ceremony (茶道), green tea (绿茶), jasmine tea (茉莉花茶), oolong tea (乌龙茶), Pu’er tea (普洱茶)
- Rice (大米), noodles (面条), dumplings (饺子), steamed bun (包子), tofu (豆腐)
- Stir-fry (炒), steam (蒸), boil (煮), roast (烤)
二、 社会与民生 (Society & People's Livelihood)
- 人口与家庭:
- Population (人口)
- Aging population (人口老龄化)
- Family planning (计划生育)
- Two-child/three-child policy (二孩/三孩政策)
- Nuclear family (核心家庭)
- Extended family (大家庭)
- Pension (养老金)
- Healthcare (医疗保健)
- 城市化与发展:
- Urbanization (城市化)
- Infrastructure (基础设施)
- Construction (建设)
- Urban area (城市地区)
- Rural area (农村地区)
- Urban-rural gap (城乡差距)
- Migrant workers (农民工)
- High-speed rail (高铁)
- Subway/Metro (地铁)
- Public transportation (公共交通)
- Housing prices (房价)
- 教育与就业:
- Compulsory education (义务教育)
- Higher education (高等教育)
- College entrance examination (Gaokao) (高考)
- Vocational education (职业教育)
- Employment rate (就业率)
- Unemployment rate (失业率)
- Entrepreneurship (创业)
- Job market (就业市场)
- Skill training (技能培训)
- 生活方式:
- Lifestyle (生活方式)
- Living standards (生活水平)
- Online shopping (网购)
- Mobile payment (移动支付), e.g., Alipay (支付宝), WeChat Pay (微信支付)
- Shared bicycle (共享单车)
- Takeaway food (外卖)
- Travel/Tourism (旅游)
三、 经济与发展 (Economy & Development)
- 经济形势:
- Economic growth (经济增长)
- GDP (Gross Domestic Product) (国内生产总值)
- Economic reform (经济改革)
- Market economy (市场经济)
- Opening-up policy (改革开放政策)
- Sustainable development (可持续发展)
- Prosperity (繁荣)
- Transformation/Upgrading (转型升级)
- 产业与科技:
- Agriculture (农业)
- Industry (工业)
- Service industry (服务业)
- Manufacturing (制造业), Made in China (中国制造)
- High-tech industry (高新技术产业)
- Innovation (创新)
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) (人工智能)
- 5G technology (5G技术)
- E-commerce (电子商务)
- Digital economy (数字经济)
- 贸易与金融:
- International trade (国际贸易)
- Import/Export (进口/出口)
- Trade deficit/surplus (贸易逆差/顺差)
- Foreign investment (外资)
- RMB (Renminbi)/Yuan (人民币)
- Stock market (股票市场)
- Belt and Road Initiative (一带一路倡议)
四、 生态与环保 (Ecology & Environmental Protection)
- 环境问题:
- Environmental protection (环境保护)
- Pollution (污染), e.g., air pollution (空气污染), water pollution (水污染), soil/land pollution (土壤污染), noise pollution (噪音污染), white pollution (white pollution - plastic waste)
- Smog/Haze (雾霾)
- Carbon emissions (碳排放)
- Climate change (气候变化)
- Global warming (全球变暖)
- Deforestation (森林砍伐)
- Desertification (沙漠化)
- Biodiversity loss (生物多样性丧失)
- 保护措施:
- Sustainable development (可持续发展)
- Renewable energy (可再生能源), e.g., solar energy (太阳能), wind energy (风能), hydropower (水电)
- Energy conservation/saving (节能)
- Emission reduction (减排)
- Garbage classification (垃圾分类)
- Afforestation (植树造林)
- Ecological civilization (生态文明)
五、 政策与制度 (Policies & Systems)
- 核心政策理念:
- Socialism with Chinese characteristics (中国特色社会主义)
- Chinese Dream (中国梦)
- Core socialist values (社会主义核心价值观) - Prosperity (富强), Democracy (民主), Civilization (文明), Harmony (和谐), Freedom (自由), Equality (平等), Justice (公正), Rule of law (法治), Patriotism (爱国), Dedication (敬业), Integrity (诚信), Friendliness (友善)
- Well-off society/Moderate prosperity (小康社会)
- Common prosperity (共同富裕)
- Reform and opening-up (改革开放)
- Rule of law (法治)
- National rejuvenation (民族复兴)
- 机构与区域:
- The Communist Party of China (CPC) (中国共产党)
- The State Council (国务院)
- People’s Congress (人民代表大会)
- Special Administrative Region (SAR) (特别行政区), e.g., Hong Kong SAR (香港特别行政区), Macau SAR (澳门特别行政区)
- The Greater Bay Area (粤港澳大湾区)
- Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development (京津冀协同发展)
六、 中国特有事物 (Unique Chinese Concepts)
- Guanxi (关系 - 特定文化背景下的社交网络)
- Houji (Houji - 后裔, sometimes mentioned in contexts like the archer who shot down the suns)
- Nian (年兽 - the mythical beast for Spring Festival)
- Qi (气 - vital energy)
- Wushu/Martial arts (武术)
- Acupuncture (针灸)
- Tai Chi (太极拳)
- Feng Shui (风水)
- The Four Great Inventions (四大发明): Papermaking (造纸术), Printing (印刷术), Gunpowder (火药), Compass (指南针)
- The New Four Great Inventions (新四大发明): High-speed rail (高铁), Mobile payment (移动支付), Shared bicycle (共享单车), Online shopping (网购)